Tornadoes in Bermuda

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The British Overseas Territory of Bermuda has been affected by several tornadoes and waterspouts in its history.

Contents

December 1875 tornado

On the afternoon of December 17, 1875 the deadliest recorded twister in Bermudan history formed. A waterspout formed just off shore of the south coast of eastern Bermuda. This waterspout briefly moved on shore for a couple minutes, before moving back over the water, dissipating shortly after. This tornado was only rated FU on the Fujita Scale because there was no recorded damage from the event. However, 5 confirmed fatalities and 2 injuries were reported from this twister, making it the deadliest Bermudan tornado in history.

December 1925 tornado

In the early hours of December 12, 1925 a weak tornado affected Ireland Island. Beginning as a waterspout, it moved into the Ireland Island Dock Yard. The Ormonde, a ship docked there, was nearly capsized, and the ship's barometer recorded an instantaneous drop of 4 mb. Moving onto land as a tornado, the vortex damaged roofs, sheds, and fences as it tore across the island. An office in the ship yard which contained another weather station was also struck—the barometer there recorded a drop of 6 mb. The damage path was approximately 300 yards across. [1]

Easter tornadoes of 1953

Four waterspouts moved from south to north over Bermuda in short succession, causing severe damage. About 90 properties were damaged, a few of which were deemed uninhabitable. The first of these storms passed near the Bermuda Meteorological Service, producing two wind gusts over 80 mph (130 km/h) as well as an eight millibar drop in pressure. The third one, which was the most damaging, struck Hamilton and Harrington Sound, killing one person. Several injuries were also confirmed from these storms. [2]

January 1986 tornadoes

On January 12, 1986, two tornadoes struck the north and south shores of the Main Island. The first one, which touched down near Devonshire, caused significant damage as it cut across the island. The second tornado affected St. David's, on the north shore, less than two hours later. Several boats were sunk by the two twisters as they moved over water. [3]

Hurricane Emily September 1987

On September 25, 1987 Hurricane Emily made landfall in Bermuda as a category one hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. The fast moving hurricane was associated with a damaging tornado. [4]

March 1992

On March 21, 1992 U.S. Naval Oceanography Command Facility later confirmed a tornado struck the east end of the island, damaging the Naval Air Station. [5] Damaged houses in St. David's remained in need some time later and Government assistance was arranged. This tornado was the only Bermudan tornado to be rated other than FU or EFU on the Fujita Scale, being an F0. [6]

February 1993

Damaging winds, possibly related to tornadic activity impacted the island early in the morning on February 19, 1993. The storms effects were felt hardest in Sandy's Parish and along North Shore. One person was injured and 100 customers lost electricity in the storms. [7]

April 1993

On April 15, 1993 U.S. Naval Oceanography Command Facility confirmed a tornado struck the west end causing "major damage" before dissipating over the Great Sound. [5] This tornado was followed by heavy rains. [8] [9] Damage was reportedly done to 25 homes in the Somerset area and Government prepared to offer assistance. [10] The severe thunderstorm responsible for this tornado also produced at least "marble sized hail" that covered the ground in spots. [11]

March 1999

There were several reports of tornadoes on March 4, 1999. One tornado was spotted offshore, and another was spotted later in the day coming ashore in Smith's Parish, damaging a construction site and two homes. The Bermuda Weather Service never concluded if this was a tornado or just strong wind gusts and downbursts. [12]

April 2000

A reported tornado damaged Spice Valley high school as it struck in the evening on April 27, 2000. The Bermuda Weather Service meteorologists indicated active thunderstorms in the area possibly produced an isolated tornado. [13]

December 2002

December 14, 2002 saw nighttime tornadoes strike south shore, hitting hotels particularly hard in Southampton parish where $100,000 in property damage was done. [14] The Bermuda Weather Service suggested this could have been a small tornado. [15]

Hurricane Fabian September 2003

Several unconfirmed reports of tornadoes spawned by Hurricane Fabian as it made a direct-hit on the island on September 5, 2003. One such possible tornado severely damaged St. George's Preparatory school. It was impossible to discern tornado damage from hurricane damage and so these reported tornadoes went unconfirmed.

January 2004

Weekend severe weather on the morning of January 10, 2004 included reports of tornadoes striking parts of Pembroke, Hamilton, Southampton and Warwick parishes. Damage was reported at the local Saltus Grammar School and nearby neighborhoods in Pembroke where the Bermuda Weather Service confirmed a tornado struck. [16]

July 2005

A 'freak storm' struck parts of Smith's parish at around 6:30am on July 16, 2005 causing some roof damage. While residents were convinced it was a tornado, and Bermuda Weather Service radar suggested severe weather in the area, they could not conclusively say whether this was tornado damage. [17]

November 2005

A reported tornado ripped the roofs off several homes in Sandy's parish on the afternoon of November 2, 2005. [18] A later investigation by the Bermuda Weather Service suggested this was the work of a gustnado with gusts up to 80 kn. [19]

Hurricane Florence September 2006

Unconfirmed reports of tornado damage well in advance of Hurricane Florence in Southampton as the outer bands of the hurricane spiraled across the island on the afternoon of September 10, 2006.

December 2009

On December 19, 2009, a tornado touched down in downtown Hamilton, Pembroke parish. It created a swath of damage from Pitt's Bay road to First Avenue in the Cavendish Heights area of Pembroke. Hardest hit areas included the commercial areas of Reid Street from Queen Street to Court Street, and parts of Bermudiana Road. Automated recording stations on Hinson's Island reported a wind gust of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h). Although there were no reports of serious injuries, there was significant tree and roof damage, and the tornado was estimated to be an EF1 or EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. There were other reports of tornadoes that turned out to be straight line winds from severe thunderstorms at Devonshire Bay, where trees were snapped and a fence was reported to have been knocked over. [20]

April 2011

On the afternoon of April 6, 2011, an EFU tornado formed on the shore of Hamilton Parish, moving across Hamilton Parish and dissipating after going off shore on the opposite side of the island. This tornado was rated EFU. However, there was decent roof damage to several houses, some tree branches snapped, and furniture on porches thrown around with minor damage. This tornado was the equivalent of an EF0 in winds and damages, although the Bermuda Weather Service never claimed it was an EF0, nor was it even mentioned it was rated, making it an EFU.

Hurricane Sandy October 2012

On October 28, 2012, showers associated with the outermost circulation of a distant Hurricane Sandy were affecting the island. One of these showers briefly produced a tornado that resulted in roof damage and boundary wall damage to structures in Somerset Village in Sandy's Parish. The Bermuda Weather Service rated the tornado F0 on the Fujita Scale. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Fabian</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2003

Hurricane Fabian was a powerful Cape Verde hurricane that impacted Bermuda in early September during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the sixth named storm, fourth hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, developed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 25. It moved west-northwestward under the influence of the subtropical ridge to its north, and steadily strengthened in an area of warm sea surface temperatures and light wind shear. The hurricane attained a peak intensity of 145 mph (233 km/h) on September 1, and it slowly weakened as it turned northward. On September 5, Fabian made a direct hit on Bermuda with wind speeds of over 120 mph (190 km/h). After passing the island, the hurricane turned to the northeast, and became extratropical on September 8, before dissipating two days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1964 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1964 Atlantic hurricane season featured the highest number of U.S.-landfalling hurricanes since 1933. The season officially began on June 15, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was above average, with thirteen named storms, seven hurricanes, and five major hurricanes. The first system, an unnamed tropical storm, developed on June 2, almost two weeks before the official start of the season. Striking Florida on June 6, the storm brought localized flooding to portions of Cuba and the Southeastern United States, leaving about $1 million in damage. The next storm, also unnamed, developed near the end of July; it did not impact land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1981 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season featured direct or indirect impacts from nearly all of its 12 tropical or subtropical storms. Overall, the season was fairly active, with 22 tropical depressions, 12 of which became a namable storm, while 7 of those reached hurricane status and 3 intensified into major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, tropical cyclogenesis can occur before these dates, as demonstrated with the development of two tropical depressions in April and Tropical Storm Arlene in May. At least one tropical cyclone formed in each month between April and November, with the final system, Subtropical Storm Three, becoming extratropical on November 17, 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Erin (1995)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1995

Hurricane Erin was the first hurricane to strike the contiguous United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The fifth tropical cyclone, fifth named storm, and second hurricane of the unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Erin developed from a tropical wave near the southeastern Bahamas on July 31. Moving northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale near Rum Cay about 24 hours later. After a brief jog to the north-northwest on August 1, Erin began moving to the west-northwest. The cyclone then moved over the northwestern Bahamas, including the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama. Early on August 2, Erin made landfall near Vero Beach, Florida, with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). The hurricane weakened while crossing the Florida peninsula and fell to tropical storm intensity before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Danny (1997)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Danny was the only hurricane to make landfall in the United States during the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, and the second hurricane and fourth tropical storm of the season. The system became the earliest-formed fifth tropical or subtropical storm of the Atlantic season in history when it attained tropical storm strength on July 17, and held that record until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season when Tropical Storm Emily broke that record by several days. Like the previous four tropical or subtropical cyclones of the season, Danny had a non-tropical origin, after a trough spawned convection that entered the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Danny was guided northeast through the Gulf of Mexico by two high pressure areas, a rare occurrence in the middle of July. After making landfall on the Gulf Coast, Danny tracked across the southeastern United States and ultimately affected parts of New England with rain and wind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Emily (1987)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1987

Hurricane Emily was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck Hispaniola in September 1987. It was the first hurricane in the Caribbean Sea since Hurricane Katrina of 1981 and had the second-fastest forward speed of a 20th-century hurricane, behind only the 1938 New England hurricane. The twelfth tropical cyclone, fifth named storm, second hurricane, and only major hurricane to develop during the below-average 1987 Atlantic hurricane season, Emily formed out of a tropical disturbance that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 20, the storm quickly attained hurricane status before undergoing rapid intensification. On September 22. The storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 958 mbar later that day. The storm weakened to Category 2 status before making landfall in the Dominican Republic. After weakening to a tropical storm, Emily rapidly tracked northeastward through the Atlantic Ocean, undergoing a second phase of rapid intensification before passing directly over Bermuda on September 25. The following day the final public advisory from the National Hurricane Center was issued on the storm as it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Danny (1985)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1985

Hurricane Danny produced 13 significant (F2+) tornadoes in the Southern United States during August 1985, the most spawned by a tropical cyclone until Hurricane Ivan in 2004. The fourth named storm and third hurricane of the season, Danny developed from a tropical wave in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on August 12. The system moved northwestward and initially remained weak. Early on August 13, it brushed Cape San Antonio, Cuba before emerging the Gulf of Mexico later that day. The system then intensified into Tropical Storm Danny on August 14. Danny deepened further and became a hurricane early on the following day, while beginning to re-curve north-northwestward. Late on August 16, Danny attained its peak intensity with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall near Grand Chenier, Louisiana at the same intensity. Early on August 17, Danny weakened to a tropical storm and was downgraded to a tropical depression several hours later. It moved east-northeastward across the Southeastern United States, until dissipating over southeastern Virginia on August 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1903 New Jersey hurricane</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1903

The 1903 New Jersey hurricane, also known as the Vagabond Hurricane by The Press of Atlantic City, is the first and only known North Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the state of New Jersey since records were kept starting in 1851. The fourth hurricane of the season, the cyclone was first observed on September 12 about 550 miles northeast of Antigua. It moved quickly westward, then later turned to the north-northwest, steadily strengthening to reach a peak intensity of 100 miles per hour, a Category 2 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. The hurricane weakened slightly before striking near Atlantic City, New Jersey, on September 16 with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). It weakened over Pennsylvania and became an extratropical cyclone over western New York on September 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severe weather</span> Any dangerous meteorological phenomenon

Severe weather is any dangerous meteorological phenomenon with the potential to cause damage, serious social disruption, or loss of human life. Types of severe weather phenomena vary, depending on the latitude, altitude, topography, and atmospheric conditions. High winds, hail, excessive precipitation, and wildfires are forms and effects of severe weather, as are thunderstorms, downbursts, tornadoes, waterspouts, tropical cyclones, and extratropical cyclones. Regional and seasonal severe weather phenomena include blizzards (snowstorms), ice storms, and duststorms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1948 Miami hurricane</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1948

The 1948 Miami hurricane(Air Weather Service designation: Fox) caused no fatalities in Florida, despite moving across the Miami area as a hurricane. The ninth tropical storm and fifth hurricane of the 1948 season, the storm developed from a large low pressure area over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 3. The storm intensified into a tropical storm early the next day and a hurricane several hours later. Fox then significantly deepened, peaking with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) early on October 5. Around that time, Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba. Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida. Late on October 5, the hurricane struck Bahia Honda Key, Florida, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and two hours later, hit Flamingo. Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October 6. The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east-northeast. Late on October 7, Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop. By October 16, it became extratropical while well east-southeast of Newfoundland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2019 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth consecutive above-average and damaging season dating back to 2016. However, many were weak and short-lived, especially towards the end of the season. Six of those named storms achieved hurricane status, while three intensified into major hurricanes. Two storms became Category 5 hurricanes, marking the fourth consecutive season with at least one Category 5 hurricane, the third consecutive season to feature at least one storm making landfall at Category 5 intensity, and the seventh on record to have multiple tropical cyclones reaching Category 5 strength. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Subtropical Storm Andrea on May 20, making this the fifth consecutive year in which a tropical or subtropical cyclone developed outside of the official season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gonzalo</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2014

Hurricane Gonzalo was the second tropical cyclone, after Hurricane Fay, to directly strike the island of Bermuda in a one-week time frame in October 2014, and was the first Category 4 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Ophelia in 2011. At the time, it was the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic since Igor in 2010. Gonzalo struck Bermuda less than a week after the surprisingly fierce Hurricane Fay; 2014 was the first season in recorded history to feature two hurricane landfalls in Bermuda. A powerful Atlantic tropical cyclone that wrought destruction in the Leeward Islands and Bermuda, Gonzalo was the seventh named storm, sixth and final hurricane and only the second major hurricane of the below-average 2014 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed from a tropical wave on October 12, while located east of the Lesser Antilles. It made landfall on Antigua, Saint Martin, and Anguilla as a Category 1 hurricane, causing damage on those and nearby islands. Antigua and Barbuda sustained US$40 million in losses, and boats were abundantly damaged or destroyed throughout the northern Leeward Islands. The storm killed three people on Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. Gonzalo tracked northwestward as it intensified into a major hurricane. Eyewall replacement cycles led to fluctuations in the hurricane's structure and intensity, but on October 16, Gonzalo peaked with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (235 km/h).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Fay</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2014

Hurricane Fay was the first hurricane to make landfall on Bermuda since Emily in 1987.{{refn|A landfall occurs when the precise center of a storm crosses a coastline. The sixth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season, Fay evolved from a broad disturbance several hundred miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles on October 10. Initially a subtropical cyclone with an expansive wind field and asymmetrical cloud field, the storm gradually attained tropical characteristics as it turned north, transitioning into a tropical storm early on October 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2019</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2019. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, Argentina, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Humberto (2019)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that affected Bermuda

Hurricane Humberto was a large and powerful tropical cyclone that caused extensive wind damage in Bermuda during September 2019. It was the eighth named storm, third hurricane, and second major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale – of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. Humberto formed on September 13 from the prolonged interaction of a tropical wave and an upper-level trough, then paralleled the eastern coastline of Florida through September 16 before turning sharply northeastward. A generally favorable environment allowed Humberto to become a hurricane that day, and the storm further strengthened to reach peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane on September 18. After its center passed within 65 miles (105 km) of Bermuda around 00:00 UTC on September 19, the system encountered stronger wind shear and drier air. Stripped of its deep thunderstorm activity, the system transitioned to a potent extratropical cyclone early on September 20.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2020</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2020. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh, and eastern India, but can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Tornadic events are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2021</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2021. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Tornadic events are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2022</span> List of notable tornadoes occurring in 2022

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2022. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Tornadic events are often accompanied by other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

References

  1. ↑ Unknown (October 1926). "An Early Morning Tornado at Bermuda" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society. p. 428. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  2. ↑ Macky, W. A. (June 1953). "The Easter Tornadoes at Bermuda". Weatherwise. 6 (3): 74–75. doi:10.1080/00431672.1953.9932943.
  3. ↑ "Tornadoes in Bermuda Tear Roofs Off Homes". New York Times . Associated Press. 1986-01-12. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  4. ↑ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1987-prelim/emily/prelim04.gif [ bare URL image file ]
  5. 1 2 "Tornadoes: the telltale signs - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 22 April 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  6. ↑ "Sixteen St. David's households still needy - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 5 May 1992. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  7. ↑ "Island pounded by fierce freak storm - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 20 February 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  8. ↑ "More rain likely - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 22 April 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "Another escape - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 16 April 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  10. ↑ "Gov't offers helping hand to west end Tornado victims - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 15 April 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "West End homes hit by Tornado - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 14 April 1993. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "Suspected tornado rips through Smith's - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 5 March 1999. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  13. ↑ "Island - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 28 April 2000. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  14. ↑ "South Shore hotels count costs of 'tornado' cleanup - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  15. ↑ "Freak tornado tears through South Shore - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 16 December 2002. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  16. ↑ "It was like a freight train coming through' - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 12 January 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  17. ↑ "Storm causes damage in Smith's - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 18 January 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  18. ↑ "Winds of terror - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 3 November 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  19. ↑ "Tornado in Sandys? Try gustnado, says expert - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". royalgazette.com. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  20. ↑ BWS (December 2009). "Report on Tornado & Severe Thunderstorm 19, December 2009" (PDF). Bermuda Weather Service. pp. 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  21. ↑ Eric S. Blake, Todd B. Kimberlain, Robert J. Berg, John P. Cangialosi and John L. Beven II. "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Sandy" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 14. Retrieved 3 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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