Related Research Articles
A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is often above 80 °C. Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are also able to tolerate extreme temperatures. Some of these bacteria are able to live at temperatures greater than 100 °C, deep in the ocean where high pressures increase the boiling point of water. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes, such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles. Their existence may support the possibility of extraterrestrial life, showing that life can thrive in environmental extremes.
Sulfolobus is a genus of microorganism in the family Sulfolobaceae. It belongs to the archaea domain.
Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophilic species of Archaea. It can be classified as a hyperthermophile because it thrives best under extremely high temperatures—higher than those preferred of a thermophile. It is notable for having an optimum growth temperature of 100 °C, and for being one of the few organisms identified as possessing aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase enzymes containing tungsten, an element rarely found in biological molecules.
Pyrococcus is a genus of Thermococcaceaen archaean.
In taxonomy, Thermococcus is a genus of thermophilic Archaea in the family the Thermococcaceae.
In enzymology, an indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Aeropyrum pernix is a species of extremophile archaean in the archaean phylum Crenarchaeota. It is an obligatorily thermophilic species. The first specimens were isolated from sediments in the sea off the coast of Japan.
Thermococcus litoralis is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between 0.5–3.0 μm (20–118 μin) in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular hyperthermophile coccus that grows between 55–100 °C (131–212 °F). Unlike many other thermococci, T. litoralis is non-motile. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices. Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it. T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have a lower error rate than Taq but due to its proofreading 3’–5’ exonuclease abilities.
Thermococcus celer is a Gram-negative, spherical-shaped archaeon of the genus Thermococcus. The discovery of T. celer played an important role in rerooting the tree of life when T. celer was found to be more closely related to methanogenic Archaea than to other phenotypically similar thermophilic species. T. celer was the first archaeon discovered to house a circularized genome. Several type strains of T. celer have been identified: Vu13, ATCC 35543, and DSM 2476.
Thermococcus gammatolerans is an archaea extremophile and the most radiation-resistant organism known to exist.
Pyrobaculum aerophilum is a single-celled microorganism in the genus Pyrobaculum. The first Pyrobaculum species to be sequenced was P. aerophilum. It is a rod-shaped hyperthermophilic archaeum first isolated from a boiling marine water hole at Maronti Beach, Ischia. It forms characteristic terminal spherical bodies like Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum. Its type strain is IM2; DSM 7523). Its optimum temperature for growth is around boiling point for water. Its optimum pH for growth is 7.0. Sulfur was found to inhibit its growth.
Pyrococcus horikoshii is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic archaeon, first isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples obtained at the Okinawa Trough vents at a depth of 1,395 metres (4,577 ft). It is obligately heterotrophic, cells are irregular cocci with a tuft of flagella, growing optimally at 98 °C, sulphur greatly enhancing its growth.
Pyrococcus abyssi is a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in the North Fiji Basin at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). It is anaerobic, sulfur-metabolizing, gram-negative, coccus-shaped and highly motile. Its optimum growth temperature is 96 °C (205 °F). Its type strain is GE5. Pyrococcus abyssi has been used as a model organism in studies of DNA polymerase. This species can also grow at high cell densities in bioreactors.
Pyrococcus woesei is an ultra-thermophilic marine archaeon. It is sulfur-reducing and grows optimally between 100 and 103 °C. Its cells have a roughly spherical, elongated and constricted appearance, similar to Thermococcus celer. Frequently, they occur as diploforms. Cells grown on solid supports have dense tufts of flagella or pili attached to one pole.
Thermococcus profundus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is coccoid-shaped with 1–2 μm in diameter, designated as strain DT5432.
Thermococcus barophilus is a barophilic and hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is anaerobic and sulfur-metabolising, with type strain MPT.
Saccharolobus solfataricus is a species of thermophilic archaeon. It was transferred from the genus Sulfolobus to the new genus Saccharolobus with the description of Saccharolobus caldissimus in 2018.
Thermococcus hydrothermalis is a hyperthermophilic archaeon. It is strictly anaerobic and coccus-shaped, and its cells range from 0.8 to 2.0 μm in diameter, with type strain AL662T. It was isolated from a hydrothermal vent in the East Pacific Rise. This species is notable for its α-glucosidase, which functions optimally at a temperature of 110 °C.
In enzymology, an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Atomi H, Fukui T, Kanai T, Morikawa M, Imanaka T (October 2004). "Description of Thermococcus kodakaraensis sp. nov., a well studied hyperthermophilic archaeon previously reported as Pyrococcus sp. KOD1". Archaea. 1 (4): 263–7. doi: 10.1155/2004/204953 . PMC 2685570 . PMID 15810436.
- ↑ Atomi H, Reeve J (November 2019). "Microbe Profile: Thermococcus kodakarensis: the model hyperthermophilic archaeon". Microbiology. 165 (11): 1166–1168. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000839. PMC 7137780 . PMID 31436525.
- 1 2 3 Morikawa M, Izawa Y, Rashid N, Hoaki T, Imanaka T (December 1994). "Purification and characterization of a thermostable thiol protease from a newly isolated hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus sp". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60 (12): 4559–66. doi:10.1128/aem.60.12.4559-4566.1994. PMC 202019 . PMID 7811092.
- ↑ Sato T, Fukui T, Atomi H, Imanaka T (January 2003). "Targeted gene disruption by homologous recombination in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1". Journal of Bacteriology. 185 (1): 210–20. doi:10.1128/JB.185.1.210-220.2003. PMC 141832 . PMID 12486058.
- ↑ Sato T, Fukui T, Atomi H, Imanaka T (July 2005). "Improved and versatile transformation system allowing multiple genetic manipulations of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (7): 3889–99. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3889-3899.2005. PMC 1169065 . PMID 16000802.
- ↑ Fukui T, Atomi H, Kanai T, Matsumi R, Fujiwara S, Imanaka T (March 2005). "Complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 and comparison with Pyrococcus genomes". Genome Research. 15 (3): 352–63. doi:10.1101/gr.3003105. PMC 551561 . PMID 15710748.