Timeline of gang-related events in Haiti

The following article is a list of gang-related events that have happened in Haiti since its independence.

1950s

1958

• François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier creates the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force, which becomes a tool for domestic security, engaging in massacres, assassinations, and political violence. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

1970s

1971

• Duvalier renames Tonton Macoute to Volunteers for National Security. ^[4]

1980s

1986

• The Volunteers for National Security is disbanded after protests against Duvalier, but continues to operate informally. People attack Macoutes in Port-au-Prince, stoning and burning alive their targets. ^[5]

1987

• Army kills 22 dockworkers, and paramilitaries kill 139 peasants in Jean-Rabel. Political violence increases. ^[6]

1988

September

• Saint-Jean Bosco massacre occurs, as 13 are killed by armed men, suspected to be former Macoutes. ^[6]
• Prosper Avril resigns amid protests, leading to a new provisional government. ^[7]

1990s

1990

March

• The Massacre of Piatre occurs, as 11 are killed over a land dispute. ^[7]

1991

September

• The SSP militia emerges, deposing Jean-Bertrand Aristide in a coup as he flees. ^[8]

1993

• The FRAPH paramilitary group forms to support Joseph Raoul Cédras, carrying out massacres including on Carrefour Vincent and Raboteau. ^[9]

1994

• Aristide returns with help from multinational forces, and creates new Haitian police forces. ^[2]

September

• RAM, the Oloffson hotel’s house band, face threats amid political unrest. ^[10]

1996

• Aristide disbands Haitian military, and former soldiers now join armed groups. ^[11]

1998

February

• Eight people are killed in an assassination attempt on Richard Morse during Haiti's Kanaval celebrations. ^[10]

2000s

2003

• The National Revolutionary Front forms, consisting mainly of anti-government gangs and former soldiers. ^[12]

2004

February

• Artibonite Resistance Front takes the commune of Gonaives, leading to Aristide's departure. ^[12]

March

• Paramilitaries capture the former military headquarters, as Aristide supporters and activists are hunted down. ^{[13] [14]}

2005

• Police deploy vigilantes to raid the Aristide-supporting gangs. ^{[15] [11]}

2010s

2010

• The 2010 Haiti Earthquake causes a prison break, resulting in the rise of multiple new gangs like the Armée Fédérale. ^[16]

2011

• Gender-based violence and gang recruitment increase in camps after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. ^{[17] [18]}

March

• Michel Joseph Martelly announces the reinstatement of the Haiti military, and ex-military gangs begin to assert control over military buildings. ^[19]

2015

• Jovenel Moïse becomes a presidential candidate for the PHTK after the elections are marked by violence. ^[20]

2016

• The 400 Mawozo gang forms in the Croix des Bouquets commune. ^[21]

2020s

2021

April

• Clashes between rival gangs in Port-au-Prince result in hundreds of deaths and 16,000 Haitians being displaced. ^[22]

June

• 1 June - A gang coalition seizes control of a key section of the only national road leading south from Port-au-Prince, isolating the capital from the rest of Haiti. ^[23]

July

• 50 Haitians are killed in clashes between G-Pep and G9 gangs in Cité Soleil. ^[24]
• 7 July - Haitian President Jovenel Moïse is assassinated at his private residence in Port-au-Prince. ^[25]

September

• Gangs control parts of Haiti, imposing curfews and driving thousands from homes. ^[26]

October

• G9 holds up fuel trucks to cause fuel shortages, and begins to demand Ariel Henry's resignation. ^[27]

November

• A G-Pep gang, led by Gabriel Jean-Pierre, attacks a hospital and takes hostages that include women and children. ^[3]

2022

• Haitian gangs federate into G9 and G-Pep alliances, as 400 Mawozo joins G-Pep. ^[28]
• Jimmy Chérizier's G9 gang blockades Haiti's main fuel import route, causing island-wide shortages. ^[3]

2023

July

• Gang violence disrupts food and energy supply chains, raising prices and exacerbating the crisis in Haiti. ^[29]
• In Port-au-Prince's Tabarre commune, gangs forcibly remove a patient from a hospital, triggering a mass exodus of residents to the US embassy. ^[29]
• 25 July - Haitians flee tear gas at the US embassy in Port-au-Prince, attempting to escape gang violence. ^[29]
• 27 July - US State Department orders all non-emergency personnel to leave Haiti, following a warning to citizens about travel safety. ^[29]
• 31 July - US nurse Alix Dorsainvil and her child are kidnapped by gangs in Haiti. ^[29]

September

• G9 and GPep form a temporary viv ansanm to oust Prime Minister Henry and oppose foreign intervention. ^[30]

2024

February

• 22 February - Gang leader Jimmy “Barbecue” Cherizier is seen patrolling the streets of Delmas 3 in Port-au-Prince with G9 federation members. ^[31]
• 29 February - Coordinated gang attacks across Port-au-Prince kill at least four police officers. Gang leader Jimmy Chérizier (Barbecue) claims responsibility, aiming to capture officials and block Prime Minister Ariel Henry's return from Kenya. ^[32]

March

• Gangs control approximately 80% of Port-au-Prince, effectively paralyzing the city. ^[30]
• 1 March - Prime Minister Ariel Henry signs an agreement with Kenya to deploy 1,000 police officers to combat gang violence, though the deployment is delayed by a court ruling declaring it unconstitutional. ^[32]
• 2 March - Gangs storm two major prisons, releasing over 4,000 inmates, prompting police to urgently request international assistance. ^[32]
• 3 March - The Haitian government declares a state of emergency and imposes a nighttime curfew in response to the escalating violence. ^[32]
• 4 March - Armed gangs attempt to seize control of Haiti's main international airport, halting flights and adding to the chaos while Prime Minister Ariel Henry remains out of the country. ^[32]
• 4 March - A mass jailbreak orchestrated by G9 gang leader Jimmy Chérizier ends up freeing 4,000 inmates. ^[3]
• 5 March - Henry's flight to the Dominican Republic is diverted to Puerto Rico after Chérizier declares war on him and air traffic is suspended between Haiti and its neighbors. ^[32]
• 6 March - As Henry remains locked out of the country, Haitian politicians form alliances and pressures mount on him to resign, both domestically and internationally. ^[32]
• 7 March - Haiti remains in paralysis with continued gang violence. The government extends the state of emergency and nighttime curfew while Henry struggles to regain control. ^[32]
• 8 March - Police increase patrol of Port-au-Prince as gang violence continues to escalate. ^[30]
• 11 March - Gang members are observed sitting together in Port-au-Prince, illustrating their continued control over the city according to some. ^[30]
• 13 March - Prime Minister Ariel Henry announces his resignation plan amidst growing pressure from both the international community and gang leaders, with gangs warning of a civil war. ^[30]
• 21 March - The international community's debates over Haitian intervention, with Kenya pledging police support to restore order amid the growing gang violence. ^[3]

June

• 25 June - 800 Kenyan police officers arrived at Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince as part of the U.N.-backed Multinational Security Support Mission (MSS) to aid Haitian police in combating armed gangs. ^{[33] [34]}

July

• Kenyan police officers are deployed near the national palace in Port-au-Prince as part of a peacekeeping mission. ^[35]

October

• 4 October - Gang members attack Pont-Sondé, killing 70 people. The Gran Grif gang, armed with knives and assault rifles, launch the assault at night, using canoes for a quiet approach. ^[36]
• 6 October - Survivors of the Pont-Sonde attack, numbering 6,270 people, are left homeless. They are crowded into temporary shelters in Saint-Marc, including a church and school. ^[36]
• 7 October - Haitian government deploys armored vehicles and medical supplies to the affected areas, as Gran Grif, led by Luckson Elan, become the largest gang in Artibonite. ^[36]
• 8 October - U.N. sanctions were imposed on Gran Grif gang leader Luckson Elan. ^[36]
• 17 October - Soldiers patrol Port-au-Prince as Solino, one of the few gang-free communities in Port-au-Prince, comes under attack. ^[37]
• 20 October - Haiti's National Police seize control of several areas in Solino while continuing to pursue gang members. ^[37]
• 21 October - Prime Minister Garry Conille announces the recall of elite police and soldiers to reinforce areas under gang assault, including Solino. ^[37]

November

• 14 November - Residents flee the Nazon neighborhood of Port-au-Prince due to escalating gang violence and displacement. ^[31]

December

• In Cité Soleil, at least 207 people are killed over a five day period during coordinated gang attacks. ^[38]
• 9 December - People flee their homes in the Poste Marchand suburb of Port-au-Prince due to weekend gang violence involving the Viv Ansanm alliance. ^[39]
• 10 December - Armed gangs set fire to cars in the Poste Marchand area. ^[31]

2025

January

• 14 January - Over 1 million Haitians are displaced due to escalating gang violence in Port-au-Prince, with more than half being children. ^[33]
• 20 January - Executive Order 14169 signed by U.S. President Donald Trump suspends all new U.S. foreign funding and humanitarian aid to Haiti. ^[40]

March

• 7 March - Fritz Alphonse Jean officially becomes President of Haiti’s Transitional Presidential Council. ^[41]
• 9 March - Police seize 10,000 bullets, weapons, and drugs in the town of Mirebalais, northeast of Port-au-Prince. ^[42]
• 11 March - The Viv Ansanm gang coalition initiated an attack on the Carrefour-Feuilles neighborhood, trapping priests inside a church. ^[42]
• 12 March - Haitian authorities evacuate students from a Catholic school in western Port-au-Prince due to heavy gunfire in the area near the Oloffson Hotel. ^[42]
• 25 March - Kenyan police officer Benedict Kuria Kabiru is killed after a gang ambush during a patrol in Pont-Sondé. Initially reported missing, his death is confirmed by the Haitian Presidential Transitional Council. ^{[35] [43]}
• 26 March - UNICEF warns that Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) stocks are running short in Haiti due to U.S. aid funding cuts. ^{[44] [45]}
• 28 March -
  • UN Human Rights Chief Volker Türk describes Haiti's situation as a "catastrophe" due to escalating gang violence, widespread impunity, and political instability, urging international action to address the crisis. ^[38]
  • Former Jamaican PM Bruce Golding warns that Haiti is "perilously close" to being a failed state, urging international intervention to secure its future. ^[46]
• 31 March - The Viv Ansanm gang coalition takes control of Mirebalais and facilitates the escape of 515 prisoners from a local jail. ^[47]

April

• 2 April - Mass protests against gang violence in Port-au-Prince as thousands of citizens demand the resignation of government coalition leader Alix Didier Fils-Aimé. ^{[48] [49] [50]}
• 3 April - Two nuns, Evanette Onezaire and Jeanne Voltaire (Order of Saint Teresa), are killed in Mirebalais during a gang attack by the Vivre Ensemble coalition. ^[48]
• 5 April - Reports highlight the severe impact of the Trump administration's dismantling of the Inter-American Foundation on Haiti, with aid programs affecting thousands of Haitians. ^[51]
• 10 April - Haiti's government confirms drone strikes on gangs amid escalating violence. ^[52]
• 16 April - Haitian army patrols Port-au-Prince during public protests against insecurity. ^[53]
• 17 April - A UN-backed report warns that over half of Haiti’s population will face severe hunger through June 2025. ^[54]
• 21 April - UN Special Representative María Isabel Salvador warns that Haiti is nearing "total chaos" due to escalating gang violence. ^[55]
• 23 April - Viv Ansanm attempts to force the closure and evacuation of the Mirebalais University Hospital. ^[47]
• 24 April - Gangs launched an attack on Petite Rivière, Artibonite region, initiating several days of violence. ^[56]

May

• 1 May - The United States designates two major Haitian gangs, Viv Ansanm and Gran Grif , as terrorist organizations. ^{[39] [57] [58]}
• 2 May -
  • Reporters Without Borders ranks Haiti 111th in its 2025 World Press Freedom Index, citing state collapse and gang violence. ^[59]
  • UN reports a worsening healthcare crisis in Haiti, as 42% of healthcare facilities are closed in Port-au-Prince. ^[60]
  • University Hospital of Mirebalais suspends operations due to a wave of insecurity, contributing to a healthcare collapse in the Centre Department. ^[60]
• 3 May - Hundreds gather for a memorial for slain community leaders in Canapé-Vert, as armed mourners in balaclavas vowed to continue resisting gangs. ^[57]
• 4 May - Protesters march through Port-au-Prince, demanding security and the resignation of Haiti’s leadership amid ongoing gang violence. ^[57]
• 6 May - Haiti's Center for Analysis and Research for Human Rights warns that the U.S. terror designations could harm humanitarian efforts in the gang-controlled zones. ^[39]
• 7 May - Haiti's central bank issues guidance to financial institutions to monitor and avoid transactions that could fund terrorist groups. ^[39]
• 8 May - The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime states that terror designations might backfire by restricting NGO access to gang-held areas. ^[39]
• 9 May - The IRC warns that continued funding withdrawal risks destabilization and potential extremist gains in Haiti. ^[61]
• 12 May - Kenya and the Dominican Republic call for more funding for the UN-backed MSS mission in Haiti, citing struggles to curb gang violence due to limited resources. ^[62]
• 13 May - Protesters shut down the Péligre hydroelectric plant, resulting in a total power outage in Port-au-Prince and central Haiti. ^[47]
• 15 May - A protest erupts in Port-au-Prince against gang violence and demands for the resignation of Haiti’s transitional presidential council. ^[63]
• 16 May - The UN-backed 2025 Global Report on Food Crises is released, identifying Haiti as one of the countries severely impacted by hunger due to conflict. ^{[64] [65]}
• 17 May - Kenya formally requests Brazil's support in both funding and expertise for the Haiti Multinational Security Support (MSS) Mission. ^[66]
• 22 May - At an Organization of American States meeting, Haitian ministers appeal for urgent regional security assistance to combat armed gangs. ^[67]
• 24 May - At least 50 people are killed in a gang attack on the town of Preval in central Haiti. ^[68]
• 25 May - Reports confirm Haiti is running out of HIV medication after USAID cuts, as protests are held in Port-au-Prince by HIV-positive individuals calling for government action. ^[69]
• 27 May - Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit publicly urges negotiation with Haitian gangs. ^[70]
• 29 May - The Haitian government uses private military contractors to use drones and other means to kill gang members as part of a task force aimed at reclaiming gang-controlled territory. ^{[71] [72]}

June

• 3 June - Around 14,000 people are displaced from Kenscoff, Ouest, after gang violence leads to homes being burned. ^[73]
• 8 June - Haitians are seen at the country's only functioning airport boarding planes to the United States amid fears of violence and kidnapping. ^[74]
• 9 June -
  • U.S. President Donald Trump's new travel ban on Haitians to the US takes effect. ^[74]
  • A Colombian suspect testifies in court in Port-au-Prince denying involvement in the assassination of former Haitian President Jovenel Moïse. ^[25]
• 11 June - The UN's International Organization for Migration reports a record 1.3 million people displaced by gang-related violence in Haiti. ^{[63] [75]}
• 12 June - The U.S. Department of Homeland Security announces the immediate revocation of temporary legal status and work permits for Haitians under the humanitarian parole program. ^[76] ffri
• 13 June - Brazil’s President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, during a meeting with Caribbean leaders in Brasília, calls on the United Nations to finance the current Haiti mission. ^[77]
• 16 June - The UN’s Hunger Hotspots report identifies Haiti as one of five countries at immediate risk of starvation. ^[78]
• 17 June - Haiti officially restarts its stalled investigation into the assassination of former President Jovenel Moïse. ^[25]
• 21 June - Fritz Alphonse Jean confirms the government’s use of foreign private security contractors in the anti-gang fight. ^[41]
• 22 June - The “Talibans” gang seize La Chapelle in a pre-dawn attack, torching the police station and sealing off the town, forcing police to flee. ^[79]
• 24 June - The US embassy in Haiti urges American citizens to “depart Haiti as soon as possible” due to escalating gang violence and instability. ^[80]
• 26 June - Prime Minister Alix Didier Fils-Aime attends an event marking one year since the start of the Multinational Security Support Mission in Port-au-Prince. ^[81]
• 27 June -
  • Commander Godfrey Otunge appeals for more international support to Haiti, citing severe shortages in troops, equipment, and funding. ^[82]
  • U.S. District Judge Brian Cogan blocks an early termination of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Haitians, preserving protections through 3 February 2026, citing unlawful procedures by Homeland Security. ^[83]
  • The Organization of American States (OAS) adopts s resolution calling for a 45-day action plan to improve security and support political dialogue. ^[84]
• 28 June - Protests begin in Port-au-Prince against insecurity, with demonstrators calling for drones to protect people rather than target them. ^[85]
• 29 June - The U.S. Embassy in Haiti issues an urgent warning for Americans to leave Haiti immediately due to the ongoing violence and instability. ^[86]

July

• 2 July -
  • Haitian police raid a medical facility in Pétion-Ville suspected of involvement in illicit organ trafficking. ^[87]
  • The U.N. reports gangs are disrupting key trade routes including Belladere and Malpasse with attacks on police and customs officials. ^[81]
• 3 July -
  • A wave of gang attacks in Centre Department displaces nearly 27,500 people in a single day, leading to the creation of 23 new spontaneous displacement sites. ^[88]
  • Kenyan police patrol areas near Port-au-Prince's airport as part of a UN-backed multinational mission to support Haiti's police against gang control. ^[89]
• 6 July - Gangs set fire to the historic Grand Hôtel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince during an armed assault on the Pacot neighborhood. ^{[90] [91]}
• 7 July - Six UNICEF employees are kidnapped during an authorized mission in gang-controlled territory in Port-au-Prince. ^[92]
• 10 July - Fritz Jean issues an open letter calling for more transparency from acting Prime Minister Alix Fils-Aimé regarding drone task force operations. ^[93]
• 11 July - The UN releases a joint report by BINUH and OHCHR documenting severe human rights violations in Haiti amid escalating gang violence, particularly in the Artibonite and Centre Departments. ^[94]
• 12 July - Haiti appeals to CARICOM for regional solidarity, as the incoming Transitional Presidential Council President Laurent Saint Cyr emphasized the need for unity in supporting Haiti’s security and development. ^[95]
• 13 July - The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights calls for international intervention in Haiti, citing both gang violence and increasing human rights abuses by self-defence groups. ^[96]
• 14 July - U.S. Deputy Secretary Landau meets Haiti’s Prime Minister to discuss security, support for the MSS mission, and sanctions against destabilizers. ^[97]
• 15 July -
  • The U.S. State Department reissues a Level 4 “Do Not Travel” advisory for Haiti due to high levels of kidnapping, violent crime, terrorism, and civil unrest. ^[98]
  • The United Nations Security Council unanimously extends the mandate of the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH) until 31 January 2026 to support Haiti's democratic transition. ^[99]
• 16 July - A substitute pilgrimage is held in Port-au-Prince as gangs control Saut-d’Eau, with the gang leaders appearing at the original church. ^[100]
• 17 July - Pierre Reginald Boulos is arrested in Miami by ICE for gang support and actions contributing to Haiti's destabilization. ^[101]
• 18 July - Gangs attack the Marchand-Dessalines area in Artibonite Department, setting fire to the local police station, and forcing officers to flee and killing one civilian. ^[102]
• 19 July - Colombian President Gustavo Petro visits Port-au-Prince, focusing on security cooperation amid the escalating gang violence. ^[103]

August

• 1 August - A UN report confirms over 1,500 Haitians were killed between April and June in 2025 due to gang violence. ^[104]
• 5 August - Irish missionary Gena Heraty, a child, and seven staff are kidnapped by suspected gang members from an orphanage in Kenscoff. ^[92]
• 27 August – Haitian Police and the MSS forces recapture a Telecommunication base in Kenscoff Mountain after it was captured by Viv Asanm gang members a week ago. The Security forces also killed or captured a dozen gang members and captured some weapons and equipments. ^[105]

References

1. "Pro-Government Militias | Pro-Government Militia". militias-guidebook.com. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
2. Boutellis, Arthur; Tiélès, Stephanie (2018-10-12), "Peace Operations and Organised Crime: Still Foggy?" , United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 169–190, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99106-1_9, ISBN   978-3-319-99105-4 , retrieved 2025-03-25
3. Fernández, Rafael. "Haiti: A Gangster's Paradise | ReVista". revista.drclas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
4. Carey, Sabine C.; Mitchell, Neil J.; Scharpf, Adam (2016-10-26), "Pro-Government Militias and Conflict" , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.33, ISBN   978-0-19-022863-7 , retrieved 2025-03-25
5. "Duvalier Flees to France; Army-Led Panel to Rule Haiti : U.S. C-141 Takes 'Baby Doc' to Exile; Violence Follows Jubilation in Capital" . doi.org. doi:10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-19/conversation/p20 . Retrieved 2025-03-25.
6. Sylvain, Patrick (2013), "The Macoutization of Haitian Politics" , Politics and Power in Haiti, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, doi:10.1057/9781137312006.0007 (inactive 16 July 2025), ISBN   978-1-137-31200-6 , retrieved 2025-03-25
7. https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GITOC-Gangs-of-Haiti-Timeline.pdf
8. CHILDS, MATT D. (2020-02-14), ""A Black French General Arrived to Conquer the Island"" , The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, University of South Carolina Press, pp. 135–156, doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d76k.15 , retrieved 2025-03-25
9. Sabine Carety, Tonton Macoutes semi-official PGM/ Volunteers for National Security (Haiti), Pro-government militias guidebook, https://militias-guidebook.com/pgag/362/; Walter Kemp, Mark Shaw and Arthur Boutellis, Haiti, in The elephant in the room: How can peace operations deal with organized crime?, International Peace Institute, June 2013, pp 32–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09589.7; David Beer, Chapter 3 Haiti: The gangs of Cité Soleil, Journal of Complex Operations, 24 May 2016, https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/780129/chapter-3-haitithe-gangs-of-cit-soleil/
10. Motlagh, Jason (2025-07-13). "The Hotel Oloffson Was a 'Safe Haven' in Haiti. Gang Wars Have Turned It to Ashes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
11. David Beer, Chapter 3 Haiti: The gangs of Cité Soleil, Journal of Complex Operations, 24 May 2016, https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/780129/chapter-3-haiti-the-gangs-of-citsoleil/
12. Jeb Sprague, Paramilitaries in Haiti, Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine, 1 September 2012, https://monthlyreview.org/2012/09/01/paramilitaries-in-haiti/
13. Guy Philippe: The rebelling soldier, BBC News, 4 March 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3495944.stm
14. The Haiti Support Group, Timeline of Haitian politics, https:// haitisupportgroup.org/timeline-haitian-politics/
15. Sabine Carety, Tonton Macoutes semi-official PGM/ Volunteers for National Security (Haiti), Pro-government militias guidebook, https://militias-guidebook.com/pgag/362
16. Louis-Alexandre Berg, Crime, politics and violence in postearthquake Haiti, United States Institute of Peace, Peace Brief, 28 September 2010, https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/usip/0020289/f_0020289_17163.pdf
17. Amnesty International, Haiti: Aftershocks: Women speak out against sexual violence In Haiti's camps, 6 January 2011, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr36/001/2011/en/
18. The Pan American Development Foundation and USAID, Protecting human rights in Haiti, Final Report, July 2017, p 52, https://haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Protecting-Human-Rights-in-Haiti-2011.pdf
19. Isabeau Doucet, Martelly plans army revival for Haiti, Toronto Star, 14 May 2014, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/05/14/martelly_plans_army_revival_for_haiti.html; Dady Chery, Paramilitary gangs join UN force in preying on Haitian population, The San Francisco Bay View, May 2012, https://sfbayview.com/2012/05/paramilitary-gangs-join-unforce-in-preying-on-haitian-population/
20. Even Sanon, Haitians vote in long-delayed legislative elections amid delays, disorder at polling centers, US News, 9 August 2015, https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/08/09/disorder-rife-as-haitians-vote-in-longdelayed-elections
21. 400 Mawozo, InSight Crime, 23 March 2022, https://insightcrime.org/caribbean-organized-crime-news/400-mawozo/
22. Diego Da Rin, New gang battle lines scar Haiti as political deadlock persists, International Crisis Group, 27 July 2022, https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/haiti/new-gang-battle-lines-scar-haiti-political-deadlock-persists
23. Côté-Paluck, Etienne; Duncan, Natricia (2025-07-18). "How destruction of Hotel Oloffson is symbol of Haiti's gang crisis". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-07-21.
24. Associated Press, Dozens dead, injured in Haiti's capital in gang clashes, Yahoo! News, 13 July 2022, https://news.yahoo.com/dozens-dead-injured-haitis-capital-232943843.html
25. "MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
26. Dalby, Chris (2021-09-10). "Haiti's Neighbors Grow Concerned at Spread of Gang Governance". InSight Crime. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
27. Ricardo Arduengo, Haiti crippled by fuel shortages as gang leader demands prime minister resign, CNBC, 27 October 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/27/haiti-crippled-byfuel-shortages-as-gang-leader-demands-pm-resign.html
28. Alessandro Ford, Why Haiti's Gang war keeps on getting worse, InSight Crime, 20 May 2022, https://insightcrime.org/news/why-haiti-gang-war-keeps-on-getting-worse/
29. Hu, Caitlin (2023-08-01). "Gang violence is tearing Haiti apart. Here's what to know". CNN. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
30. Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. "Who are Haiti's gangs and what do they want? All you need to know". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
31. "Haiti is in the grip of a severe humanitarian and human rights crisis". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
32. "A timeline of Haiti's gang violence and how the country got to where it is". AP News. 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
33. Phillips, Tom (14 January 2025). "More than a million Haitians forced from their homes amid gang violence". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 25 March 2025.
34. AfricaNews (2025-06-27). "UN and Haitian officials mark one year since Kenyan police arrived to support security efforts". Africanews. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
35. "Haiti gangs: Kenyan police officer killed after ambush". www.bbc.com. 2025-03-27. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
36. "Thousands survived a brutal gang attack in Haiti that killed 70. Now they face an uncertain future". AP News. 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
37. "Police in Haiti battle a gang coalition trying to seize control of the entire capital". AP News. 2024-10-21. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
38. "Haiti reaches 'yet another crisis point' as gangs tighten their grip | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-03-28. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
39. Morland, Sarah (8 May 2025). "Haiti gangs' US terrorism designation risks harming most vulnerable, NGOs warn". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
40. "Haitians in 'despair' following abrupt suspension of US humanitarian support | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-07-30. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
41. Charles, Jacqueline (21 June 2025). "Haiti's presidential council confirms use of mercenaries in anti-gang fight". Miami Herald. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
42. "Gangs unleash new attack on Haiti's capital as police vow to hold them back". The Independent. 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
43. Mureithi, Carlos (2025-07-06). "'We want closure': family searches for answers over Kenyan police officer missing in Haiti". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-07-07.
44. "Exclusive: US aid cuts leave food for millions mouldering in storage". Reuters. 16 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
45. "At least 14 million children face disruptions to critical nutrition services in 2025 – UNICEF". www.unicef.org. Archived from the original on 2025-05-11. Retrieved 2025-05-19.
46. "Former Jamaican PM warns Haiti is 'perilously close' to being a failed state". www.surinametimes.com. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
47. "Haiti's capital without power since Tuesday after protest halts hydroelectric plant". 2025-05-17. Retrieved 2025-05-19.
48. "Haiti: Two nuns killed in street gang attack - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 2025-04-03. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
49. "Thousands of Haitians take to streets to protest surging gang violence". Reuters .
50. "Fed up with surging gang violence, thousands of Haitians hit the streets". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
51. "Upheaval at Inter-American Foundation slashes critical aid in Haiti, report says". AP News. 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
52. "Haiti turns to weaponized drones in fight against gangs". The Washington Post. 2025-04-10. Archived from the original on 2025-04-11. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
53. "Haiti could face 'total chaos' without more international support, UN envoy warns". AP News. 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-24.
54. "Haitians face record hunger as gang violence grips country in throes of economic crisis". The Independent. 2025-04-17. Retrieved 2025-04-24.
55. "Haiti faces 'point of no return' as gang violence fuels chaos | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-24.
56. "Gangs attack another town in Haiti's central region, killing an 11-year-old child and three others". CNN. Associated Press. 2025-04-28. Retrieved 2025-05-06.
57. "Protesters in Haiti demand new government and more security as anger over gangs spreads". AP News. 2025-05-04. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
58. "US announces first 'terrorism' charges for supporting a Mexican cartel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-05-19.
59. "Haiti named among the worst countries for press freedom". www.surinametimes.com. Retrieved 2025-05-05.
60. "UN says health care situation in Haiti is getting worse". Loop News. Retrieved 2025-05-06.
61. "To keep millions alive after aid cuts, pull climate and other funding in richer nations, group says". AP News. 2025-05-09. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
62. Siniawski, Natalia (13 May 2025). "Dominican Republic, Kenya call for funds for struggling Haiti security effort". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
63. Le Poidevin, Olivia (11 June 2025). "Record number of people displaced by violence in Haiti, UN agency says". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
64. "Global hunger hits new high amid conflict, extreme weather: UN". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-05-19.
65. Balmer, Crispian (16 May 2025). "Conflict and climate drive record global hunger in 2024, UN says". Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
66. "With home security under strain, Kenya rallies Brazil's support for Haiti deployment". Business Insider Africa. 2025-05-17. Retrieved 2025-05-19.
67. "Haiti calls for urgent regional gang-fighting support as US shies off funding". Daily Maverick. 2025-05-23. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
68. "At least 50 killed, including children, when Haitian town attacked by gang". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
69. AfricaNews (2025-05-25). "Haiti running out of HIV medication due to USAID funding cuts". Africanews. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
70. "Haiti seeks mercenaries to fight its gangs — but others urge negotiation". WLRN. 2025-05-30. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
71. "Haiti contracts with private military contractors like Erik Prince to kill gang members". Boise State Public Radio. 2025-05-29. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
72. "Haiti contracts with private military contractors like Erik Prince to kill gang members". www.wbur.org. 2025-05-29. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
73. "Haiti: WFP concerned over humanitarian situation as hurricane season begins | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-06-03. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
74. AfricaNews (2025-06-09). "Trump's travel ban cuts lifeline for Haitians facing security crisis". Africanews. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
75. "Gang violence displaces a record 1.3 million Haitians | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-06-11. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
76. "Trump administration tells immigrants from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela they have to leave". AP News. 2025-06-12. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
77. Paraguassu, Lisandra (13 June 2025). "Brazil's Lula joins growing chorus of calls to overhaul Haiti security mission". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
78. "UN warns of starvation in 'hunger hotspots'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
79. "Haiti's La Chapelle falls under gang control as police station torched and town sealed off". Haitian Times . Retrieved 2025-06-27.
80. Phillips, Tom (2025-06-27). "US says Haitians can be deported – days after ruling Haiti unsafe for Americans". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-06-30.
81. "Haiti's gangs have 'near-total control' of the capital as violence escalates, UN says". AP News. 2025-07-02. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
82. P, Mell (2025-06-28). "Haiti – Mission to Crush Gangs Short of Troops and Funds, says Leader". NY Carib News. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
83. "Judge blocks Trump's early termination of temporary protections for Haitian immigrants". POLITICO. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
84. "Haiti". Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
85. "Haiti gang violence claims 5,000 lives in less than a year, UN report". Reuters. 2025-07-11. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
86. "Haitians face deportation to a country devastated by violence and famine". NBC News. 2025-06-30. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
87. "Haitian capital 'paralysed and isolated' by gang violence, Security Council hears | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-07-02. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
88. "Gaza inaction, Israel bombs Syria, and Haiti concern hits new heights: The Cheat Sheet". www.thenewhumanitarian.org. 2025-07-18. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
89. Nixon, Geoff (25 July 2025). "As Haiti turns to lethal drones to fight gangs, Canada is among those who are uneasy". cbc.ca. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
90. Duncan, Natricia; Lugg, Anthony (2025-07-09). "Caribbean leaders pledge to join forces to fight gang violence and support Haiti". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-07-14.
91. "Gangs in Haiti burn beloved Gothic gingerbread hotel that rose to international fame". AP News. 2025-07-07. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
92. "Irish missionary among nine kidnapped from Haiti orphanage". www.bbc.com. 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
93. Daniels, Joe (2025-07-14). "Drones are vital to fight Haiti's gangs, says interim leader". Financial Times. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
94. "'An unending horror story': Gangs and human rights abuses expand in Haiti | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-07-11. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
95. "UN warns spreading gang violence poses major risk to Haiti and wider Caribbean - Jamaica Observer". www.jamaicaobserver.com. 2025-07-11. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
96. AfricaNews (2025-07-12). "UN warns of worsening violence and mass displacement in Haiti, in new report". Africanews. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
97. "Deputy Secretary Landau's Meeting with Prime Minister Fils-Aimé of Haiti". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
98. "Now Haiti Unites With Libya, Iran, South Sudan Travel Warning: Government Advisories Urge "Do Not Travel" Amid Violence And Kidnapping - Travel And Tour World". 2025-07-21. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
99. AfricaNews (2025-07-15). "UN mission to Haiti extended for another six months". Africanews. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
100. "Thousands of Haitians mark annual pilgrimage far from a sacred waterfall surrounded by gangs". AP News. 2025-07-16. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
101. "ICE arrests Haitian engaged in violence and destabilization of Haiti, in support of Department of State | ICE". www.ice.gov. 2025-07-21. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
102. "One killed as gangs torch police station in Haiti's Artibonite town, Marchand-Dessalines". Haitian Times . Retrieved 2025-07-20.
103. "Colombia's Petro visits Haiti to help bolster security amid gang violence". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
104. "Haiti: More than 1,500 killed between April and June | UN News". news.un.org. 2025-08-01. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
105. "Haitian police and MSS forces retake Kenscoff base near vital aviation facility". Haitian Times . Retrieved 2025-08-29.