Cube

Last updated
Regular hexahedron
Hexahedron.jpg
(Click here for rotating model)
Type Platonic solid
Elements F = 6, E = 12
V = 8 (χ = 2)
Faces by sides6{4}
Conway notation C
Schläfli symbols {4,3}
t{2,4} or {4}×{}
tr{2,2}
{}×{}×{} = {}3
Face configuration V3.3.3.3
Wythoff symbol 3 | 2 4
Coxeter diagram CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
Symmetry Oh, B3, [4,3], (*432)
Rotation group O, [4,3]+, (432)
References U 06, C 18, W 3
Properties regular, convex zonohedron, Hanner polytope
Dihedral angle 90°
Cube vertfig.png
4.4.4
(Vertex figure)
Octahedron.png
Octahedron
(dual polyhedron)
Hexahedron flat color.svg
Net
3D model of a cube Hexahedron.stl
3D model of a cube

In geometry, a cube [lower-alpha 1] is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets, or sides, with three meeting at each vertex. Viewed from a corner, it is a hexagon and its net is usually depicted as a cross. [1]

Contents

The cube is the only regular hexahedron and is one of the five Platonic solids. It has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

The cube is also a square parallelepiped, an equilateral cuboid, a right rhombohedron, and a 3-zonohedron. It is a regular square prism in three orientations, and a trigonal trapezohedron in four orientations.

The cube is dual to the octahedron. It has cubical or octahedral symmetry, and is the only convex polyhedron whose faces are all squares. Its generalization for higher-dimensional spaces is called a hypercube .

Orthogonal projections

The cube has four special orthogonal projections, centered, on a vertex, edges, face and normal to its vertex figure. The first and third correspond to the A2 and B2 Coxeter planes.

Orthogonal projections
Centered byFaceVertex
Coxeter planesB2
2-cube.svg
A2
3-cube t0.svg
Projective
symmetry
[4][6]
Tilted views Cube t0 e.png Cube t0 fb.png

Spherical tiling

The cube can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

Uniform tiling 432-t0.png Cube stereographic projection.svg
Orthographic projection Stereographic projection

Cartesian coordinates

For a cube centered at the origin, with edges parallel to the axes and with an edge length of 2, the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are

(±1, ±1, ±1)

while the interior consists of all points (x0, x1, x2) with −1 < xi < 1 for all i.

As a configuration

This configuration matrix represents the cube. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, and faces. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole cube. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. [2] For example, the 2 in the first column of the middle row indicates that there are 2 vertices in (i.e., at the extremes of) each edge; the 3 in the middle column of the first row indicates that 3 edges meet at each vertex.

Equation in three dimensional space

In analytic geometry, a cube's surface with center (x0, y0, z0) and edge length of 2a is the locus of all points (x, y, z) such that

A cube can also be considered the limiting case of a 3D superellipsoid as all three exponents approach infinity.

Formulas

For a cube of edge length :

surface area volume
face diagonal space diagonal
radius of circumscribed sphere radius of sphere tangent to edges
radius of inscribed sphere angles between faces (in radians)

As the volume of a cube is the third power of its sides , third powers are called cubes , by analogy with squares and second powers.

A cube has the largest volume among cuboids (rectangular boxes) with a given surface area. Also, a cube has the largest volume among cuboids with the same total linear size (length+width+height).

Point in space

For a cube whose circumscribing sphere has radius R, and for a given point in its 3-dimensional space with distances di from the cube's eight vertices, we have: [3]

Doubling the cube

Doubling the cube, or the Delian problem, was the problem posed by ancient Greek mathematicians of using only a compass and straightedge to start with the length of the edge of a given cube and to construct the length of the edge of a cube with twice the volume of the original cube. They were unable to solve this problem, which in 1837 Pierre Wantzel proved it to be impossible because the cube root of 2 is not a constructible number.

Uniform colorings and symmetry

Octahedral symmetry tree Octahedral subgroup tree.png
Octahedral symmetry tree

The cube has three uniform colorings, named by the unique colors of the square faces around each vertex: 111, 112, 123.

The cube has four classes of symmetry, which can be represented by vertex-transitive coloring the faces. The highest octahedral symmetry Oh has all the faces the same color. The dihedral symmetry D4h comes from the cube being a solid, with all the six sides being different colors. The prismatic subsets D2d has the same coloring as the previous one and D2h has alternating colors for its sides for a total of three colors, paired by opposite sides. Each symmetry form has a different Wythoff symbol.

NameRegular
hexahedron
Square prismRectangular
trapezoprism
Rectangular
cuboid
Rhombic
prism
Trigonal
trapezohedron
Coxeter
diagram
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node h.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.png
Schläfli
symbol
{4,3}{4}×{ }
rr{4,2}
s2{2,4}{ }3
tr{2,2}
{ }×2{ }
Wythoff
symbol
3 | 4 24 2 | 22 2 2 |
Symmetry Oh
[4,3]
(*432)
D4h
[4,2]
(*422)
D2d
[4,2+]
(2*2)
D2h
[2,2]
(*222)
D3d
[6,2+]
(2*3)
Symmetry
order
24168812
Image
(uniform
coloring)
Hexahedron.png
(111)
Tetragonal prism.png
(112)
Cube rotorotational symmetry.png
(112)
Uniform polyhedron 222-t012.png
(123)
Cube rhombic symmetry.png
(112)
Trigonal trapezohedron.png
(111), (112)

Geometric relations

The 11 nets of the cube The 11 cubic nets.svg
The 11 nets of the cube
Net of a cube folding into 3 dimensions Cubo desarrollo.gif
Net of a cube folding into 3 dimensions

A cube has eleven nets: that is, there are eleven ways to flatten a hollow cube by cutting seven edges. [4] To color the cube so that no two adjacent faces have the same color, one would need at least three colors.

The cube is the cell of the only regular tiling of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is also unique among the Platonic solids in having faces with an even number of sides and, consequently, it is the only member of that group that is a zonohedron (every face has point symmetry).

The cube can be cut into six identical square pyramids. If these square pyramids are then attached to the faces of a second cube, a rhombic dodecahedron is obtained (with pairs of coplanar triangles combined into rhombic faces).

In theology

Cubes appear in Abrahamic religions. The Kaaba (Arabic for 'cube') in Mecca is one example. Cubes also appear in Judaism as tefillin, and the New Jerusalem is described in the New Testament as a cube. [5]

Other dimensions

The analogue of a cube in four-dimensional Euclidean space has a special name—a tesseract or hypercube. More properly, a hypercube (or n-dimensional cube or simply n-cube) is the analogue of the cube in n-dimensional Euclidean space and a tesseract is the order-4 hypercube. A hypercube is also called a measure polytope.

There are analogues of the cube in lower dimensions too: a point in dimension 0, a line segment in one dimension and a square in two dimensions.

The dual of a cube is an octahedron, seen here with vertices at the center of the cube's square faces. Dual Cube-Octahedron.svg
The dual of a cube is an octahedron, seen here with vertices at the center of the cube's square faces.
The hemicube is the 2-to-1 quotient of the cube. Hemicube.svg
The hemicube is the 2-to-1 quotient of the cube.

The quotient of the cube by the antipodal map yields a projective polyhedron, the hemicube.

If the original cube has edge length 1, its dual polyhedron (an octahedron) has edge length .

The cube is a special case in various classes of general polyhedra:

NameEqual edge-lengths?Equal angles?Right angles?
CubeYesYesYes
Rhombohedron YesYesNo
Cuboid NoYesYes
Parallelepiped NoYesNo
quadrilaterally faced hexahedronNoNoNo

The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron; more generally this is referred to as a demicube. These two together form a regular compound, the stella octangula. The intersection of the two forms a regular octahedron. The symmetries of a regular tetrahedron correspond to those of a cube which map each tetrahedron to itself; the other symmetries of the cube map the two to each other.

One such regular tetrahedron has a volume of 1/3 of that of the cube. The remaining space consists of four equal irregular tetrahedra with a volume of 1/6 of that of the cube, each.

The rectified cube is the cuboctahedron. If smaller corners are cut off we get a polyhedron with six octagonal faces and eight triangular ones. In particular we can get regular octagons (truncated cube). The rhombicuboctahedron is obtained by cutting off both corners and edges to the correct amount.

A cube can be inscribed in a dodecahedron so that each vertex of the cube is a vertex of the dodecahedron and each edge is a diagonal of one of the dodecahedron's faces; taking all such cubes gives rise to the regular compound of five cubes.

If two opposite corners of a cube are truncated at the depth of the three vertices directly connected to them, an irregular octahedron is obtained. Eight of these irregular octahedra can be attached to the triangular faces of a regular octahedron to obtain the cuboctahedron.

The cube is topologically related to a series of spherical polyhedral and tilings with order-3 vertex figures.

*n32 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {n,3}
Spherical Euclidean Compact hyperb.Paraco.Noncompact hyperbolic
Spherical trigonal hosohedron.svg Uniform tiling 332-t0.png Uniform tiling 432-t0.png Uniform tiling 532-t0.png Uniform polyhedron-63-t0.png Heptagonal tiling.svg H2-8-3-dual.svg H2-I-3-dual.svg H2 tiling 23j12-1.png H2 tiling 23j9-1.png H2 tiling 23j6-1.png H2 tiling 23j3-1.png
{2,3} {3,3} {4,3} {5,3} {6,3} {7,3} {8,3} {∞,3} {12i,3}{9i,3}{6i,3}{3i,3}

The cuboctahedron is one of a family of uniform polyhedra related to the cube and regular octahedron.

Uniform octahedral polyhedra
Symmetry: [4,3], (*432) [4,3]+
(432)
[1+,4,3] = [3,3]
(*332)
[3+,4]
(3*2)
{4,3} t{4,3} r{4,3}
r{31,1}
t{3,4}
t{31,1}
{3,4}
{31,1}
rr{4,3}
s2{3,4}
tr{4,3} sr{4,3} h{4,3}
{3,3}
h2{4,3}
t{3,3}
s{3,4}
s{31,1}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node h0.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
= CDel nodes 11.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png
CDel node h0.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
= CDel nodes 11.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.png
CDel node h0.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
= CDel nodes.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png =
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png or CDel nodes 01rd.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png
CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png =
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.png or CDel nodes 01rd.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.png
CDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h0.png =
CDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t0.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t01.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t1.svg
Uniform polyhedron-33-t02.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg
Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t2.svg
Uniform polyhedron-33-t1.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t02.png
Rhombicuboctahedron uniform edge coloring.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t012.png Uniform polyhedron-43-s012.png Uniform polyhedron-33-t0.png Uniform polyhedron-33-t2.png Uniform polyhedron-33-t01.png Uniform polyhedron-33-t12.png Uniform polyhedron-43-h01.svg
Uniform polyhedron-33-s012.svg
Duals to uniform polyhedra
V43 V3.82 V(3.4)2 V4.62 V34 V3.43 V4.6.8 V34.4 V33 V3.62 V35
CDel node f1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node f1.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.png
Octahedron.svg Triakisoctahedron.jpg Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg Tetrakishexahedron.jpg Hexahedron.svg Deltoidalicositetrahedron.jpg Disdyakisdodecahedron.jpg Pentagonalicositetrahedronccw.jpg Tetrahedron.svg Triakistetrahedron.jpg Dodecahedron.svg

The cube is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular tilings, extending into the hyperbolic plane: {4,p}, p=3,4,5...

*n42 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {4,n}
SphericalEuclideanCompact hyperbolicParacompact
Uniform tiling 432-t0.png
{4,3}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
Uniform tiling 44-t0.svg
{4,4}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
H2-5-4-primal.svg
{4,5}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.png
H2 tiling 246-4.png
{4,6}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.png
H2 tiling 247-4.png
{4,7}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 7.pngCDel node.png
H2 tiling 248-4.png
{4,8}...
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 8.pngCDel node.png
H2 tiling 24i-4.png
{4,}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel infin.pngCDel node.png

With dihedral symmetry, Dih4, the cube is topologically related in a series of uniform polyhedral and tilings 4.2n.2n, extending into the hyperbolic plane:

*n42 symmetry mutation of truncated tilings: 4.2n.2n
Symmetry
*n42
[n,4]
Spherical Euclidean Compact hyperbolicParacomp.
*242
[2,4]
*342
[3,4]
*442
[4,4]
*542
[5,4]
*642
[6,4]
*742
[7,4]
*842
[8,4]...
*42
[,4]
Truncated
figures
Spherical square prism.svg Uniform tiling 432-t12.png Uniform tiling 44-t01.png H2-5-4-trunc-dual.svg H2 tiling 246-3.png H2 tiling 247-3.png H2 tiling 248-3.png H2 tiling 24i-3.png
Config. 4.4.4 4.6.6 4.8.8 4.10.10 4.12.12 4.14.14 4.16.16 4..
n-kis
figures
Spherical square bipyramid.svg Spherical tetrakis hexahedron.svg 1-uniform 2 dual.svg H2-5-4-kis-primal.svg Order-6 tetrakis square tiling.png Hyperbolic domains 772.png Order-8 tetrakis square tiling.png H2checkers 2ii.png
Config. V4.4.4 V4.6.6 V4.8.8 V4.10.10V4.12.12V4.14.14V4.16.16V4..

All these figures have octahedral symmetry.

The cube is a part of a sequence of rhombic polyhedra and tilings with [n,3] Coxeter group symmetry. The cube can be seen as a rhombic hexahedron where the rhombi are squares.

Symmetry mutations of dual quasiregular tilings: V(3.n)2
*n32 Spherical EuclideanHyperbolic
*332*432*532*632*732*832...*32
Tiling Uniform tiling 432-t0.png Spherical rhombic dodecahedron.png Spherical rhombic triacontahedron.png Rhombic star tiling.png 7-3 rhombille tiling.svg H2-8-3-rhombic.svg Ord3infin qreg rhombic til.png
Conf. V(3.3)2 V(3.4)2 V(3.5)2 V(3.6)2 V(3.7)2 V(3.8)2 V(3.)2

The cube is a square prism:

Family of uniform n-gonal prisms
Prism name Digonal prism (Trigonal)
Triangular prism
(Tetragonal)
Square prism
Pentagonal prism Hexagonal prism Heptagonal prism Octagonal prism Enneagonal prism Decagonal prism Hendecagonal prism Dodecagonal prism ... Apeirogonal prism
Polyhedron image Yellow square.gif Triangular prism.png Tetragonal prism.png Pentagonal prism.png Hexagonal prism.png Prism 7.png Octagonal prism.png Prism 9.png Decagonal prism.png Hendecagonal prism.png Dodecagonal prism.png ...
Spherical tiling image Spherical digonal prism.svg Spherical triangular prism.svg Spherical square prism.svg Spherical pentagonal prism.svg Spherical hexagonal prism.svg Spherical heptagonal prism.svg Spherical octagonal prism.svg Spherical decagonal prism.svg Plane tiling image Infinite prism.svg
Vertex config. 2.4.43.4.44.4.45.4.46.4.47.4.48.4.49.4.410.4.411.4.412.4.4...∞.4.4
Coxeter diagram CDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 7.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 8.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 9.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 10.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 11.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 12.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png...CDel node 1.pngCDel infin.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png

As a trigonal trapezohedron, the cube is related to the hexagonal dihedral symmetry family.

Uniform hexagonal dihedral spherical polyhedra
Symmetry: [6,2], (*622)[6,2]+, (622)[6,2+], (2*3)
Hexagonal dihedron.png Dodecagonal dihedron.png Hexagonal dihedron.png Spherical hexagonal prism.svg Spherical hexagonal hosohedron.svg Spherical truncated trigonal prism.png Spherical dodecagonal prism2.png Spherical hexagonal antiprism.svg Spherical trigonal antiprism.svg
CDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node h.pngCDel node.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node h.png
{6,2} t{6,2} r{6,2} t{2,6} {2,6} rr{6,2} tr{6,2} sr{6,2} s{2,6}
Duals to uniforms
Spherical hexagonal hosohedron.svg Spherical dodecagonal hosohedron.svg Spherical hexagonal hosohedron.svg Spherical hexagonal bipyramid.svg Hexagonal dihedron.png Spherical hexagonal bipyramid.svg Spherical dodecagonal bipyramid.svg Spherical hexagonal trapezohedron.svg Spherical trigonal trapezohedron.svg
V62 V122 V62 V4.4.6 V26 V4.4.6 V4.4.12 V3.3.3.6 V3.3.3.3
Regular and uniform compounds of cubes
UC08-3 cubes.png
Compound of three cubes
Compound of five cubes.png
Compound of five cubes

In uniform honeycombs and polychora

It is an element of 9 of 28 convex uniform honeycombs:

Cubic honeycomb
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel infin.pngCDel node.png
Truncated square prismatic honeycomb
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel infin.pngCDel node.png
Snub square prismatic honeycomb
CDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel infin.pngCDel node.png
Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb
Partial cubic honeycomb.png Truncated square prismatic honeycomb.png Snub square prismatic honeycomb.png Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb.png Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb.png
Cantellated cubic honeycomb
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png
Cantitruncated cubic honeycomb
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png
Runcitruncated cubic honeycomb
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png
Runcinated alternated cubic honeycomb
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png
HC A5-A3-P2.png HC A6-A4-P2.png HC A5-A2-P2-Pr8.png HC A5-P2-P1.png

It is also an element of five four-dimensional uniform polychora:

Tesseract
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png
Cantellated 16-cell
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
Runcinated tesseract
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
Cantitruncated 16-cell
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
Runcitruncated 16-cell
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png
4-cube t0.svg 24-cell t1 B4.svg 4-cube t03.svg 4-cube t123.svg 4-cube t023.svg

Cubical graph

Cubical graph
3-cube column graph.svg
Named after Q3
Vertices 8
Edges 12
Radius 3
Diameter 3
Girth 4
Automorphisms 48
Chromatic number 2
Properties Hamiltonian, regular, symmetric, distance-regular, distance-transitive, 3-vertex-connected, bipartite, planar graph
Table of graphs and parameters

The skeleton of the cube (the vertices and edges) forms a graph with 8 vertices and 12 edges, called the cube graph. It is a special case of the hypercube graph. [6] It is one of 5 Platonic graphs, each a skeleton of its Platonic solid.

An extension is the three dimensional k-ARY Hamming graph, which for k = 2 is the cube graph. Graphs of this sort occur in the theory of parallel processing in computers.

See also

Notes

  1. from Latin cubus, from Greek κύβος (kubos) 'a cube, a die, vertebra'. In turn from Proto-Indo-European *keu(b)-, "to bend, turn".

Related Research Articles

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A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e. an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral.

In geometry, a dodecahedron or duodecahedron is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron with regular pentagons as faces, which is a Platonic solid. There are also three regular star dodecahedra, which are constructed as stellations of the convex form. All of these have icosahedral symmetry, order 120.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octahedron</span> Polyhedron with eight triangular faces

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In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent regular polygons, and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhombicuboctahedron</span> Archimedean solid with 26 faces

In geometry, the rhombicuboctahedron, or small rhombicuboctahedron, is a polyhedron with eight triangular, six square, and twelve rectangular faces. There are 24 identical vertices, with one triangle, one square, and two rectangles meeting at each one. If all the rectangles are themselves square, it is an Archimedean solid. The polyhedron has octahedral symmetry, like the cube and octahedron. Its dual is called the deltoidal icositetrahedron or trapezoidal icositetrahedron, although its faces are not really true trapezoids.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated cuboctahedron</span> Archimedean solid in geometry

In geometry, the truncated cuboctahedron or great rhombicuboctahedron is an Archimedean solid, named by Kepler as a truncation of a cuboctahedron. It has 12 square faces, 8 regular hexagonal faces, 6 regular octagonal faces, 48 vertices, and 72 edges. Since each of its faces has point symmetry, the truncated cuboctahedron is a 9-zonohedron. The truncated cuboctahedron can tessellate with the octagonal prism.

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In geometry, Conway polyhedron notation, invented by John Horton Conway and promoted by George W. Hart, is used to describe polyhedra based on a seed polyhedron modified by various prefix operations.

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A regular dodecahedron or pentagonal dodecahedron is a dodecahedron that is regular, which is composed of 12 regular pentagonal faces, three meeting at each vertex. It is one of the five Platonic solids. It has 12 faces, 20 vertices, 30 edges, and 160 diagonals. It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {5,3}.

In geometry, a quasiregular polyhedron is a uniform polyhedron that has exactly two kinds of regular faces, which alternate around each vertex. They are vertex-transitive and edge-transitive, hence a step closer to regular polyhedra than the semiregular, which are merely vertex-transitive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamfer (geometry)</span> Geometric operation which truncates the edges of polyhedra

In geometry, chamfering or edge-truncation is a topological operator that modifies one polyhedron into another. It is similar to expansion, moving faces apart and outward, but also maintains the original vertices. For polyhedra, this operation adds a new hexagonal face in place of each original edge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icosahedron</span> Polyhedron with 20 faces

In geometry, an icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes from Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi) 'twenty', and ἕδρα (hédra) 'seat'. The plural can be either "icosahedra" or "icosahedrons".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ideal polyhedron</span> Shape in hyperbolic geometry

In three-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, an ideal polyhedron is a convex polyhedron all of whose vertices are ideal points, points "at infinity" rather than interior to three-dimensional hyperbolic space. It can be defined as the convex hull of a finite set of ideal points. An ideal polyhedron has ideal polygons as its faces, meeting along lines of the hyperbolic space.

References

  1. "Nets of a Solids | Geometry |Nets of a Cube |Nets of a Cone & Cylinder".
  2. Coxeter 1973, p. 12, §1.8 Configurations.
  3. Park, Poo-Sung. "Regular polytope distances", Forum Geometricorum 16, 2016, 227-232. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201627.pdf Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Uehara, Ryuhei (2020). "Figure 1.1". Introduction to Computational Origami: The World of New Computational Geometry. Singapore: Springer. p. 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4470-5. ISBN   978-981-15-4469-9. MR   4215620. S2CID   220150682.
  5. "Symbolism of the Cube • Eve Out of the Garden". 30 October 2020.
  6. Harary, Frank; Hayes, John P.; Wu, Horng-Jyh (1988). "A survey of the theory of hypercube graphs" (PDF). Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 15 (4): 277–289. doi:10.1016/0898-1221(88)90213-1. hdl: 2027.42/27522 . MR   0949280.

Works cited

Family An Bn I2(p) / Dn E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2 Hn
Regular polygon Triangle Square p-gon Hexagon Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron OctahedronCube Demicube DodecahedronIcosahedron
Uniform polychoron Pentachoron 16-cellTesseract Demitesseract 24-cell 120-cell600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope 5-simplex 5-orthoplex5-cube 5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope 6-simplex 6-orthoplex6-cube 6-demicube 122221
Uniform 7-polytope 7-simplex 7-orthoplex7-cube 7-demicube 132231321
Uniform 8-polytope 8-simplex 8-orthoplex8-cube 8-demicube 142241421
Uniform 9-polytope 9-simplex 9-orthoplex9-cube 9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope 10-simplex 10-orthoplex10-cube 10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope n-simplex n-orthoplexn-cube n-demicube 1k22k1k21 n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope familiesRegular polytopeList of regular polytopes and compounds