The Dirt Hills

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The Dirt Hills
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The Dirt Hills
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Red triangle with thick white border.svg
The Dirt Hills
The Dirt Hills (Canada)
Highest point
Elevation 880 m (2,890 ft)
Coordinates 49°59′39″N105°11′18″W / 49.99417°N 105.18833°W / 49.99417; -105.18833
Geography
Location Missouri Coteau, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Dirt Hills [1] and neighbouring Cactus Hills, [2] are an arcuate moraine and the largest glacial push in the world. The hills were formed during the deglaciation of the last ice age over 10,000 years ago. They are located in the southern region of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, east of Old Wives Lake and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south-east of Moose Jaw and are part of the Bearpaw Formation within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion. [3]

Contents

As the last ice age was ending, there was a lot of glacial movement and the compressive flow of the ice sheet forced the glaciers to re-advance up the Missouri Coteau escarpment. The advancing ice sheet acted like a bulldozer pushing, moving, and uplifting earth until in ran into the upward slope of the escarpment. The Dirt Hills are composed mostly of bedrock and drift that was stacked up to form a single block 215 metres (705 ft) thick where the ice sheet ended its advance. [4]

The moraine is almost 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in area with a height of 880 metres (2,890 ft) above sea level. The Dirt and Cactus Hills form an amphitheatre-shaped landform. The north-western side of the amphitheatre-shaped moraine is called the Cactus Hills and the eastern and southern portion is The Dirt Hills. During the deglaciation of that last ice age, there was a glacial sub-lobe, also known as a tongue, between the hills named Spring Valley ice tongue. It is named after the community of Spring Valley that sits at the head of where the ice tongue was. The Dirt Hills are 7.5 km (4.7 mi), rise 120 m (390 ft) above the surrounding prairie, and are 40 km (25 mi) long. They stretch from Claybank in the east to Galilee in the west. The Cactus Hills rise to a height of 737 m (2,418 ft) above sea level. [5]

History

Evidence of First Nations living among the hills is shown by teepee rings and burial markers throughout the hills. About 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away from the Avonlea Badlands at the eastern end of The Dirt Hills, is a buffalo jump. The 1874 March West by the North-West Mounted Police passed by the hills on the way to Fort Macleod, North-West Territories (in modern-day Southern Alberta). [6]

Massold Clay Canyons, north-east area of the Dirt Hills Claybank Brick Plant National Historic Site Massold Clay Canyons Yellow Summer Flowers.jpeg
Massold Clay Canyons, north-east area of the Dirt Hills

In 1886 Thomas McWilliams, a homesteader from the Moose Jaw River area, discovered clay at the north-east corner of The Dirt Hills while out looking for lost cattle and picking Saskatoon berries. Recognising the value of this clay, he travelled to Moose Jaw to the land titles office to lay claim to the clay-rick land. He later moved his family to the new homestead. Near the same time, he sought permission from the federal government to mine the refractory clay on his land. This is the first official record of the Claybank clay. By 1914 a brick plant was built and bricks from the area were being sold around Canada and the United States. Now the site is a National Historic Site called Claybank Brick Plant.

In 2001, the Claybank Brick Plant and Historical Society bought 256 acres of the adjacent Massold Clay Canyons from Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management to create a protected historic and wildlife area.

Avonlea Badlands

The Avonlea Badlands are located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the village of Avonlea at the easternmost edge of The Dirt Hills, south-east of Claybank near Highway 339. The total area of the badlands is about 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). Millions of years ago, much of Saskatchewan was covered in an inland sea. Sedimentary deposits from this sea can be seen in the layers in the badlands. [7] The first Avonlea Arrowhead [8] was found at these badlands during an excavation.

The badlands are on private property and only open to the public through guided tours. [9]

Communities

The Dirt Hills and Cactus Hills are sparsely populated. Three rural municiplaities encompass the hills, including Elmsthorpe No. 100, Terrell No. 101, and Baildon No. 131. Communities in the hills include Claybank, Bayard, Spring Valley, and Galilee.

Transportation

The following is a list of highways and airports throughout The Dirt and Cactus Hills:

See also

Related Research Articles

Claybank is a small hamlet in the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan at the foot of the Dirt Hills. The community is named for the rich clay deposits found in the area. Claybank is best known for its National Historic Site of Canada, the Claybank Brick Plant, which closed in 1989 but remains one of the finest examples of 20th century industry. It is part of the RM of Elmsthorpe No. 100.

Highway 1 is the Saskatchewan section of the Trans-Canada Highway mainland route. The total distance of the Trans-Canada Highway in Saskatchewan is 654 kilometres (406 mi). The highway traverses Saskatchewan from the western border with Alberta, from Highway 1, to the Manitoba border where it continues as PTH 1. The Trans-Canada Highway Act was passed on December 10, 1949. The Saskatchewan segment was completed August 21, 1957, and completely twinned on November 6, 2008. The speed limit along the majority of the route is 110 kilometres per hour (70 mph) with urban area thoroughfares slowing to a speed of 80–100 kilometres per hour (50–62 mph). Portions of the highway—the section through Swift Current, an 8-kilometre (5 mi) section east of Moose Jaw, and a 44-kilometre (27 mi) section between the West Regina Bypass and Balgonie—are controlled-access. Highway 1 serves as a major east–west transport route for commercial traffic. It is the main link between southern Saskatchewan's largest cities, and also serves as the province's main link to the neighbouring provinces of Alberta and Manitoba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avonlea, Saskatchewan</span> Village in Saskatchewan, Canada

Avonlea is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the RM of Elmsthorpe No. 100 and Census Division No. 2. The village is approximately 82 kilometres (51 mi) south-west of the city of Regina. The Southern Rails Cooperative maintains its head office in the village.

Highway 2 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is the longest highway in Saskatchewan at 809 km (503 mi). The highway has a few divided sections but is mostly undivided. However, only about 18 kilometres (11 mi) near Moose Jaw, 11 kilometres (7 mi) near Chamberlain, and 21 kilometres (13 mi) near Prince Albert are divided highway. Highway 2 is a major north-south route beginning at the Canada–US border at the Port of West Poplar River and Opheim, Montana customs checkpoints. Montana Highway 24 continues south. It passes through the major cities of Moose Jaw in the south and Prince Albert in the north. Highway 2 overlaps Highway 11 between the towns of Chamberlain and Findlater. This 11 kilometres (7 mi) section of road is a wrong-way concurrency. The highway ends at La Ronge, where it becomes Highway 102.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luseland</span> Town in Saskatchewan, Canada

Luseland is a small town in Rural Municipality of Progress No.351, in the west-central region of Saskatchewan. The town's population as of the 2006 Canadian Census was 571, down 5% from the 2001 Census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Claybank Brick Plant</span> National historic site in Saskatchewan, Canada

The Claybank Brick Plant National Historic Site, located near Claybank, Saskatchewan at the foot of the Dirt Hills in the RM of Elmsthorpe No. 100, was an operational brick manufacturing plant from 1914 to 1989. Bricks manufactured at the site have been used to construct prominent Canadian buildings such as the Bessborough Hotel in Saskatoon and the Chateau Frontenac in Quebec City. The site was designated as a National Historic Site in 1996 and remains one of Canada's greatest examples of early twentieth century industrialism.

Highway 39 is a provincial paved highway in the southern portion of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan connecting North Portal and Moose Jaw in the north. This is a primary Saskatchewan highway maintained by the provincial and national governments and providing a major trucking and tourism route between the United States via Portal, Burke County, North Dakota, and North Portal, Saskatchewan. On July 3, 2000, Highways and Transportation Minister Maynard Sonntag officiated at the ribbon cutting ceremony opening the new duty-free shop and the twinned highway at Saskatchewan's busiest border crossing. Highway 39 is one of Canada's busiest highways, facilitating transport for $6 billion in trade goods via approximately 100,000 trucks over the year. The entire length of highway 39 is paved. The CanAm Highway comprises Saskatchewan Highways Hwy 35, Hwy 39, Hwy 6, Hwy 3, as well as Hwy 2. 44.3 miles (71.3 km) of Saskatchewan Highway 39 contribute to the CanAm Highway between Weyburn and Corinne. Highway 39 is divided or twinned in two areas at North Portal as well as north of Weyburn for 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi). The junction of Hwy 39 with the Trans–Canada divided four-lane highway is done via a "Parclo" or partial cloverleaf interchange.

Lake Bassano was a proglacial lake that formed in the Late Pleistocene during the deglaciation of south-central Alberta by the impoundment of a re-established drainage system and addition of glacial meltwater. It is associated with the development of through-flowing drainage within the Red Deer River basin in particular, and the South Saskatchewan drainage network in general. Approximately 7,500 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi) of the Bassano basin is covered with lacustrine sediments. These sediments are bordered by the topographically higher Buffalo Lake Moraine to the west, the Suffield Moraine to the east and the Lethbridge Moraine to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rural Municipality of Baildon No. 131</span> Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada

The Rural Municipality of Baildon No. 131 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 7 and SARM Division No. 2. It is located in the south-central portion of the province south of Moose Jaw.

Highway 339 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 334 at Avonlea to Highway 39, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-west of Drinkwater. The highway passes near Claybank, the Avonlea Badlands, The Dirt Hills, and Briercrest. It connects with Highways 715 and 716 and is about 49 kilometres (30 mi) long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Push moraine</span>

A push moraine or pushed moraine is in geomorphology a moraine that forms when the terminus advance of a lowland glacier pushes unstratified glacial sediment into a pile or linear ridge in front of it. A push moraine is identified by its ability to push sediment upwards from its original horizontal position. Push moraines are limited in size by the advance of a glacier front and its tendency to shear over the top of any ridge large enough to resist the movement of ice. Pushed moraines generally occur in low, flat plains at higher latitudes and were formed during the glacial stages of the Quaternary ice age. They can be up to 100 km long and several hundreds of metres in height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of Saskatchewan</span> Geologic features of the Canadian province

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Spring Valley is a hamlet in Terrell Rural Municipality No. 101 in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located at the end of highway 715, and approximately 62 km south of the city of Moose Jaw.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rural Municipality of Elmsthorpe No. 100</span> Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada

The Rural Municipality of Elmsthorpe No. 100 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 2 and SARM Division No. 2. It is located in the southeast portion of the province.

Galilee is an unincorporated community in Terrell Rural Municipality No. 101, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community is located on Highway 36 about 50 km south of the city of Moose Jaw. Very little remains of the community other than an old general store and a private residence. It is thus regularly described as a ghost town by travellers.

Moose Mountain Upland, Moose Mountain Uplands, or commonly Moose Mountain, is a hilly plateau located in the south-east corner of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, that covers an area of about 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi). The upland rises about 200 metres (660 ft) above the broad, flat prairie which is about 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level. The highest peak is "Moose Mountain" at 830 metres (2,720 ft) above sea level. The area was named Moose Mountain because of the large number of moose that lived in the area. When it was originally used by fur traders, Métis, and the Indigenous peoples, the plateau was called Montagne a la Bosse, which is French for "The Mountain of the Bump or Knob".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moose Jaw River</span> River in Saskatchewan, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avonlea Creek</span> River in Saskatchewan, Canada

Avonlea Creek is a river in the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is in a region called the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, which extends throughout three Canadian provinces and five U.S. states. It is also within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion. Avonlea Creek is a main tributary of the Moose Jaw River, which is part of the Upper Qu'Appelle Watershed and the Hudson Bay drainage basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thunder Creek (Saskatchewan)</span> River in Saskatchewan, Canada

Thunder Creek is a river in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The watershed of Thunder Creek is within the semi-arid Palliser's Triangle in south-central Saskatchewan. It begins at small, man-made reservoir near Lake Diefenbaker and flows in a south-easterly direction towards the city of Moose Jaw and the Moose Jaw River. The Moose Jaw River is a major tributary of the Qu'Appelle River For most of its course, Thunder Creek follows a valley called the Thunder Creek meltwater channel that was formed over 10,000 years ago near the end of the last ice age.

References

  1. "The Dirt Hills". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  2. "Cactus Hills". Canadian Geographical Names Database. Government of Canada. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  3. "Drought in Palliser's Triangle | the Canadian Encyclopedia".
  4. Christiansen, E.A.; Sauer, E. Karl. "The Dirt Hills structure: an ice-thrust feature in southern Saskatchewan, Canada". Canadian Science Publishing. Canadian Science Publishing. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  5. "The Cactus Hills". geoview.info. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  6. George, Ashlyn. "5 hidden gems not to be missed in Saskatchewan". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  7. Janzen, Joan. "The Avonlea Badlands: A Saskatchewan road trip you don't want to miss!". Your West Central Voice. Your West Central Voice. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  8. "Avonlea Carmichael". Projectilepoints. Projectile Points. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  9. "Avonlea Badlands". Avonlea Museum. Avonlea Museum. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  10. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901 Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.