The Enchanted Snake

Last updated December 11, 2024

The Enchanted Snake or The Snake (Neapolitan: Lo serpe)^[1] is an Italian fairy tale written by author Giambattista Basile in the Pentamerone , as the fifth story of the second day.^[2] The tale is related to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband, wherein a human maiden marries a prince cursed to be an animal, loses him and has to search for him.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 425A, "The (Animal) Monster as Bridegroom". Others of this type include The Black Bull of Norroway , The Brown Bear of Norway , The Daughter of the Skies , The Enchanted Pig , The Tale of the Hoodie , Master Semolina , The Sprig of Rosemary , East of the Sun and West of the Moon , and White-Bear-King-Valemon .^[3] The second part of the tale, wherein the heroine finds the cure for her lover's ailment and cures him, ties it to tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".

Translations

The tale has been variously translated as The Enchanted Snake, by author Andrew Lang for The Green Fairy Book ,^[4] as The Serpent Prince, by illustrator Edmund Dulac,^[5] also as The Serpent Prince for a 1849 publication,^[6] as Grannonia and the Fox,^[7] and by Nancy Canepa as The Serpent.^[8]

Synopsis

A poor woman named Sapatella longed for a child. One day, she saw a little snake in the forest and said that even snakes had children; the little snake offered to be hers. The woman and her husband, called Cola Mattheo, raised the snake. When it was grown, it wanted to marry, and not to another snake but to the king's daughter. The father went to ask, and the king said that the snake should have her if he could turn all the fruit in the orchard into gold. The snake told his father to gather up all the pits he could find and sow them in the orchard; when they sprang up, all the fruits were gold.

The king then demanded that the walls and paths of his palace be turned to precious stones; the snake had his father gathered up broken crockery and threw it at the walls and paths, which transformed them, making them glitter with the many coloured gems.

The king then demanded that the castle be turned to gold; the snake had his father rub the walls with a herb, which transformed them.

The king told his daughter, Grannonia, he had tried to put off this suitor but failed. Grannonia said that she would obey him. The snake came in a car of gold, drawn by elephants; everyone else ran off in fright, but Grannonia stood her ground. The snake took her into a room, where he shed his skin and became a handsome young man. The king, fearing that his daughter was being eaten, looked through the keyhole, and seeing this, grabbed the skin and burned it. The youth exclaimed that the king was a fool, turned into a dove, and flew off.

Grannonia set out in search of him. She met a fox and traveled with him. In the morning as the princess remarked on the wondrous sounds of the birdsongs, the fox told her the birdsong would be even better if she knew what the birds were saying: that a prince had been cursed to take a snake's form for seven years, that near the end of the time, he had fallen in love with and married a princess, but that his snake skin had been burned, and he had struck his head while he fled, and was now in the care of doctors. The fox then told her that the blood of the birds would cure him, and he caught them for her. Then he told her that his blood was also needed; she persuaded him to go with her and killed him.

She went to her husband's father and promised to cure the prince if he would marry her; the king agreed and she cured him. The prince refused because he had already pledged himself to another woman. The princess, pleased, revealed that she was that woman and they married.^[9]

Analysis

Tale type

The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as types ATU 425A, "The Animal (Monster) as Bridegroom", ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", and ATU 433, "The Prince as Serpent".^[10] French scholars Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Thèneze recognize the tale as a combination of types: AT 433A (subtype of type ATU 433) and ATU 432.^[11] Renato Aprile, editor of the Italian Catalogue of Tales of Magic, classifies the tale under type 432.^[12]

Motifs

The urging of her father to marry the beast because he had promised her represents a factor clearly present in arranged marriages. This tale has been interpreted as symbolically representing an arranged marriage; the bride's revulsion to marrying a stranger being symbolized by his bestial form.^[13]

The episode of the heroine overhearing the animals that talk about how to cure the ailed prince occurs in tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".^[14]

The animal husband

According to Letterio di Francia, in many Italian variants the prince is either transformed into a serpent or is an enchanted pig.^[15] In turn, according to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas [ el ]'s quantitative analysis, among the many forms of the enchanted husband in Italian variants, he appears as a serpent in 11 tales and as a pig in 10 texts.^[16]

Related Research Articles

The Pentamerone, subtitled Lo cunto de li cunti, is a seventeenth-century Neapolitan fairy tale collection by Italian poet and courtier Giambattista Basile.

"East of the Sun and West of the Moon" is a Norwegian fairy-tale. It was included by Andrew Lang in The Blue Fairy Book (1889).

The Canary Prince is an Italian fairy tale, the 18th tale in Italian Folktales by Italo Calvino. He took the tale from Turin, making various stylistic changes; he noted it developed a medieval motif, but such tales as Marie de France's Yonec produced a rather different effect, being tales of adultery. A variant on Rapunzel, Aarne–Thompson type 310, The Maiden in the Tower, it includes many motifs that differentiate it from that tale. Other fairy tales of this type include Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa, Petrosinella, Prunella, and Rapunzel.

The Green Knight is a Danish fairy tale, collected by Svend Grundtvig (1824-1883) in Danish Fairy Tales (18??) and by Evald Tang Kristensen (1843-1929) in Eventyr fra Jylland (1881). Andrew Lang included a translation of Kristensen's version in The Olive Fairy Book (1907).

The Daughter of the Skies is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands, listing his informant as James MacLauchlan, a servant from Islay.

The Enchanted Watch is a French fairy tale collected by Paul Sébillot (1843–1918). Andrew Lang included it in his The Green Fairy Book (1892).

The Flea is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. It combines Aarne-Thompson-Uther types 857, "The Louse-Skin" and ATU 653, "The Four Skillful Brothers".

"The Three Sisters" or Green Meadow is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. It tells the story of a maiden having secret encounters with a prince with the use of magic, him almost losing his life and her having to search for a cure for him.

Pintosmalto or Pinto Smauto is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone.

Penta of the Chopped-off Hands or The Girl With the Maimed Hands is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone.

Sapia Liccarda is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. It is not known whether he had a specific source, either literary or oral, for this tale.

The Young Slave is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone.

The Merchant is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone.

The Dragon is an Italian literary fairy tale, included in Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone, first published 1635. In the English language, the tale was a selection in Thomas Keightley's Fairy Mythology (1828), and later appeared in John Edward Taylor 's translation of the entire work, The Pentamerone, or, The Story of Stories, Fun for the Little Ones (1848). The tale has been classed as a version of Aarne–Thompson type 462 "the outcast queens and the ogress queen", rather than as "the dragon-slayer". It exhibits folklore motif K873, "fatal deception by giving narcotic."

The Crow is a Slavic fairy tale of Polish origin. Scholars relate it to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband: a human maiden marries an animal that is a prince in disguise, breaks a taboo and loses him, and she has to seek him out.

King Lindworm or Prince Lindworm is a Danish fairy tale published in the 19th century by Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig. The tale is part of the more general cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom, and is classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as tale type ATU 433B, a type that deals with maidens disenchanting serpentine husbands.

In folkloristics, "The Animal as Bridegroom" refers to a group of folk and fairy tales about a human woman marrying or being betrothed to an animal. The animal is revealed to be a human prince in disguise or under a curse. Most of these tales are grouped in the international system of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index under type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband". Some subtypes exist in the international classification as independent stories, but they sometimes do not adhere to a fixed typing.

The Golden Root or The Golden Trunk is a literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in the Pentamerone, as the fourth story of the fifth day. It is considered to be one of two rewritings of the Graeco-Roman myth of "Cupid and Psyche" by Basile, the other being "Lo Catenaccio".

The Story of Princess Zeineb and King Leopard is a French language fairy tale published in the 18th century. The tale belongs to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom as a subtype, with few variants reported across Europe. In it, the heroine is delivered to a cursed or enchanted prince, but breaks a taboo and loses him; later, she finds work elsewhere and wards off the unwanted advances of male suitors with the magical object her enchanted husband gave her.

The Padlock is a literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in the Pentamerone, as the ninth story of the second day. It is considered to be one of two rewritings of the Graeco-Roman myth of "Cupid and Psyche" by Basile, the other being "Lo turzo d'oro".

References

↑ Basile, Giambattista (1891). Croce, Benedetto (ed.). Lo cunto de li cunti (Il Pentamerone): Testo conforme alla prima stampa del MDCXXXIV - VI. Napoli. pp. 209–219.
↑ Giambattista Basile, The Pentamerone "The Snake"
↑ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Tales Similar to East of the Sun & West of the Moon"
↑ Lang, Andrew (1902). The green fairy book. New York: Longmans, Green. pp. 186–193.
↑ Dulac, Edmund (1916). Edmund Dulac's Fairy-Book: Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations. New York: George H. Doran Company. pp. 31–44.
↑ Montalba, Anthony R. (1849). Fairy Tales From All Nations. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 384–397.
↑ Cinderella and other classic Italian fairy tales. New York: Children's Classics; Avenel, N.J.: Distributed by Outlet Book Co., 1993. pp. 85-94.
↑ Canepa, Nancy (2007). "The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day". Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones. Wayne State University Press. pp. 169–176. ISBN 978-0-8143-3738-7. Project MUSE chapter 442810.
↑ Basile, Giambattista; Strange, E. F. (Ed.); Taylor, John Edward (translator). Stories from the Pentamerone. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. 1911. pp. 110-121.
↑ Canepa, Nancy (2007). "The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day". Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones. Wayne State University Press. p. 169 (footnote). ISBN 978-0-8143-3738-7. Project MUSE chapter 442810.
↑ Delarue, Paul; Ténèze, Marie-Louise (1957). Le conte populaire français; catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion (in French). Érasme. p. 115. ISBN 978-2-7068-0623-0. OCLC 1625284.
↑ Aprile, Renato (2000). Indice delle fiabe popolari italiane di magia (in Italian). Vol. 2. Leo S. Olschki. p. 680 (entry "Il serpente"). ISBN 9788822248558.
↑ Maria Tatar, Off with Their Heads! p. 140-1 ISBN 0-691-06943-3.
↑ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 146-147.
↑ Di Francia, Letterio (Curatore). Fiabe e novelle calabresi. Prima e seconda parte. Torino: Giovanni Chiantore. 1935. p. 33.
↑ Megas, Georgios A. (1971). Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung. Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων (in German). Vol. 30. Athens: Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn. p. 88.