Hurricane Dolores (2015)

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Map key
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The possibility of tropical cyclogenesis from a tropical disturbance south of Mexico was first mentioned by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) on July 6. [2] A westward-moving tropical wave crossed Central America and entered the Eastern Pacific on July 8. [1] The next day, the wave spawned a weak area of low pressure while south of Guatemala. [3] On July 10, the disturbance quickly organized, with convection, or thunderstorms, more concentrated near the center of the low. [4] Early on July 11, satellite images showed that the disturbance was consolidating into a tropical depression. [5] Consequently, at 12:00  UTC, the NHC declared the system Tropical Depression Five-E while located roughly 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. [6] The depression gradually organized, developing banding features around the eastern portion of the system. [7] Late that day, the depression attained tropical storm intensity and received the name Dolores, as a small central dense overcast developed near the low-level circulation center. Additionally, a ship near northeastern quadrant reported sustained winds at 40 mph (64 km/h). [1] [8] Despite environmental conditions that were nearly ideal and largely favorable for strengthening, moderate northwesterly wind shear caused by an upper-level trough initially prevented much intensification. The storm slowly strengthened on July 11 while moving northwestward, several hundred miles off the coast of Southwestern Mexico. [1] The cloud pattern of the storm grew more and more organized throughout July 12, with symmetric and organized convection over the center, signalling less impediment from the shear, though outflow remained restricted over the western portion of the system. [9]

Infrared imagery of Hurricane Dolores right after peak intensity Hurricane Dolores (2015) IR.png
Infrared imagery of Hurricane Dolores right after peak intensity

Dolores attained hurricane status at 21:00 UTC on July 13 as it turned westward away from the Mexican coastline, with a ragged eye developing alongside more convective banding. [10] As wind shear northwest of the storm began relaxing, spiraling bands began developing over the western portion of the storm's center. [11] Dolores continued to gradually organize and intensify, though dry air entrainments briefly halted intensification. [12] However, soon afterward, at 00:00 UTC on July 15, Dolores rapidly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane, with the eye becoming more apparent on satellite imagery and very cold cloud tops developing near the center of circulation. [13] Six hours later, Dolores peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg). Dolores became the earliest occurrence of the third Category 4 hurricane in the Pacific basin, overcoming Hurricane Frank, which became a Category 4 hurricane on July 17, 1992. [14]

The strengthening trend was short-lived, however, as the cloud tops in the eyewall began to warm soon after it achieved peak intensity. [15] As Dolores approached Socorro Island, the cyclone underwent an eyewall replacement cycle and began to steadily weaken. The storm exhibited winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) as it passed within 20 mi (32 km) of the island. After completing the cycle on July 16, Dolores exhibited annular characteristics, with a symmetric and wide eye. The NHC described the eyewall as thick and "donut-shaped". Re-strengthening did not commence, as Dolores had moved over cooler sea surface temperatures. [16] Cloud tops briefly cooled, usually signaling the redevelopment of strong thunderstorms, but dry air had started to mix into the circulation. [17] [18] Throughout the early hours of July 17, Dolores's structure continued to decay, with an eye no longer apparent and convection waning. [19] By 12:00 UTC, Dolores had deteriorated into a tropical storm, with no convection near its center. [20] With increasing northerly shear, the system eventually degenerated into a post-tropical remnant low about 300 mi (480 km) west of the Baja California coast on July 18. The remnant low slowly curved southward, before dissipating on July 22, a few hundred miles west of San Diego, California. [21] [1] [22]

Preparations and impact

Mexico

Rainbands from Dolores causing heavy rain in coastal communities of Mexico. Dolores 2015-07-12 1725Z.jpg
Rainbands from Dolores causing heavy rain in coastal communities of Mexico.

Due to the threat of tropical storm-force winds reaching the coast, Tropical Storm Watches were issued by the Government of Mexico for parts of the southwestern coast of the country, from Lázaro Cárdenas to Cabo Corrientes. These watches were discontinued on July 13 when Dolores pulled out to sea. [1] Rainbands occasionally reached the coast of Mexico, causing some heavy rain. [22] Twenty-four hour rainfall amounts up to 3.9 in (100 mm) were reported in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit along the coast, while even recorded as far north as Chihuahua, peaking at around 7.9 to 11.8 in (200 to 300 mm) on the southwestern border of Chihuahua and Sonora. However, rainfall amounts were lower on the Baja California Peninsula, where only 2.0 in (50 mm) of rain fell. [23]

As the eye of Dolores passed just northeast of Socorro Island, an automated weather station on the island recorded sustained hurricane-force winds. The station reported 1-minute sustained winds of 79 mph (128 km/h), with a wind gust of 115 mph (185 km/h). [1]

United States

Map showing rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores in Southern California. The darker the colors in an area, the more rain that fell Hurricane Dolores (2015) rainfall map.png
Map showing rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores in Southern California. The darker the colors in an area, the more rain that fell

As a tropical cyclone, Dolores produced no impacts in the United States. However, a surge of moisture associated with the remnants of the cyclone moved northward ahead of a trough off the Californian coast between July 17 and 18. [1] The interaction of the moisture with the trough brought record–breaking rainfall and heavy thunderstorms to Southern California, including major cities such as San Diego and Los Angeles. Record monthly rainfall totals include 1.70 in (43 mm) in San Diego, 1.30 in (33 mm) in Los Angeles, and 1.16 in (29.5 mm) in Paso Robles. In the foothills and mountains of east San Diego County, rainfall exceeded 4 in (100 mm). [24] [25] This rain assisted firefighters in containing the North Fire, [26] but also resulted in debris flows and rock slides that damaged about 90 homes and submerged cars. [1] The San Diego River reached levels of 8.9 ft (2.7 m)—just below flood stage—and overflowed its banks in a few areas. [1]

Flash flooding occurred in Moreno Valley, Perris, and La Mesa, while a microburst occurred in Tierrasanta. A haboob was also recorded in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. [27] The Los Angeles Angels game against the Boston Red Sox on July 19 was rained out, marking the first occurrence of an Angels game being rained out since 1995. [28] The San Diego Padres also postponed their baseball game against the Colorado Rockies, their first ever rainout in July. [29] Strong winds blew over a semi truck as well as power poles and lines on Interstate 40 near the California-Nevada border, obstructing the road in both directions and causing $75,000 in damage. [30] Three EF0 tornadoes were also reported, including one in San Bernardino County and another in Lassen County, although they produced no damage. [31] [32] In Kern County, a 62-year-old man was killed by a lightning strike. [33] A bridge along Interstate 10 near Desert Center was washed out, injuring one; damage to the bridge was placed at $50 million. [34] Urban flooding in the Moreno Valley caused more than $100,000. In Reche Canyon, residents were unable to leave their homes due to flooded roadways. Portions of California Highway 60 were also impassable. [35] A portion of State Route 78 southwest of Cibola was washed out, with damage totaling $50,000. [36] Hail the size of golf balls was recorded in Bear Valley, Alpine County, damaging a police vehicle. [37] Overall, losses across California reached more than $50 million. [38]

See also

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Tropical Storm Dolores was a strong tropical storm that affected several states in southwestern Mexico in June 2021. The fourth named storm of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, Dolores developed from a low-pressure area that formed offshore the state of Oaxaca on June 16, 2021. The area steadily developed deep convection and a closed surface circulation, becoming Tropical Depression Four-E around 09:00 UTC on June 18. The depression quickly strengthened to Tropical Storm Dolores six hours later. As it gradually approached the coast, Dolores steadily intensified despite its proximity to land. It reached peak intensity at 15:00 UTC on June 19 with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 millibars (29 inHg), just below hurricane strength. Shortly afterward, Dolores made landfall just northwest of Punta San Telmo, Mexico, near the Colima-Michoacán state border. The storm rapidly weakened as it moved inland and dissipated early on June 20 over Zacatecas. However, the storm's mid-level circulation continued northward, before it dissipated later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Enrique (2021)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2021

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Kay (2022)</span> Category 2 Pacific hurricane in 2022

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Beatriz (2023)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2023

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References

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  3. Jack Beven (July 9, 2015). Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook. www.nhc.noaa.gov (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
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Hurricane Dolores
Dolores 2015-07-15 1755Z.jpg
Dolores near peak intensity south of the Baja California peninsula.