Though the novel is named after the character Edwin Drood, it focuses more on Drood's uncle, John Jasper, a precentor, choirmaster and opium addict, who lusts after his pupil, Rosa Bud. Miss Bud, Edwin Drood's fiancée, has also caught the eye of the high-spirited and hot-tempered Neville Landless. Landless and Edwin Drood take an instant dislike to each other. Later Drood disappears under mysterious circumstances. The story is set in Cloisterham, a lightly disguised Rochester.[3]
Upon the death of Dickens on 9 June 1870, the novel was left unfinished in his writing desk,[4] only six of a planned twelve instalments having been written. He left no detailed plan for the remaining instalments or solution to the novel's mystery, and many later adaptations and continuations by other writers have attempted to complete the story.
Summary
The novel begins as John Jasper leaves a London opium den.[5] The next evening, Edwin Drood visits Jasper, who is the choirmaster at Cloisterham Cathedral and is also his uncle. Edwin confides that he has misgivings about his betrothal to Rosa Bud, which had been previously arranged by their respective fathers. The next day, Edwin visits Rosa at the Nuns' House, the boarding school where she lives. They quarrel good-naturedly, which they apparently do frequently during his visits. Meanwhile, Jasper, having an interest in the cathedral crypt, seeks the company of Durdles, a man who knows more about the crypt than anyone else.
Neville Landless and his twin sister Helena are sent to Cloisterham for their education. Neville will study with the minor canon Rev. Crisparkle; Helena will live at the Nuns' House with Rosa. Neville confides to Rev. Crisparkle that he had hated his cruel stepfather, while Rosa confides to Helena that she loathes and fears her music-master, Jasper. Neville is immediately smitten with Rosa and is indignant that Edwin prizes his betrothal lightly. Edwin provokes him and he reacts violently, giving Jasper the opportunity to spread rumours about Neville's having a violent temper. Rev. Crisparkle tries to reconcile Edwin and Neville, who agrees to apologise to Edwin if the former will forgive him. It is arranged that they will dine together for this purpose on Christmas Eve at Jasper's home.
Rosa's guardian, Mr. Grewgious, tells her that she has a substantial inheritance from her father. When she asks whether there would be any forfeiture if she did not marry Edwin, he replies that there would be none on either side. Back at his office in London, Mr. Grewgious gives Edwin a ring which Rosa's father had given to her mother, with the proviso that Edwin must either give the ring to Rosa as a sign of his irrevocable commitment to her or return it to Mr. Grewgious. Mr. Bazzard, Mr. Grewgious's clerk, witnesses this transaction.
Next day, Rosa and Edwin amicably agree to end their betrothal. They decide to ask Mr. Grewgious to break the news to Jasper, and Edwin intends to return the ring to Mr. Grewgious. Meanwhile, Durdles takes Jasper into the cathedral crypt. On the way there Durdles points out a mound of quicklime. Jasper provides a bottle of wine to Durdles. The wine is mysteriously potent and Durdles soon loses consciousness; while unconscious he dreams that Jasper goes off by himself in the crypt. As they return from the crypt, they encounter a boy called Deputy, and Jasper, thinking he was spying on them, takes him by the throat – but, seeing that this will strangle him, lets him go.
On Christmas Eve, Neville buys himself a heavy walking stick; he plans to spend his Christmas break hiking around the countryside. Meanwhile, Edwin visits a jeweller to repair his pocket watch; it is mentioned that the only pieces of jewellery that he wears are the watch and chain and a shirt pin. By chance he meets a woman who is an opium user from London. She asks Drood's Christian name and he replies that it is "Edwin"; she says he is fortunate it is not "Ned," for "Ned" is in great danger. He thinks nothing of this, for the only person who calls him "Ned" is Jasper. Meanwhile, Jasper buys himself a black scarf of strong silk, which is not seen again during the course of the novel. The reconciliation dinner is successful and at midnight, Edwin Drood and Neville Landless leave together to go down to the river and look at a wind storm that rages that night.
The next morning Edwin is missing and Jasper encourages suspicion that Neville has killed him. Neville leaves early in the morning for his hike; the townspeople overtake him and forcibly bring him back to the city. Rev. Crisparkle keeps Neville out of jail by taking responsibility for him, stating that he will produce Neville anytime his presence is required. That night, Jasper is strongly affected when Mr. Grewgious informs him that Edwin and Rosa had ended their betrothal; he reacts more strongly to this news than to the prospect that Edwin may be dead. The next morning, Rev. Crisparkle goes to the river weir and finds Edwin's watch and chain and shirt pin.
A half-year later, Neville is living in London near Mr. Grewgious's office. Lieutenant Tartar introduces himself and offers to share his garden with Landless; Lt. Tartar's chambers are adjacent to Neville's above a common courtyard. A white-haired and -whiskered stranger calling himself Dick Datchery arrives in Cloisterham. He rents a room below Jasper and observes the comings and goings in the area. On his way to the lodging the first time, Mr. Datchery asks directions from Deputy. Deputy will not go near there for fear that Jasper will choke him again.
Jasper visits Rosa at the Nuns' House and professes his love for her. She rejects him but he persists, telling her that if she gives him no hope he will destroy Neville, the brother of her dear friend Helena. In fear of Jasper, Rosa flees to Mr. Grewgious in London.
The next day Rev. Crisparkle follows Rosa to London. When he is with Mr. Grewgious and Rosa, Lt. Tartar calls and asks if he remembers him. Rev. Crisparkle does remember him as the one who years before saved him from drowning. They do not dare let Rosa contact Neville and Helena directly, for fear that Jasper may be watching Neville, but Mr. Tartar allows Rosa to visit his chambers to contact Helena above the courtyard. Mr. Grewgious arranges for Rosa to rent a place from Mrs. Billickin and for Miss Twinkleton to live with her there respectably.
Jasper visits the London opium den again for the first time since Edwin's disappearance. When he leaves at dawn, the woman who runs the opium den follows him. She vows to herself that she will not lose his trail again as she did after his last visit. This time, she follows him all the way to his home in Cloisterham; outside she meets Datchery, who tells her Jasper's name and that he will sing the next morning in the cathedral service. On inquiry, Datchery learns she is called "Princess Puffer". The next morning she attends the service and shakes her fists at Jasper from behind a pillar, observed by both Datchery and Deputy.
Dickens's death leaves the rest of the story unknown. According to his friend and biographer John Forster, after Dickens had written him two brief letters which relate to the plot (but not the murder), he had supplied Forster with an outline of the full plot:
His first fancy for the tale was expressed in a letter in the middle of July. "What should you think of the idea of a story beginning in this way?—Two people, boy and girl, or very young, going apart from one another, pledged to be married after many years—at the end of the book. The interest to arise out of the tracing of their separate ways, and the impossibility of telling what will be done with that impending fate." This was laid aside; but it left a marked trace on the story as afterwards designed, in the position of Edwin Drood and his betrothed. I first heard of the later design in a letter dated "Friday the 6th of August 1869", in which after speaking, with the usual unstinted praise he bestowed always on what moved him in others, of a little tale he had received for his journal, he spoke of the change that had occurred to him for the new tale by himself. "I laid aside the fancy I told you of, and have a very curious and new idea for my new story. Not a communicable idea (or the interest of the book would be gone), but a very strong one, though difficult to work." The story, I learnt immediately afterward, was to be that of the murder of a nephew by his uncle; the originality of which was to consist in the review of the murderer's career by himself at the close, when its temptations were to be dwelt upon as if, not he the culprit, but some other man, were the tempted. The last chapters were to be written in the condemned cell, to which his wickedness, all elaborately elicited from him as if told of another, had brought him. Discovery by the murderer of the utter needlessness of the murder for its object, was to follow hard upon commission of the deed; but all discovery of the murderer was to be baffled till towards the close, when, by means of a gold ring which had resisted the corrosive effects of the lime into which he had thrown the body, not only the person murdered was to be identified but the locality of the crime and the man who committed it. So much was told to me before any of the book was written; and it will be recollected that the ring, taken by Drood to be given to his betrothed only if their engagement went on, was brought away with him from their last interview. Rosa was to marry Tartar, and Crisparkle the sister of Landless, who was himself, I think, to have perished in assisting Tartar finally to unmask and seize the murderer.[6]
Characters
Edwin Drood: an orphan. When he comes of age, he plans to marry Rosa Bud and go to Egypt, working as an engineer with the firm in which his father had been a partner.
Rosa Bud: an orphan and Edwin Drood's fiancée. Their betrothal was arranged by their fathers.
John Jasper: the choirmaster of Cloisterham Cathedral, Edwin Drood's uncle and guardian (though not much older than Drood, and so he is able to "acceptably" express interest in Rosa himself), and Rosa Bud's music master. He secretly loves Rosa. He frequently visits an opium den in London, run by Princess Puffer. It is probable (see evidence below) that Dickens intended to make him the putative murderer. Jasper seemingly takes advantage of the well-known and acrimonious rivalry between Drood and Neville Landless for Rosa's affections; apparently committing Drood's murder right after the time period when Landless had been making resentful and angry remarks about Drood, thus conveniently shifting public suspicion of Drood's murder away from Jasper and onto Landless instead. A further implication is that if Landless were to be falsely convicted of Drood's murder and executed, Jasper would have disposed of both of Rosa's love interests, and then he would be free to try for Rosa's hand himself.
Neville Landless: one of a set of orphaned twins; his sister is Helena. They are from Ceylon, but it is not clear to what extent they are Ceylonese. In their childhood they were mistreated and deprived. The immature and impressionable Neville is immediately smitten by Rosa Bud, and quickly becomes Drood's hated rival for Rosa's affections; he also has a volatile temper (which Jasper exacerbates by drugging Neville's wine) and is more proud than is good for him. His temper and pride cause him to become the prime suspect in Drood's disappearance, the obvious suspicion being that he had become enraged and killed Drood in hopes of then being able to have Rosa all to himself. His integrity prevents him from making an insincere apology to Drood.
Helena Landless: Neville's twin sister. They are from Ceylon, but it is not clear to what extent they are Ceylonese. In their childhood they were mistreated and deprived. Helena and Rosa become dear friends.
Rev. Septimus Crisparkle: minor canon of Cloisterham Cathedral and Neville Landless's mentor.
Mr. (Hiram) Grewgious: a London lawyer and Rosa Bud's guardian. He was a friend of her parents.
Mr. Bazzard: Mr. Grewgious's clerk. He is absent from that post when Datchery is in Cloisterham. He has written a play.
(Stony) Durdles: a stonemason and the local undertaker. He knows more than anyone else about the Cloisterham Cathedral cemetery; he takes Jasper on a tour of the graveyard and tells him about the human-flesh-dissolving properties of quicklime.
Deputy: a small boy. "Deputy" is not his name but rather a nickname he uses for anonymity. If he catches Durdles out after 10 pm due to excessive drunkenness, he throws rocks at him until he goes home. Durdles pays Deputy a halfpenny per night for doing so.
Dick Datchery: an enigmatic stranger who takes lodging in Cloisterham for a month or two. He becomes interested in Jasper and in Princess Puffer; the implication being that he is actually an undercover detective summoned to help solve Drood's murder, or another character in disguise.
Her Royal Highness the Princess Puffer: a haggard woman who runs a London opium den frequented by Jasper. She is unnamed in most of the book, and "Princess Puffer" is the title which Deputy gives her. She habitually claims to be helpless and ill in order to gain sympathy and handouts, but she secretly shows considerable savvy and cunning, both in swindling the customers to her opium den and in craftily gleaning revealing information about them.
Mr. (Thomas) Sapsea: a comically conceited auctioneer. By the time of Drood's disappearance he has become Mayor of Cloisterham.
The Dean: the Dean is the most senior clergyman at Cloisterham Cathedral, a man of some gravitas to whom others behave with fitting deference. In return he can be rather condescending.
Mrs. Tope: the verger's wife. She cooks for Jasper and rents lodging to Datchery.
Miss Twinkleton: the mistress of the Nuns' House, the boarding school where Rosa lives.
Mrs. Tisher: Miss Twinkleton's assistant at the Nuns' House.
Mr. (Luke) Honeythunder: a bombastic London philanthropist. He is Neville and Helena Landless's guardian.
Mr. Tartar: a retired naval officer. He resigned his commission in his late twenties when an uncle left him some property, but he lives in London, being unaccustomed to the space of a large estate.
Mrs. Billickin: a widowed distant cousin of Mr. Bazzard. She rents lodging in London to Rosa and Miss Twinkleton.
Edwin Drood's fate is not clear. His killer, if any, is not revealed but it is generally believed that John Jasper, Edwin's uncle, is the murderer for three reasons:
John Forster had the plot described to him by Dickens: "The story ... was to be that of the murder of a nephew by his uncle."[7]
Luke Fildes, who illustrated the story, said that Dickens had told him, when they were discussing an illustration, "I must have the double necktie! It is necessary, for Jasper strangles Edwin Drood with it."[7]
Dickens's son Charles stated that his father had told him unequivocally that Jasper was the murderer.[7]
The book gives other hints:
It describes a night scene in which Jasper goes secretly with Durdles to the graveyard. Jasper sees quicklime, at that time believed to hasten the decomposition of bodies.
A day before he disappears, Edwin talks with Princess Puffer in the graveyard. She tells him "Ned" is in great danger. Later it turns out she has been following John Jasper from London, and he told her something in his state of intoxication. Jasper is the only one who refers to Edwin Drood as "Ned".
On the day Edwin is reported missing, Jasper is informed by Mr. Grewgious, Rosa's guardian, that she and Edwin had broken off their engagement. Jasper collapses in a state of shock; the implication is that he may have murdered Edwin unnecessarily.[8]
Rosa Bud has always been afraid of John Jasper, and in the afternoon of a warm day, half a year after Edwin's disappearance, he tells her his love for her might be enough even to have disposed of his beloved nephew.
Princess Puffer tries to follow Jasper; she suspects him of something because of what he said during his opium intoxication. Jasper says to her at the end of what exists of the book: "Suppose you had something in your mind; something you were going to do ... Should you do it in your fancy, when you were lying here doing this? ... I did it over and over again. I have done it hundreds of thousands of times in this room."
The very first hint (Mr. Jasper being concerned about what he may say while in an opium stupor) occurs in the first pages, when Mr. Jasper listens to other opium users and says "unintelligible!" On his last opium trip, Princess Puffer says to him, while he sleeps: "'Unintelligible' I heard you say, of two more than me. But don't ye be too sure always; don't ye be too sure, beauty!"
On the day of Edwin's disappearance, Jasper was in an ebullient state of mind all day, performing in the choir with great self-command.
Another possible hint is hidden in the name of Edwin Drood. By rearranging seven of the ten letters in his name, it spells the word DROWNED. So it is possible that Edwin suffered the same fate as his mother, who also drowned.
"The Spike that Intervenes: How I Accidentally Solved Drood" is a new theory published in the summer 2024 edition of The Dickensian that attempts to unmask the real villain. Mark Wheats uses empirical evidence to contend that the main clue resides in the very first paragraph of the novel when Dickens wrote, "What IS the spike that intervenes, and who has set it up?" Wheats argues that "if we find the spike, we find the villain" and that the figure at the top of the spiral staircase on the cover of the novel is not pointing to the choirmaster John Jasper (as if accusing him), but rather pointing to the verger Mr Tope, who is holding "the spike that intervenes"--the verger's mace. Wheats shows how Dickens wrote of the mace in his handwritten manuscript, but chose not to include it in chapter 9 because he did not want to tip readers off too early regarding the identity of the story's villain. Wheats also contends that "The Thorn of Anxiety" referred to five times in chapter 11 and once in chapter 20 is also "the spike that intervenes", as a thorn is a spike in miniature. Wheats then argues that Mr Tope (whose name is a verb meaning "to excessively drink alcohol") is merely a henchman, and that the main villain is the senior clergyman of the cathedral, the Dean. Using further literary evidence, Wheats concludes the Dean's guilt, citing Dickens's notes and use of personification.
Dick Datchery
Datchery appears some time after Edwin's disappearance and keeps a close eye on Jasper. There are hints that he is in disguise, and this theme has been taken up in adaptations of the story which try to solve the mystery:
in the 1935 movie production of the story, starring Claude Rains as Jasper, Datchery is Neville Landless in disguise.
in the 1985 Rupert Holmes musical, the character of Datchery is initially played by the actress who also plays Edwin Drood, but can be voted by the audience to be revealed by Princess Puffer to really be Rosa Bud, Neville Landless, Helena Landless, Bazzard, or Reverend Crisparkle.
in Leon Garfield's continuation, which was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 1990 starring Ian Holm as Jasper and John Moffatt as Datchery,[9] Datchery is a former actor turned private investigator hired by Mr. Grewgious to investigate Drood's disappearance.
in the 2012 BBC television drama, written by Gwyneth Hughes, Datchery is Mr. Bazzard.
in the 2020 BBC Radio 4 adaptation (see "Radio adaptations" below), Datchery is a disguised Helena Landless.
Original publication
The Mystery of Edwin Drood was scheduled to be published in twelve installments (shorter than Dickens's usual twenty) from April 1870 to February 1871, each costing one shilling and illustrated by Luke Fildes. Only six of the installments were completed before Dickens's death in 1870. It was therefore approximately half finished.
I: April 1870 (chapters 1–5)
II: May 1870 (chapters 6–9)
III: June 1870 (chapters 10–12)
IV: July 1870 (chapters 13–16)
V: August 1870 (chapters 17–20)
VI: September 1870 (chapters 21–23)
Planned instalments never published:
VII: October 1870
VIII: November 1870
IX: December 1870
X: January 1871
XI, XII: February 1871
Continuations
Supplying a conclusion to The Mystery of Edwin Drood has occupied writers from the time of Dickens's death to the present day.
The first three attempts to complete the story were undertaken by Americans. The first, by Robert Henry Newell, published under the pen name Orpheus C. Kerr in 1870,[10] was as much a parody as a continuation, transplanting the story to the United States. It is a "burlesque" farce rather than a serious attempt to continue in the spirit of the original story.
The second ending was written by Henry Morford, a New York journalist. He travelled to Rochester with his wife and published the ending serially during his stay in England from 1871 to 1872. In this ending, Edwin Drood survives Jasper's murder attempt. Datchery is Bazzard in disguise, but Helena disguises herself as well to overhear Jasper's mumbling under the influence of opium. Titled John Jasper's Secret: Sequel to Charles Dickens' Mystery of Edwin Drood, newspaper articles from 1870 confirmed that the story would be completed and authored by Charles Dickens, Jr. and Wilkie Collins, despite Collins' disavowal, the illustrative green cover for the book was designed by Charles Allston Collins who was both Charles Dickens' son in law and Wilkie Collins' brother.[11][12][13]
The third attempt was perhaps the most unusual. In 1873, a Brattleboro, Vermont, printer, Thomas Power James, published a version which he claimed had been literally 'ghost-written' by him channeling Dickens's spirit.[14][15][16] A sensation was created, with several critics, including Arthur Conan Doyle, a spiritualist himself, praising this version, calling it similar in style to Dickens's work; and for several decades the James version of Edwin Drood was common in America. Other Drood scholars disagree. John C. Walters dismissed it with contempt, stating that the work "is self-condemned by its futility, illiteracy, and hideous American mannerisms; the mystery itself becomes a nightmare, and the solution only deepens the obscurity."[17]
Four of the most recent of the posthumous collaborations are The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Leon Garfield (1980), The Decoding of Edwin Drood (1980) by Charles Forsyte, The Disappearance of Edwin Drood, a Holmesian pastiche by Peter Rowland (1992), and The Mystery of Edwin Drood by David Madden (2011).[18]The D Case (1989) offered a humorous literary critique by the Italian duo Fruttero & Lucentini.
The Trial of John Jasper
Chesterton as the Judge
On 7 January 1914 the Dickens Fellowship organised a dramatic "trial" in the King's Hall, Covent Garden, in which John Jasper stood accused of the murder of Edwin Drood. Appearing as witnesses in "court" were five characters from the Dickens novel, as well as a jury and court officials, mostly played by writers, actors and other leading personalities of the day.
G. K. Chesterton, best known for the Father Brown mystery stories, was the Judge. Author of The Complete Edwin Drood, J. Cuming Walters, led the prosecution, while W. Walter Crotch and Cecil Chesterton acted for the defence, with the latter's future wife, Ada Elizabeth Chesterton (appearing under her pseudonym Miss J. K. Prothero) as Princess Puffer. Bransby Williams, well known for his stage monologues as Dickens characters, was Anthony Durdles. Authors and scholars Arthur Waugh, C. Sheridan Jones and Mrs Laurence Clay, played Crisparkle, Bazzard and Helena Landless respectively, while the part of John Jasper was taken by amateur actor Frederick T. Harry.[19]
Proceedings were very light-hearted; Shaw in particular made wisecracks at the expense of others present. For instance, Shaw said that if the prosecution thought that producing evidence would influence the jury then "he little knows his functions".[20]
The jury returned a verdict of manslaughter, Shaw stating that it was a compromise on the grounds that there was not enough evidence to convict Jasper but that they did not want to run the risk of being murdered in their beds. Both sides protested and demanded that the jury be discharged. Shaw said the jury would be only too pleased to be discharged. Chesterton ruled that the mystery of Edwin Drood was insoluble and fined everyone, except himself, for contempt of court.[21]
Adaptations
Films
To date, there have been four film adaptations of The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
The first two silent pictures released in 1909 (British)[22] and 1914 (American)[23] are unavailable to the general public and have been little-seen since they were released. These were followed by:
The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1960) was a British television miniseries produced by ITV and broadcast live in eight episodes, starring Donald Sinden as John Jasper, Richard Pearson as Rev. Crisparkle and Tim Seely as Edwin Drood.[24] This serial is believed to be lost, as no audio or video recordings are known to exist. Photographs taken from contemporary newspaper clippings exist with the BFI.
Taina Edvina Druda (The Mystery of Edwin Drood) is a TV miniseries produced in Russia in 1980, adapted by Georgiy Kapralov and Alexander Orlov, directed by Alexander Orlov. Music by Eduard Artemiev. The cast included Valentin Gaft, Avangard Leontiev, Elena Koreneva and Margarita Terekhova.
Radio
On 5 and 12 January 1953, the CBS Suspense radio programme aired a two-part adaptation of The Mystery of Edwin Drood. It depicts John Jasper (played by Herbert Marshall) as the killer, tricked into giving himself away.[27]
In 1965, for Radio 4's long-running "Saturday Night Theatre" strand, Mollie Hardwick adapted and suggested an ending.[28] The cast included Francis de Wolff as the Narrator, John Gabriel as John Jasper, Mary Wimbush as Princess Puffer, Patrick Barr as Crisparkle, Malcolm Terris as Edwin Drood, Rosalind Shanks as Rosa, Nigel Graham as Neville Landless, Isabel Rennie as Helena Landless and Denys Blakelock as Mr. Grewgious. It was repeated on 4 October 1970.[29] The play is held in the BBC Archives (T42136, 89'40"), and an off-air recording exists.
A 10-part adaptation in 15-minute daily episodes, this time written by Mike Walker and directed by Jeremy Mortimer, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 21 December 2020 to 1 January 2021.[31] The cast included Pippa Nixon as Kate Dickens (who acts as both narrator and commentator), Joel MacCormack as John Jasper, Isabella Inchbald as Rosa, Damian Lynch as Rev. Crisparkle, Rachel Atkins as Princess Puffer, Maanuv Thiara as Neville Landless, Halema Hussain as Helena Landless, Peter Davison as Mr. Grewgious and Iwan Davies as Edwin Drood. Some characters, including Lt. Tartar and Mayor Sapsea, are omitted from this version and Bazzard, though referred to by Mr. Grewgious, does not appear. In this adaptation, Helena disguises herself as Dick Datchery, Edwin Drood survives the attack from Jasper, and Jasper commits suicide by jumping from the cathedral tower after it is revealed that he was in love with Edwin, a major departure from his character and motivations in the original novel and other adaptations.
Following almost immediately upon Charles Dickens's death, playwrights and theatre companies have mounted versions of The Mystery of Edwin Drood with varying degrees of popularity, success, and faithfulness to the original work.
A musical comedy with book, music, and lyrics by Rupert Holmes proved to be the first modern major theatrical adaptation. Because Dickens's book was left unfinished, the musical hinges upon a novel idea: the audience decides by vote which of the characters is the murderer. The musical's suspect pool includes John Jasper, Neville Landless, Rosa Bud, Helena Landless, Rev. Crisparkle, Princess Puffer, and Mr. Bazzard. Adding further interactivity, the audience also chooses either Rosa Bud, Neville Landless, Helena Landless, Rev. Crisparkle, or Mr. Bazzard to play the role of Dick Datchery since the cast votes that Edwin Drood actually was murdered and cannot be Dick Datchery. Furthermore, two character are chosen to develop a romance. Holmes wrote brief alternate endings for every possible voting outcome, even the most unlikely. For reasons of dramatic variety, John Jasper is presented as a red herring in the final solution. The audience is discouraged to vote for him, and in the final scene, he confesses to the murder only for Durdles to reveal that Jasper hallucinated the attack on Drood after stumbling upon the scene of the murder, and disposed of the body thinking he had committed the crime himself.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood musical, also known during its original run simply as Drood,[32] was first produced in 1985 by the New York Shakespeare Festival, and then transferred to Broadway, where it ran for 608 performances (and 24 previews). It won five 1986 Tonys, including Best Musical, as well as Drama Desk and Edgar awards. The show ran for ten weeks in the West End in 1987 starring Ernie Wise as Edwin Cartwright.[33] The musical has since played successfully in numerous regional and amateur productions.
In 2012, Aria Entertainment produced a London revival of the musical at the Landor Theatre in April/May, which transferred to the Arts Theatre, West End, for a limited season from 18 May to 17 June. The cast included former Coronation Street star Wendi Peters as Princess Puffer, with Natalie Day as Edwin Drood, Daniel Robinson as John Jasper and Victoria Farley as Rosa Budd. The production was directed by Matthew Gould.[34]
A Broadway revival by the Roundabout Theatre Company during the 2012–2013 season[35] was directed by Scott Ellis and starred Chita Rivera as Princess Puffer and Stephanie J. Block as Edwin Drood. The final "Murderer" tabulations assigned to each of the characters and the identity of "Datchery" were displayed overhead on chalkboards in the foyer, visible to the departing audience.
References to the book
The book and several of the characters are referred to in the ghost story An Episode of Cathedral History by M. R. James, an admirer of Dickens. Dickens's description of the Cathedral in Drood is affectionately mocked by James when one of his characters remarks on the peculiarity of some of its practices.
Edwin Drood is the name of a fictional band from the TV series Jonathan Creek.
Edwin Drood is the name of the protagonist in the novel The Man with the Golden Torc, the first novel in the Secret History series by Simon R. Green.
The 1999 novel Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee references Edwin Drood as the novel that Lucy reads before the crime on her farm.
A 2005 episode of the television series Doctor Who, "The Unquiet Dead", shows a fictional Charles Dickens during the Christmas before his death, in 1869, overcoming his scepticism of the supernatural and fighting gaseous creatures together with the Ninth Doctor and Rose Tyler. The episode suggests that Dickens's last novel will be completed as The Mystery of Edwin Drood and the Blue Elementals with Edwin's killer being, not his Uncle as originally intended, but rather blue creatures "not of this earth" inspired by the Gelth. The Doctor explains to Rose however that Dickens dies before he is able to finish the novel.[36]
The 2004 novel Monsieur Dick by Jean-Pierre Ohl (translated, 2008, by Christine Donougher) is the story of a feud between two French Drood scholars, interposed with the unreliable journal of a young Frenchman who visits Dickens shortly before he dies.[37]
The 2009 novel Drood by Dan Simmons is a fictionalised account of the last five years of Dickens's life and the writing of and inspirations for the novel.
The 2009 novel The Last Dickens by Matthew Pearl is a fictionalised account of events after Dickens's death related to his unfinished novel.
In Assassin's Creed: Syndicate, there is a cut scene where the main character Jacob has a chance encounter with Dickens, who loses some pages from his notes, possibly causing the novel to be unfinished. A mission within the game regarding a murder investigation ostensibly provides Dickens with the inspiration for the novel.
A 2012 episode of the Dickensian pastiche comedy radio series Bleak Expectations, A Writerly Life Made Dreadfully Different, sees the narrator Sir Philip 'Pip' Bin compete in a novel-writing contest with Charles Dickens for the title of Britain's greatest author. It is revealed that Dickens was in fact Bin's arch-nemesis Gently Benevolent in disguise, having kidnapped the real Dickens and forced him to write The Mystery of Edwin Drood as a submission. Harry Biscuit, Bin's best friend, enraged by Bin's theft of his novel and under demonic possession from the Pen of Penrith, kills Dickens with a bust of him and eats the ending of Edwin Drood.
Rev. Crisparkle and Mrs. Tisher appear as characters in the BBC One television series Dickensian.
The 2022 novel Solving Drood by Mark Wheats uses the solution to the mystery as a MacGuffin for which the main characters search.
The 2024Murdoch Mysteries episode "What the Dickens?!" features George Crabtree and his wife Effie attending a Drood-themed party to celebrate Dickens's birthday.
Related Research Articles
The Moonstone: A Romance by Wilkie Collins is an 1868 British epistolary novel. It is an early example of the modern detective novel, and established many of the ground rules of the modern genre. Its publication was started on 4 January 1868 and was completed on 8 August 1868. The story was serialised in Charles Dickens's magazine All the Year Round. Collins adapted The Moonstone for the stage in 1877.
Cecil Edward Chesterton was an English journalist and political commentator, known particularly for his role as editor of The New Witness from 1912 to 1916, and in relation to its coverage of the Marconi scandal.
Constantia, a South African dessert wine, is made from Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains grapes grown in the district of Constantia, City of Cape Town. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was widely exported to Europe. However, production of Constantia ceased in the late-nineteenth century following the devastation of South African vineyards in the phylloxera epidemic. Production resumed at Klein Constantia in 1986, at Groot Constantia in 2003 and at Buitenverwachting in 2007.
Ellen Lawless Ternan, also known as Nelly Ternan or Nelly Wharton-Robinson, was an English actress known for her relationship with the elderly Charles Dickens.
Francis Loftus Sullivan was an English film and stage actor.
Howard McGillin is an American actor. He is known for originating the role of John Jasper in The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1985) and for portraying the title role in Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera from 1999 to 2009 on Broadway.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a musical written by Rupert Holmes based on the unfinished Charles Dickens novel of the same name. The show was the first Broadway musical with multiple endings. The musical won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical; from among eleven nominations. Holmes received Tony awards for Best Book of a Musical and Best Original Score.
Constance Emily Kent (1844–1944) was an English woman who confessed to the murder of her half-brother, Francis Saville Kent, in 1860, when she was aged 16 and he aged three. The case led to high-level pronouncements that there was no longer any ancient priest-penitent privilege in England and Wales. Kent's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and she was released after serving twenty years. In later life, she changed her name to Ruth Emilie Kaye, became a nurse and for twenty years was matron of a nurses' home in East Maitland, New South Wales. She died at the age of 100.
An opium den was an establishment in which opium was sold and smoked. Opium dens were prevalent in many parts of the world in the 19th century, most notably China, Southeast Asia, North America, and France. Throughout the West, opium dens were frequented by and associated with the Chinese because the establishments were usually run by Chinese mobsters, who supplied the opium and prepared it for visiting non-Chinese smokers. Most opium dens kept a supply of opium paraphernalia such as the pipes and lamps that were necessary to smoke the drug. Patrons would recline to hold the long opium pipes over oil lamps that would heat the drug until it vaporized, allowing the smoker to inhale the vapors. Opium dens in China were frequented by all levels of society, and their opulence or simplicity reflected the financial means of the patrons. In urban areas of the United States, particularly on the West Coast, there were opium dens that mirrored the best to be found in China, with luxurious trappings and female attendants. For the working class, there were many low-end dens with sparse furnishings.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a 1935 American melodrama film directed by Stuart Walker and based on the unfinished 1870 novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a 1993 film, the fourth film adaptation of the Charles Dickens unfinished 1870 novel of the same name. This was the last film of Barry Evans.
Drood is a novel written by Dan Simmons. The book was initially published on February 1, 2009 by Little, Brown and Company. It is a fictionalized account of the last five years of Charles Dickens' life.
The Last Dickens is a novel by Matthew Pearl published by Random House. It is a work of historical and literary fiction. The novel is a Washington Post Critics' Pick. It contains some characters from The Dante Club.
Bransby Williams was a British actor, comedian and monologist. He became known as "The Irving of the music halls".
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a 2012 British television adaptation of the unfinished 1870 novel by Charles Dickens, adapted with a new ending by Gwyneth Hughes, produced by Lisa Osborne, and directed by Diarmuid Lawrence. It was aired in the United Kingdom on BBC2 as two one-hour parts on 10 and 11 January 2012, in the United States as a single two-hour film on PBS on 15 April 2012, and in Australia on ABC1 on 2 January 2013.
Dickensian is a British drama television series that premiered on BBC One from 26 December 2015 to 21 February 2016. The 20-part series, created and co-written by Tony Jordan, brings characters from many Charles Dickens novels together in one Victorian London neighbourhood, as Inspector Bucket investigates the murder of Ebenezer Scrooge's partner Jacob Marley.
Ada Elizabeth Chesterton was a British socialist, journalist, and philanthropist. Her best known work was In Darkest London.
Margaret Cardwell was a reader in English at Queen's University Belfast, a specialist in the works of Charles Dickens. She was a winner of the British Academy's Rose Mary Crawshay Prize in 1994.
The Long Divorce is a 1951 detective novel by the British writer Edmund Crispin, the eighth in his series featuring the Oxford professor and amateur detective Gervase Fen. It was the penultimate novel in the series, with a gap or more than twenty five years before the next entry The Glimpses of the Moon, although a collection of short stories Beware of the Trains was published in 1953. The novel features many traits of a Golden Age mystery, set in a small, wealthy English village. The title doesn't refer to a marriage but is a quote from Shakespeare's Henry VIII "the long divorce of steel". It was published in the United States by Dodd, Mead in 1951 under the same title, and a year later as A Noose for Her.
References
↑ Dubberke, Ray. Dickens, Drood, and the Detectives, New York: Vantage Press, 1992. ISBN0-533-09639-1.
↑ Kate Dickens Perugini, "Edwin Drood and the Last Days of Charles Dickens", Pall Mall Magazine, Vol. 37 (1906).
↑ A Curious BurialArchived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine 11 January 1890 East London Observer—an account of the burial of Ah Sing, said to be the inspiration for the character of the opium seller. Accessed 22 July 2008
↑ John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, 1876, vol. 1, pp. 451–452
1 2 3 The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Chiltern Library edition, London, 1950; Introduction.
↑ The Murder Book by Tage LaCour and Harald Mogensen, 1973
↑ Dickens, Charles; Madden, David (1 October 2011). The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Unthank Books.com. ISBN978-0956422330.
1 2 Programme, The Trial of John Jasper for the Murder of Edwin Drood, at King's Hall, Covent Garden, January 7th 1914. (A copy in a private collection, annotated by the original owner.)
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