| Toxopneustes maculatus | |
|---|---|
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| Toxopneustes maculatus from MNHN collection | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Camarodonta |
| Family: | Toxopneustidae |
| Genus: | Toxopneustes |
| Species: | T. maculatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Toxopneustes maculatus (Lamarck, 1816) | |
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| Synonyms [1] | |
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Toxopneustes maculatus is a rare species of sea urchin found in the Indo-West Pacific. [2]
Toxopneustes maculatus is one of the four species in the genus Toxopneustes . It belongs to the family Toxopneustidae in the order Camarodonta. It was originally described as Echinus maculatus by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1816, in the second book of his Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres series. [1] The generic name Toxopneustes literally means "poison breath", derived from Greek τοξικόν [φάρμακον] (toksikón [phármakon], "arrow [poison]") and πνευστος (pneustos, "breath"). The specific name maculatus means "spotted" in Latin.
The appearance of living specimens is unknown, but like other flower urchins, it probably has prominent pedicellariae. It is only known from empty "shells" (tests). The tests have a distinctive color pattern with a large bright purple blotch around the entirety of the bottom surface as well as a bright blue-violet band around the middle. [3]
Toxopneustes maculatus has a range probably as large as that of the more common Toxopneustes pileolus , but it is exceedingly rare. It is known only from a few specimens recovered from Réunion, Christmas Island, unspecified areas of the Indian Ocean, and the Palmyra Atoll. [3] [4]
Lytechinus variegatus, commonly called the green sea urchin or the variegated sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin that can be found in the warm waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.
Coelopleurus is an extant genus of echinoids with fossil records dating back to the Eocene, with remains found in Europe and North America.
Toxopneustes pileolus, commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and medically significant stings when touched. It inhabits coral reefs, seagrass beds, and rocky or sandy environments at depths of up to 90 m (295 ft). It feeds on algae, bryozoans, and organic detritus.
Toxopneustidae is a family of globular sea urchins in the class Echinoidea.
Acanthocidaris hastigera is a species of sea urchin of the family Cidaridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is in the genus Acanthocidaris and lives in the sea. Acanthocidaris hastingeria was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz & Hubert Lyman Clark.
Aceste ovata is a species of sea urchin of the family Schizasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It came from the genus Aceste and lives in the sea. Aceste ovata was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz & Hubert Lyman Clark.
Aporocidaris fragilis is a species of sea urchin of the family Ctenocidaridae. It is well-armoured with spines. It is placed in the genus Aporocidaris and lives in the sea. Aporocidaris fragilis was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz & Hubert Lyman Clark.
Araeosoma eurypatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. eurypatum was first scientifically described in 1909 by Alexander Agassiz and Hubert Clark.
Araeosoma leptaleum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. leptaleum was first scientifically described in 1909 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz & Hubert Lyman Clark.
Toxopneustes is a genus of sea urchins from the tropical Indo-Pacific. It contains four species. They are known to possess medically significant venom to humans on their pedicellariae. They are sometimes collectively known as flower urchins, after the most widespread and most commonly encountered species in the genus, the flower urchin.
Argopatagus planus is a species of sea urchin of the family Macropneustidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Argopatagus and lives in the sea. Argopatagus planus was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz and Hubert Lyman Clark, American scientists.
Caenopedina pulchella is a species of sea urchins of the family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Caenopedina pulchella was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz and Hubert Lyman Clark.
Centrostephanus asteriscus is a species of sea urchin of the family Diadematidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Centrostephanus asteriscus was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz & Hubert Lyman Clark.
Chaetodiadema pallidum is a species of sea urchins of the Family Diadematidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Chaetodiadema pallidum was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz and Hubert Lyman Clark.
Chondrocidaris brevispina, the raspberry sea urchin, is a species of sea urchins of the family Cidaridae. Their armour is covered with short, conical spines.
Chondrocidaris gigantea, also known as the rough-spined urchin or blade-tipped tiara-urchin, is a species of sea urchin of the family Cidaridae. Chondrocidaris gigantea was first scientifically described in 1863 by Alexander Agassiz.
Toxopneustes roseus is a species of sea urchin from the East Pacific. It is sometimes known as the rose flower urchin or the pink flower urchin. Like the related flower urchin, they are venomous.
Toxopneustes elegans is a species of sea urchin endemic to Japan. Like the closely related flower urchin, they are venomous.
Parechinus angulosus, the Cape urchin, is a sea urchin in the family Parechinidae endemic to southern Africa. It is the only species in the genus Parechinus.