List of California tornadoes

Last updated

Damage caused by the 1983 Los Angeles tornado 1983 L.A Tornado.jpg
Damage caused by the 1983 Los Angeles tornado

The U.S. state of California experiences several tornadoes every year, with at least 487 twisters [nb 1] recorded since 1891. Among these are four fire whirls, a type of tornado that develops from a wildfire. California's strongest rated tornadoes on the Fujita scale (or Enhanced Fujita Scale after 2007) were rated an F/EF3, which occurred three times two F3 tornadoes in the Greater Los Angeles area in the 1970s, as well as an EF3-equivalent fire whirl near Redding in Shasta County that developed within the 2018 Carr Fire. The fire whirl was one of three deadly tornadic events on record in the state, killing four people. A tornado in 1891 killed a man in San Francisco. The other deadly event was a tornado that hit Santa Monica in 1952, which killed three people. There have been at least 100 injuries related to tornadoes in the state.

Contents

Although less common and not as strong as tornadoes in the central United States, there are regularly tornadoes in three regions of the state the Los Angeles area, the deserts of Southern California, and the Central Valley. Most tornadoes in California are weak and short-lived, often F0 or EF0, although some can be destructive or notable. Tornadogenesis can occur because of a supercell thunderstorm, a waterspout, a landspout, or a fire whirl, and can happen in any month of the year. The month with the most tornadic activity is March, with most of the state's tornadoes occurring between January and April. Excluding fire whirls, the most recent EF2 tornado was in 2011, which touched down near Oroville in Butte County. In July 2004, a twister touched down in Sequoia National Park at an altitude of around 12,156 ft (3,705 m), making it the highest elevation for a confirmed tornado in the United States. The most California tornadoes on a single day in the state was seven, which occurred on November 9, 1982. More recently, there were five tornadoes on April 1, 1996, as well as October 22, 2012.

Climatology

Map of California showing the location of tornadoes between 1962 and 1983 Cali tornado map.png
Map of California showing the location of tornadoes between 1962 and 1983

In the United States, tornadoes develop less frequently west of the Rocky Mountains as compared to the rest of the continent. In the state of California, three areas more commonly experience tornadoes in the Los Angeles area, in the deserts of Southern California, and the Central Valley. The Los Angeles area typically experiences more twisters than the rest of the state, and is among the most frequently affected areas in the United States west of the Rockies. [2] California tornadoes are usually weak, categorized as an F0 or F1 on the Fujita scale, or an EF0 or EF1 after the Enhanced Fujita scale was implemented in 2007. Most twisters in the state are also short-lived, with an average path of 0.62 mi (1.00 km) and a width of 43 yd (39 m); this compares with Iowa tornadoes with an average path of 4 mi (6.4 km) and a width of 170 yd (160 m). [3] The vast majority of California tornadoes occur between November and April, accounting for 80.2% of the state's tornadoes according to a 1993 survey. This is during the state's cooler period, which contrasts with the rest of the United States which experiences most of its tornadoes from April to June. [4]

Along the Pacific coast, waterspouts occasionally develop over the ocean and move onshore. In addition, some tornadoes can develop from localized convergence zones known as landspouts, which are often weak and short-lived. Landspouts are the source of the majority of California tornadoes. [5] On rare occasion, tornadoes can originate from supercells, which are more similar in nature to twisters across the Midwestern United States. [6] Because of their irregular and short-lived nature, the San Diego National Weather Service considers it "nearly impossible to forecast a Southern California tornado before it touches down." The agency utilizes a volunteer group of more than 1,300 volunteers to report local severe weather. [5]

In the Los Angeles area, Santa Ana winds can produce a convergence zone when they interact with Lake Elsinore, which can produce a line of thunderstorms capable of spawning a tornado. A similar phenomenon can occur on the north and east side of mountains extending north to Victorville. [5] The location of the mountains relative to the coastline creates the favorable conditions for tornadogenesis in the Los Angeles Area. Due to the area's high population, even weak tornadoes can cause significant impacts. They mostly occur between September and May, not during the summer. Conversely, warm, tropical air can produce tornadoes in the deserts of southern California during the summer. [2] In the Central Valley, tornadoes can form when the winds from a trough are perpendicular to the coastal range of mountains, bringing onshore moisture from the San Francisco area to the Sierra Nevadas. [3] [2] Tornadoes mostly occurred in March and April in the Central Valley. [4]

Events

Due to the large size of California, there is a likely undercount in the number of rural tornadoes. Also, due to the rare nature of tornadoes in the state, it is possible that some reported tornadoes were other weather events, such as a microburst, or straight-line winds. [4]

Pre-1950

1950–1959

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
12346000

1960–1969

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
93113000

1970–1979

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
251161200

1980–1989

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
133169000
Infrared satellite imagery of the weather system that produced seven tornadoes across the state on November 9, 1982 November 9, 1982 California weather system.png
Infrared satellite imagery of the weather system that produced seven tornadoes across the state on November 9, 1982
Track of the South Central Los Angeles tornado of March 1, 1983 1983 Los Angeles tornado path.png
Track of the South Central Los Angeles tornado of March 1, 1983

1990–1999

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
376382000
Reflectivity scan of an F1 tornado over Lemoore Naval Air Station in November 1996 Lemoore F1 tornado November 1996.png
Reflectivity scan of an F1 tornado over Lemoore Naval Air Station in November 1996

2000–2009

FUF0F1F2F3F4F5
04490000
FUEF0EF1EF2EF3EF4EF5
01011000

2010–2019

FUEF0EF1EF2EF3EF4EF5Total
05316100070
The EF0 tornado near Roseville on March 26, 2014 Tornado Retracting Over Roseville California - panoramio.jpg
The EF0 tornado near Roseville on March 26, 2014
Satellite image of Hurricane Dolores, which spawned tornadoes in the southern California desert Dolores 2015-07-15 1755Z.jpg
Satellite image of Hurricane Dolores, which spawned tornadoes in the southern California desert

2020–present

EFUEF0EF1EF2EF3EF4EF5Total
3243000027

Fire whirl events

EFUEF0EF1EF2EF3EF4EF5
1031100
The 2018 Carr Fire tornado that developed within the Carr Fire in Redding

Climatological statistics

The following is a chart showing California tornadoes by month or by time period.

Recorded tornadoes affecting California by month
MonthNumber of tornadoes
January
56
February
67
March
86
April
59
May
41
June
12
July
20
August
22
September
25
October
20
November
37
December
46
Recorded tornadoes affecting California by time period
PeriodNumber of tornadoes
1800s
2
1900–49
5
1950s
25
1960s
27
1970s
46
1980s
63
1990s
134
2000s
77
2010s
73
2020s
35

Tornadoes by county

The following chart lists the number of tornadoes by county, based on the location of where the twister first touched down, and listed by intensity on the Fujita scale, or the Enhanced Fujita scale after 2007. There have never been any recorded tornadoes in Alpine, Amador, Lake, Modoc, Mono, Napa, Plumas, Sierra, or Trinity counties.

Fire whirls are indicated with a .

Number of tornadoes organized by Fujita or Enhanced Fujita scale rating
CountyEF/FUEF/F0EF/F1EF/F2EF/F3Total
Alameda022004
Butte3962020
Calaveras101002
Colusa040004
Contra Costa030003
Del Norte132006
El Dorado022004
Fresno12091031
Glenn044109
Humboldt010102
Imperial142007
Inyo120003
Kern01120013
Kings051107
Lassen112004
Los Angeles1029115055
Madera2621011
Marin001102
Mariposa030003
Mendocino211004
Merced11250018
Monterey032005
Nevada001001
Orange513101130
Placer052007
Riverside31841127
Sacramento0823013
San Benito010102
San Bernardino81752032
San Diego111781037
San Francisco100001
San Joaquin31220017
San Luis Obispo022004
San Mateo111003
Santa Barbara360009
Santa Clara031206
Santa Cruz053008
Shasta000011
Siskiyou001001
Solano040004
Sonoma2170010
Stanislaus143109
Sutter041005
Tehama4602012
Tulare11210014
Tuolumne010001
Ventura070007
Yolo060006
Yuba012003
Total67279111273487

See also

Footnotes

  1. In the United States, a tornado or twister both refer to a violently rotating column of air that reaches the ground. The National Weather Service (NWS) describes them as the "most destructive of all atmospheric phenomena". [1]
  2. All damage figures are listed in United States dollar (USD), unadjusted for inflation

References

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