Hurricane Florence (2006)

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 29. It tracked slowly westward, and first showed signs of development two days later. On August 31, a second tropical wave exited the coast of Africa at a faster speed than its predecessor. The two waves interacted, and by September 2 combined to form a large area of disturbed weather across the eastern Atlantic Ocean. [2] Convection increased within the system, [3] and it developed a concentrated area of convection in conjunction with a well-defined low pressure area. [4] By late on September 3, the system maintained a broad closed circulation and enough convective organization to be classified Tropical Depression Six while located about midway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa. [5]

Upon becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression maintained multiple cloud swirls within a common center. [5] Banding features increased, though southwesterly wind shear and the lack of a well-defined circulation prevented initial strengthening. [6] Dry air encountered the depression, and as such it developed very slowly; forecasters maintained considerable difficulty in determining a center of circulation. It continued its motion to the west-northwest while tracking around the southern periphery of a deep-layer subtropical ridge to its north. [7] Though convection remained focused near the outer periphery of the system, [8] the overall organized continued to steadily increase, and it is estimated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Florence on September 5 while located about 1,120 miles (1,800 km) east-northeast of Anguilla. [2]

Florence after becoming an extratropical storm over the north Atlantic on September 14 ETS Florence 2006.jpg
Florence after becoming an extratropical storm over the north Atlantic on September 14

After attaining tropical storm status, the maximum sustained winds fluctuated for three days between 40 and 50 mph (64 and 80 km/h). [2] This was due to the large size of Florence; the overall wind field reached a diameter of 460 miles (740 km), and the radius of maximum winds reached about 110 miles (180 km). [9] By September 6, a well-defined cloud swirl became evident, with thin rainbands developing in the southeast and northwest quadrants. [10] As a result, hurricane forecasters anticipated Florence would develop significantly and attain major hurricane status. Though convection gradually migrated closer to the center of the storm, forecasters could not detect a well-defined center of circulation by late on September 6. [11] On September 7, convection developed over and to the west of the center for the first time in its duration. However, Florence failed to intensify further, as its wind field had increased to more than 1,035 miles (1,666 km) in diameter. [12] This led to difficulties in forecasting, as its environment favored further strengthening; the storm tracked through an area of 84°  F (29°  C) water temperatures and light shear, and the system maintained a large low-level cyclonic envelop with abundant convection. By early on September 8, the storm consisted of an elongated, shapeless cloud pattern atypical of a tropical cyclone. [13] Later that day, as an anticyclone developed over Florence, the storm began to consolidate around a vorticity center on the western side of the large cyclonic envelope. It began to strengthen more steadily as it turned to the northwest. [2] Early on September 10, an eye began developing within a round central dense overcast over the center, [14] and shortly thereafter Florence attained hurricane status while located about 390 miles (630 km) south of Bermuda. [2]

Hurricane Florence turned to the north and north-northeast through a break in the subtropical ridge. Though its eyewall was open on the north side, favorable conditions led forecasters to predict Florence passing near Bermuda as a strong Category 2 hurricane. [15] The inner core of convection became ragged-looking on satellite imagery, and based on reports from Hurricane Hunters it is estimated the hurricane attained peak winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) late on September 10. [16] Subsequent to further erosion of the eyewall, the hurricane weakened, and on September 11 passed about 60 miles (97 km) west of Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). The overall cloud pattern became slightly better organized, and Florence briefly re-strengthened before encountering increased upper-level winds and cooler waters. [2] Dry air wrapping around the southern periphery of the cyclone eroded most of the deep convection by early on September 12. The cloud shield became asymmetrically displaced to the north of the center, and frontal-like features began to form. [17] It continued to lose tropical characteristics, and on September 13 Florence transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 485 miles (781 km) south-southwest of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Initially maintaining hurricane-force winds, the extratropical remnant passed near Cape Race before turning to the east-northeast, and on September 14 the winds weakened to gale force. The storm executed a broad cyclonic half-loop to the southwest of Iceland over the subsequent days, and after turning to the west the extratropical remnants of Florence were absorbed to the east of Greenland by a developing extratropical cyclone to its south. [2]

Preparations

Hurricane Florence over Bermuda on September 11 Hurricane Florence 11 sept 2006.jpg
Hurricane Florence over Bermuda on September 11

The government of Bermuda issued a hurricane watch for the island on September 8, [18] which was followed by a tropical storm warning on September 9. [19] These were replaced by a hurricane warning on September 10, coinciding with the storm's strengthening to hurricane intensity. [20] The government urged the potentially impacted citizens to take preparations for the storm, many of whom bought supplies at local hardware stores. [21] Residents installed storm shutters, while boat owners moved their yachts to safer locations. [22] An emergency shelter was prepared on the island. Prior to the arrival of the storm, officials canceled bus and ferry service, and also closed all schools and government offices on the day of impact. The Bermuda International Airport was also closed. [23]

Impact

Rainfall totals for Florence in Newfoundland (in metric units) Imperial units Florence 2006 rainfall mm.gif
Rainfall totals for Florence in Newfoundland (in metric units)
Imperial units

Hurricane Florence produced strong swells and dangerous surf conditions along the northern Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Bermuda. [24] Later in its duration, the tight pressure gradient between Florence and a high-pressure system over southeastern Canada produced strong winds and rough waves along the East Coast of the United States. [25] The hurricane also caused strong swells and rough ocean conditions, including rip currents, in the Bahamas and Atlantic Canada. [26] In South Carolina, high waves produced severe beach erosion on several beaches. [27]

Passing a short distance west of Bermuda, Hurricane Florence produced strong winds on the island; sustained winds peaked at 82 mph (132 km/h) on St. David's Island at an elevation of 157 feet (48 m), while gusts reached 115 mph (185 km/h) at the Maritime Operations Centre in St. George's Parish at an elevation of 256 feet (78 m). [2] The winds knocked down trees and power lines, leaving over 25,000 homes and businesses without electricity during the peak of the storm. [28] The powerful winds damaged ten houses, including destroying the roofs of three, and blew out windows across the island. A few people were injured by flying glass, though none required hospital care. [29] Rainfall on the island reached 1.32 inches (34 mm) at the Bermuda International Airport. [2] A possible tornado in Southampton Parish downed trees and caused light property damage. At the Bermuda Zoo and Aquarium, two flamingos died due to falling branches. During the peak of the storm, police officials advised citizens to remain indoors away from harm, though there were several reports of looting throughout the territory. [30] On the island, the storm's damage totaled over $200,000 (2006 USD). [31] Shortly after the storm passed through, BELCO began restoring power, and by six hours after the peak of the storm power had been restored to 7,000 homes and businesses. [30] By the day after the storm, about 3,000 remained without electricity on the island. [32] The storm damaged the causeway between St. David's Island and Hamilton Parish, temporarily limiting traffic to one lane in each direction. [33]

As an extratropical storm over Newfoundland, Florence produced powerful winds peaking at 101 mph (163 km/h) and moderate amounts of rainfall of up to 2.6 inches (66 mm). [34] Flooding and power outages were reported, although they were isolated. The hurricane caused flight interruptions at St. John's International Airport and also to the Trans Canada ferry between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island in eastern Nova Scotia. [35] Strong winds destroyed a house in the small Newfoundland village of Francois. Residents in Francois agreed to rebuild the wrecked home while the family temporarily resided in a summer home of another family. [36] The winds also caused damage to shingles and sides of homes, while the strong waves damaged roads and boats along the Burin Peninsula. [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gert (1999)</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1999

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gordon (2006)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Erin (2001)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Olga</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Florence (2000)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Florence (1994)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1994

Hurricane Florence was a strong, late season hurricane that remained out over the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean for nearly a week, before being absorbed into a large extratropical cyclone. With peak winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 972 mbar, Florence was the strongest storm of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season. Florence developed out of an area of low pressure associated with a stalled frontal system located 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east-southeast of Bermuda in late October. The system gradually became better organized and was classified a subtropical depression on November 2. The storm intensified into a subtropical storm shortly thereafter before weakening into a tropical depression on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Humberto (2001)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Humberto was a moderately powerful hurricane that briefly affected Bermuda in September 2001. It was the eighth named storm of the season, as well as the fourth hurricane. It formed on September 21 between Puerto Rico and Bermuda, partially related to previous Hurricane Gabrielle. Humberto passed about 140 miles (230 km) west of Bermuda, which spared the island with its strongest winds. After weakening and believed to be on the verge of dissipating, Humberto unexpectedly restrengthened to the southeast of Atlantic Canada. The intensification was short-lived and the storm dissipated on September 27. There were a series of significant observational flights into the hurricane that produced a wealth of data on the structure of hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Paulette</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Paulette was a strong and long-lived Category 2 Atlantic hurricane which became the first to make landfall in Bermuda since Hurricane Gonzalo in 2014, and was the longest-lasting tropical cyclone of 2020 globally. The sixteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Paulette developed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on September 2. The wave eventually consolidated into a tropical depression on September 7. Paulette fluctuated in intensity over the next few days, due to strong wind shear, initially peaking as a strong tropical storm on September 8. It eventually strengthened into a hurricane early on September 13 as shear decreased. On September 14, Paulette made landfall in northeastern Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane, while making a gradual turn to the northeast. The cyclone further strengthened as it moved away from the island, reaching its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and a minimum central atmospheric pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg) on September 14. On the evening of September 15, Paulette began to weaken and undergo extratropical transition, which it completed on September 16. The hurricane's extratropical remnants persisted and moved southward then eastward, and eventually, Paulette regenerated into a tropical storm early on September 20 south of the Azores– which resulted in the U.S National Weather Service coining the phrase "zombie storm" to describe its unusual regeneration. Paulette's second phase proved short-lived, however, as the storm quickly weakened and became post-tropical again two days later. The remnant persisted for several days before dissipating south of the Azores on September 28. In total, Paulette was a tropical cyclone for 11.25 days, and the system had an overall lifespan of 21 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Larry</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Larry was a strong and long-lived Cape Verde hurricane that became the first hurricane to make landfall in Newfoundland since Igor in 2010. The twelfth named storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Larry originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa and organized into a tropical depression on August 31. The next day, the depression developed into a tropical storm, receiving the name Larry. The storm moved quickly across the far eastern tropical Atlantic, where it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane the morning of September 2. Then, after undergoing a period of rapid intensification, Larry became a major Category 3 hurricane early on September 4. After churning for several days as a strong hurricane in the open ocean, Larry made landfall in Newfoundland on September 11, as a Category 1 hurricane. Later that day, Larry became an extratropical cyclone. Finally, on September 13, Larry was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone near Greenland.

References

  1. ↑ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jack Beven (2006). "Hurricane Florence Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  3. ↑ Brown & Knabb (2006). "September 2 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-06.[ permanent dead link ]
  4. ↑ Stewart (2006). "September 3 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-06.[ permanent dead link ]
  5. 1 2 Franklin (2006). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  6. ↑ Rhome & Avila (2006). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  7. ↑ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  8. ↑ Rhome & Avila (2006). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  9. ↑ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  10. ↑ Franklin (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Twelve". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  11. ↑ Franklin (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Thirteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  12. ↑ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Seventeen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  13. ↑ Avila (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Eighteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  14. ↑ Blake & Knabb (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Discussion Twenty-Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  15. ↑ Brown & Pasch (2006). "Hurricane Florence Discussion Twenty-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  16. ↑ Brown & Pasch (2006). "Hurricane Florence Discussion Twenty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  17. ↑ Rhome & Franklin (2006). "Hurricane Florence Discussion Thirty-Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  18. ↑ Avila (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Public Advisory Twenty-One". NHC. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  19. ↑ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Public Advisory Twenty-Four". NHC. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
  20. ↑ Franklin/Mainelli (2006). "Hurricane Florence Public Advisory Twenty-Seven" (PDF). NHC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
  21. ↑ "Tropical storm Florence expected to veer toward Bermuda, away from U.S. coast". Associated Press. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  22. ↑ "Bermuda readies itself as Florence strengthens". Associated Press. 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
  23. ↑ Ewart F. Brown (2006). "Address to the Country: Hurricane Florence" (PDF). Office of the Deputy Premier of Bermuda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
  24. ↑ Knabb/Landsea (2006). "Tropical Storm Florence Public Advisory Twenty-Two". NHC. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  25. ↑ Brown & Pasch (2006). "Hurricane Florence Discussion Thirty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  26. ↑ Blake & Avila (2006). "Hurricane Florence Public Advisory Thirty-Four". NHC. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
  27. ↑ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for South Carolina". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  28. ↑ AP (2006). "Hurricane Florence bashes Bermuda" . Retrieved 2006-09-11.
  29. ↑ Elizabeth Roberts (2006-09-12). "Bermuda dodges Bermuda with no Injuries". AP. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
  30. 1 2 Matthew Taylor (2006-11-09). "Florence causes little damage". Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
  31. ↑ Tim Smith (2006). "Florence-hit Surf Side nearly ready". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
  32. ↑ "Bermuda back in business after brush with Florence". Reuters. 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  33. ↑ Matthew Taylor (2006). "Hurricane Florence brushes past Island". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
  34. 1 2 Fogarty/Boyer (2006). "Post-Tropical Storm Information Statement". Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on 2006-10-02.
  35. ↑ CBC News (2006-09-13). "South coast of Newfoundland bears brunt of Florence" . Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  36. ↑ CBC News (2006-09-14). "Outport rallies after storm destroys family home". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Hurricane Florence
Florence 2006-09-10 1730Z.jpg
Florence approaching Bermuda on September 10
Tropical cyclones of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season
2006 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png

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