Tong Guogang | |
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Born | c. 1634? [1] |
Died | 3 September 1690 Ulan Butung (in today's Hexigten Banner, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China) |
Allegiance | Qing Dynasty |
Service/ | Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner (until 1688) Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner (since 1688) |
Battles/wars | Chahar Rebellion (1675) Dzungar–Qing Wars |
Tong Guogang | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 佟國綱 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 佟国纲 | ||||||
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Manchu name | |||||||
Manchu script | ᡨᡠ᠋ᠩ ᡤᡠᠸᡝ ᡬᠠᠩ | ||||||
Romanization | tung guwe g῾ang |
Tong Guogang (died 3 September 1690) was a Qing dynasty official. He was a maternal uncle of Kangxi Emperor.
Tong Guogang was the first [2] (or the second [1] ) son of Tulai. According to the Comprehensive history of Eight Banners (欽定八旗通志),The Tong (佟) family from Fushun was a sinicized Jurchen clan,they were incorporated into the Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner [3] . However,Pamela Kyle Crossley stated that they were actually Han Chinese and falsely claimed to be related to the Manchu Tunggiya (佟佳) clan of Jilin,using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. [4]
In 1662,Tong Guogang succeeded to the hereditary rank Third class jinkini hafan and appointed the deputy commander of the imperial bodyguard (內大臣). In 1675 he assisted Oja (鄂扎) in the suppression of the rebellion of the Chahar Mongols led by Bürni (布爾尼) and was designated North Pacifying General (安北將軍). [2] In 1677,Tong Tulai was granted the hereditary rank First class Duke (一等公) posthumously,Tong Guogang inherited this rank in the same time. [5]
Tong Guogang was one of the members of the mission to Russia in 1688 led by Songgotu,which was dedicated to resolving border disputes between China and Russia. [2] In the next year a border treaty was signed in Nerchinsk,the signatories were Songgotu on behalf of the Chinese emperor and Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin on behalf of the Russian tsars. Songgotu's signature was followed by those of Tong Guogang,Langtan (郎坦),Bandarša (班達爾沙),Sabsu (薩布素),Mala (瑪喇) and Unda (温達). [6] [7]
Tong Guogang was killed in action by Dzungars in the Battle of Ulan Butung. He was given the posthumous name Zhongyong (忠勇) by Kangxi Emperor. After Yongzheng ascended the throne,Tong was awarded posthumous appointment of Grand Tutor (太傅). [5]
Tong Guogang and Tong Guowei were said to believe in Christianity,though their political lives prohibited their formal conversions. They maintained close relationships with two Jesuit missionaries,Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhães. [8]
The Kangxi Emperor,also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing,personal name Xuanye,was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty,and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history. He is considered one of China's greatest emperors.
Oboi was a prominent Manchu military commander and courtier who served in various military and administrative posts under three successive emperors of the early Qing dynasty. Born to the Guwalgiya clan,Oboi was one of four regents nominated by the Shunzhi Emperor to oversee the government during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor. Oboi reversed the benevolent policies of the Shunzhi Emperor,and vigorously pushed for clear reassertion of Manchu power over the Han Chinese. Eventually deposed and imprisoned by the new emperor for having amassed too much power,he was posthumously rehabilitated.
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Ebilun was a Manchu noble and warrior of the Niohuru clan,most famous for being one of the Four Regents assisting the young Kangxi Emperor from 1661 to 1667,during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1912). A largely passive figure during the regency,Ebilun was disgraced following the ouster of the far more powerful regent Oboi and considered a political supporter of the latter. He was stripped of his positions by the emperor but later regained his noble rank. Many of his descendants became influential figures in the Qing imperial government.
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Tunggiya is the name of a Manchu clan.
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Yunki,born Yinqi and formally known as Prince Heng of the First Rank,was an imperial prince of the Manchu ruled Qing dynasty. He was the fifth son of the Kangxi Emperor who survived to adulthood.
Tong Guowei was a Qing dynasty official. He was a maternal uncle of Kangxi Emperor.