Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron

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Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron
Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron.png
Type Plesiohedron
Johnson solid dual
Faces 6 rhombi
6 trapezoids
Edges 24
Vertices 14
Vertex configuration (2) 4.4.4
(6) 4.4.4.4
(6) 4.4.4
Symmetry group D3h, [3,2], (*322), order 12
Rotation group D3, [3,2]+, (322), order 6
Dual polyhedron Triangular orthobicupola
Properties convex
Net
Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron flat.png
Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron-concave.png
Concave configuration

In geometry, the trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron or rhombo-trapezoidal dodecahedron is a convex dodecahedron with 6 rhombic and 6 trapezoidal faces. It has D3h symmetry. A concave form can be constructed with an identical net, seen as excavating trigonal trapezohedra from the top and bottom. It is also called the trapezoidal dodecahedron. [1]

Contents

Construction

This polyhedron could be constructed by taking a tall uniform hexagonal prism, and making 3 angled cuts on the top and bottom. The trapezoids represent what remains of the original prism sides, and the 6 rhombi a result of the top and bottom cuts.

Space-filling tessellation

A space-filling tessellation, the trapezo-rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb, can be made by translated copies of this cell. Each "layer" is a hexagonal tiling, or a rhombille tiling, and alternate layers are connected by shifting their centers and rotating each polyhedron so the rhombic faces match up.

Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron honeycomb.png : Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron-concave honeycomb.png

In the special case that the long sides of the trapezoids equals twice the length of the short sides, the solid now represents the 3D Voronoi cell of a sphere in a hexagonal close packing, next to face-centered cubic an optimal way to stack spheres in a lattice. It is therefore related to the rhombic dodecahedron, which can be represented by turning the lower half of the picture at right over an angle of 60 degrees. The rhombic dodecahedron is a Voronoi cell of the other optimal way to stack spheres. The two shapes differ in their combinatorial structure as well as in their geometry: in the rhombic dodecahedron, every edge connects a degree-three vertex to a degree-four vertex, whereas the trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron has six edges that connect vertices of equal degrees.

As the Voronoi cell of a regular space pattern, it is a plesiohedron. It is the polyhedral dual of the triangular orthobicupola.

Variations

The trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron can be seen as an elongation of another dodecahedron, which can be called a rhombo-triangular dodecahedron, with 6 rhombi (or squares) and 6 triangles. It also has d3h symmetry and is space-filling. It has 21 edges and 11 vertices. With square faces it can be seen as a cube split across the 3-fold axis, separated with the two halves rotated 180 degrees, and filling the gaps with triangles. When used as a space-filler, connecting dodecahedra on their triangles leaves two cubical step surfaces on the top and bottom which can connect with complementary steps.

Triangular square dodecahedron.png Triangular square dodecahedron net.png

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. Lagarias, Jeffrey C. (2011). "The Kepler conjecture and its proof". The Kepler Conjecture: The Hales–Ferguson proof. Springer, New York. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1129-1_1. MR   3050907.; see especially p. 11

Further reading