Timeline of Mecca

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

Prior to 20th century

• 100 BCE - "Yemeni tribes of Judham rule Mecca." ^[1]
• 570 CE - Year of the Elephant and the birth of Muhammad.
• 605 CE - Quraish rebuild Kaaba after it was damaged in floods. ^[2]
• 613 CE - Muhammad starts preaching publicly in Mecca. ^[3]
• 622 CE / 0-1 H - Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina, with followers (muhajirun). ^[4]
• 7th C. - Masjid al-Haram architectural components began.
• 625-629 : Pilgrim mosques built in numerous countries like (Kerala) India & in China by early disciples of Muhammad.
  • Pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca per Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. ^[3]
  • 11 December: Liberation of Mecca.
• 683 / 63-64 H - Siege of Mecca (683); Kaaba burnt. ^[5]
• 692 - Siege of Mecca (692). ^{[6] [7]}
• 751 - Milestones installed along the Darb Zubaidah  [ ar ] (Baghdad-Mecca road).
• 793 - Harun al-Rashid visits city. ^[5]
• 810 - Aqueduct built. ^[1]
• 930 - City sacked by Qarmatians; Black Stone taken out of Mecca. ^{[5] [7]}
• 951 - Black Stone returned to Mecca "for a great ransom". ^{[5] [7]}
• 1184 - Traveller Ibn Jubayr visits city. ^[8]
• 1265 - Egyptian Mamluks in power. ^[5]
• 1326 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Mecca. ^[8]
• 1517 - Ottomans in power; ^[9] Selim I becomes Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. ^[7]
• 1630 - Flood. ^[9]
• 1631 - Kaaba rebuilt. ^[10]
• 1802/1803 - Mecca "captured by the Sa'udi-Wahhabi army." ^[11]
• 1812/1813 - Wahhabis ousted by Egyptian forces. ^[9]
• 1840 - Ottomans in power again. ^[9]
• 1855 - The Hejaz rebellion takes place in Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire, and results in riots in both Mecca and Jeddah. ^[12]
• 1878 - Population estimated by Assistant-Surgeon ʽAbd el-Razzāq at 50,000 to 60,000. ^[7]
• 1880 - 21 March: Sharif assassinated. ^[6]
• 1885 - Population: 45,000 (estimate). ^[13]
• 1886 - Printing press in use (approximate date). ^[14]

20th century

• 1908 / 1325-1326 H
  • September: Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Mecca) begins operating. ^[6]
  • Hussein bin Ali becomes sharif. ^[1]
  • Al-Hijaz government newspaper begins publication. ^[14]
• 1912 - Madrasat al-Falah established. ^[14]
• 1916 / 1334-1335 H
  • June–July: Battle of Mecca (1916). ^[5]
  • Hashimite al-Qibla government newspaper begins publication. ^[14]
• 1921 - Population: 80,000 (approximate estimate). ^[15]
• 1924 / 1342-1343 H
  • Battle of Mecca (1924). ^[14]
  • 12 December: Umm al-Qura government newspaper begins publication. ^[14]
  • Population: 60,000 (approximate estimate). ^[16]
  • Ali of Hejaz becomes sharif.
• 1925 - City becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ^[5]
• 1926 - Al Adl cemetery and al-Mahad al-Ilmi Suudi (school) ^[14] established.
• 1929 - Amanat al-Asima (municipality) established. ^[14]
• 1931 / 1349-1350 H - Public library founded (approximate date). ^[14]
• 1932 - Dar al-Hadith (school) established. ^[14]
• 1930s - Aziziyya, Faysaliyya, Khayriyya, and Suudiyya schools established (approximate date). ^[14]
• 1938 - Maktabat al-Haram (library) active. ^[14]
• 1941 - Flood ^{[17] [18]}
• 1945 - Al-Wehda Club (sport club) formed.
• 1949 / 1368-1369 H - Kulliyyat al-Sharia (college) established. ^[14]
• 1951 - College of Education established. ^[14]
• 1958 - Al Nadwa (newspaper) newspaper begins publication. ^[19]
• 1960 - Police academy established. ^[14]
• 1962
  • Slavery abolished. ^[14]
  • Population: 158,908. ^[20]
• 1964 / 1383-1384 H
  • Malcolm X visits city. ^[1]
  • Masjid al-Haram expanded. ^[1]
• 1966 - Mahad al-Nur (school) established. ^[14]
• 1969 - Flood. ^[21]
• 1972 - Hajj televised. ^[22]
• 1973 - "Master Plan for the Holy City of Mecca" launched. ^[1]
• 1974 - Population: 366,801. ^[23]
• 1975 - Fire in Mina. ^[1]
• 1979 - 20 November-4 December: Grand Mosque seizure. ^[24]
• 1981 - Umm al-Qura University established. ^[14]
• 1986 - King Abdul Aziz Stadium opens.
• 1987 - 31 July: 1987 Mecca incident.
• 1992 - Population: 965,697. ^[19]
• 1997 - 16 April: Mecca fire of 1997.

21st century

• 2005 - April: 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games held in city.
• 2006 / 1426-1427 H
  • 5 January: 2006 Mecca hostel collapse.
  • 12 January: 2006 Hajj stampede. ^[24]
  • December: Abraj al Bait Mall in business. ^[25]
• 2007 - Jamaraat Bridge for pedestrians rebuilt.
• 2010
  • Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro begins operating.
  • Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel in business.
  • 1,534,731. ^[26]
• 2012
  • August: Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference held in city.
  • Abraj Al Bait built.
• 2013 - Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud becomes governor of Mecca Province.
• 2014 / 1435-1436 H - Raffles Makkah Palace hotel and Swissôtel Makkah in business.
• 2015
  • 13 July: City visible via Snapchat imagery. ^{[27] [28]}
  • September: Mecca crane collapse.

See also

• Mecca history
• List of sharifs of Mecca
• Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca
• Timeline of Islamic history
• Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh

References

1. Sardar 2014.
2. "1st Millennium CE". Madain Project. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
3. John L. Esposito (2003). "Chronology of Key Events". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 351+. ISBN   978-0-19-975726-8.
4. New Encyclopedia of Islam . USA: AltaMira Press. 2003. ISBN   978-0-7591-0190-6.
5. Hollister 1996.
6. Haydn 1910.
7. Britannica 1910.
8. Tolmacheva 2000.
9. Agoston 2009.
10. Saudi Arabia: Mecca, ArchNet, archived from the original on 29 September 2008
11. "Saudi Arabia". Political Chronology of the Middle East. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 197+. ISBN   978-1-135-35673-6.
12. Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
13. Hunter, Brian; Paxton, John; Steinberg, S. H.; Epstein, Mortimer; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Keltie, John Scott; Martin, Frederick (1890). "Turkey". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590527.
14. Bosworth 2007.
15. "Arabia: Kingdom of Hejaz". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
16. "Again Holy Mecca Resounds to Arms; City of the Prophet Yields for Second Time in a Century to the Wahabis", New York Times, 2 November 1924
17. Tribune.com.pk (17 May 2015). "Bahraini who performed Tawaf around Kaaba during 1941 floods dies". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
18. flood 2017, Tags : kaaba flood kaaba flood 1940 kaaba flood 1941 kaaba. "Kaaba Flood". Great Kaaba (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
19. "Saudi Arabia". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 3662+. ISBN   978-1-85743-255-8.
20. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
21. "Heavy flooding engulfs Grand Mosque in Mecca". Kabul Times. 11 February 1969.
22. Marwan M. Kraidy; Joe F. Khalil (2009). "Chronology". Arab Television Industries. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153+. ISBN   978-1-84457-576-3.
23. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289. Makkah
24. BBC News (28 August 2011). "Saudi Arabia Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
25. "Price of Progress: Transforming Islam's Holiest Site", New York Times, 8 March 2007
26. "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
27. "Why do thousands want to show off Mecca on a chat app?", BBC News, 11 July 2015
28. "Snapchat opens digital window on Mecca to millions", al-Jazeera, 14 July 2015

Bibliography

Published in 18th-19th centuries

• Carsten Niebuhr (1792). "Of the City of Mecca". Travels through Arabia. Translated by Robert Heron. Edinburgh: R. Morison and Son. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004297621 – via HathiTrust.
• Abraham Rees (1819), "Mecca", The Cyclopædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/mdp.39015054498178
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Mecca", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1829). "(Mekka)". Travels in Arabia. London: H. Colburn. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010937236.
• Josiah Conder (1830), "Mekka", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, vol. 4, London: J.Duncan
• Richard Francis Burton (1855). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah. 2. Vol. 1. Tylston and Edwards., v.2
• "Mecca". American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Company. 1879. hdl:2027/hvd.hn585p.
• Edward Balfour (1885), "Mecca", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
• Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1888). Mekka (in German). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Published in 20th century

• "Mecca", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3bz6g65j
• Smith, William Robertson (1910). "Mecca"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 950–955.
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Mecca", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via HathiTrust
• "Mecca". Encyclopædia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1934. pp. 438+. ISBN   9004097910.
• Gerald de Gaury (1954). Rulers of Mecca. New York: Roy Publishers. (fulltext)
• Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Mecca". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3+. ISBN   978-0-8166-0663-4.
• Francis Edward Peters (1986). Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University Press. ISBN   978-0-8147-6598-2.
• Patricia Crone (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press.
• Francis Edward Peters. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land, Princeton University Press, ISBN   0-691-03267-X (1994)
• Pam Hollister (1996). "Mecca". In Noelle Watson (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 483–486. ISBN   1884964036.
• Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, ISBN   3728119725, 0500282056
• Marina A. Tolmacheva (2000). "Mecca". In John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 387+. ISBN   978-1-135-59094-9.

Published in 21st century

• Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Mecca". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-96691-7.
• C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mecca". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 354+. ISBN   978-9004153882.
• Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Makkah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
• Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Mecca". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 354. ISBN   978-1-4381-1025-7.
• Ziauddin Sardar (2014). "Chronology". Mecca: The Sacred City . Bloomsbury. p. 365+. ISBN   978-1-62040-266-5.

External links

• Map of Mecca, 1946
• "H.V. Weakley Photo Gallery: Pilgrimage, Mecca c1912" – via St Antony's College, Oxford, Middle East Centre Archive.
• "(Mecca)". Qatar Digital Library. Qatar National Library.
• Europeana. Items related to Mecca, various dates
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Mecca, various dates
• John Walker. "Calendar Converter". Fourmilab.