Triatoma sordida

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Triatoma sordida
T. sordida.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Reduviidae
Genus: Triatoma
Species:
T. sordida
Binomial name
Triatoma sordida
(Stål, 1859)

Triatoma sordida is an assassin bug (Family Reduviidae) within the genus Triatoma . [1] This species consists of three subspecies. Also referred to as kissing bugs , T.sordida are most well known for their role as a secondary vector of Chagas Disease. [2] Inhabiting warm, dry climates, T.sordida are widely distributed throughout South America, occupying houses, farming structures, and wild habitats. [1] [3] Pest control is currently focused on insecticide application. [4] However, biological controls utilizing fungi appear promising. [5]

Contents

Phylogeny

The genus Triatoma currently consists of eight complexes and nine subcomplexes. [1] T. sordida belongs to the T.sordida subcomplex, which consists of six species. [1] Within the T. sordida subcomplex, there are three variants of T. sordida species, T. sordida sensu stricto, T. sordida La Paz and T. sordida Argentina. [1] [6] The former, may be found in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, while T. sordida Argentina can be found in its namesake geographical region. [1] [7]

Figure 1. T. sordida Argentina (left) and T. sordida sensu stricto (right) Two Species of T.sordida within the T. sordida subcomplex.png
Figure 1. T. sordida Argentina (left) and T. sordida sensu stricto (right)

Reproduction and life cycle

The dispersal ability of this species increases the difficulty in which reproduction can be studied. However, researchers understand that females are inseminated by male counterparts, then females choose a suitable location for oviposition. [9] The eggs then incubate for approximately 23 days, emerging as first instar nymphs at approximately 24 days. [2] The average life cycle of T. sordida from egg to adult is approximately 213 days, consisting of the egg stage, five nymphal stages, and the adult stage. [2] T. sordida are hemimetabolous and reproduce many times per lifetime. [9] [10]

Morphology

General

Triatoma sordida have sucking mouthparts used to gain external access to their blood host and two sets of membranous, overlapping wings. In addition, stridulation, or sound production, may be achieved by rubbing the proboscis against a grooved organ located on its ventral surface adjacent to the head. [10] [11] Sexual dimorphism is noted in this species, as males and females differ in sensilla pattern on their antennae and females are often longer. [12] [13]

Female external reproductive anatomy

Figure 2. T. sordida sensu stricto Female T. sordida Female.png
Figure 2. T. sordida sensu stricto Female

Little work has been dedicated to the characterization of female genitals, as it was incorrectly thought that the structures were not pertinent to species identification. [14] Although, recent work utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology, has allowed researchers to photograph and characterize external anatomy to assist in species identification. [7] When viewed from above, the female genitals of Triatoma sordida sensu stricto take a trapezoidal shape (Figure 3). When examining the last-most segment, near the posterior portion of the genitals, a rounded shape is taken. However, when viewed from behind, this same structure appears almost circular.

Figure 3. SEM photograph of female T. sordida external genitals T. Sordida Female Genetalia.png
Figure 3. SEM photograph of female T. sordida external genitals

Male internal reproductive anatomy

The male internal reproductive components generally consist of two systems, the reproductive and accessory reproductive organs. [13] The former, include seminal vesicles and the testis, where sperm is held, while the latter consists of four glands that connect to the seminal vesicle.

Habitat

Individuals of this subcomplex may be found in wild, domestic, and peridomestic habitats. [3] Species within T. sordida have a large geographical range which they inhabit, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. [1] [7] There is noted preference for hot, dry climates, with organisms of this species occupying dead, dried out trees, chicken coops, and rural houses. [3] [7] [15]

Vectors of disease

The Triatoma genera are important vectors of Chagas Disease, transmitting the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi via their frass. [3] [16] When bitten, it is common that a person will accidentally smear the feces into the open wound. [16] However, transmission is possible through blood products, vertical transmission, and contaminated food. [16]

Due to its frequent occurrence with avian hosts, it was believed that T. sordida prefer such. [3] However, studies confirm the species' preference for mammalian hosts. [3] [17] Although, it was found that individuals who fed on Avian hosts lived longer, this perceived cost is outweighed by the fitness benefits of mammalian blood, as females who fed on mouse blood had higher fecundity. [17]

Control

Laboratory studies confirm the success of a pyrethroid insecticide, called deltamethrin, as a control for T. sordida, as long as the treatment is applied twice. [4] The efficacy of insecticides targeted toward T. infestans on T. sordida has also been tested, proving a decrement to T. sordida populations. [18] However, shortly thereafter T. sordida populations recovered. As a result of findings of a new fungal species of Evlachovaea on deceased Triatoma sordida, researchers investigated the viability of this fungi as a biological control agent. [5] Their findings suggest that Evlachovaea can increase mortality of third-instar Triatoma sordida nymphs, but only if humidity is favourable to fungal production.

Related Research Articles

<i>Triatoma protracta</i> Blood-sucking bug, spreading disease

Triatoma protracta is a species of any mid sized insect in the family Reduviidae. It is known commonly as the western bloodsucking conenose. It is distributed in the western United States and Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reduviidae</span> Family of insects

The Reduviidae is a large cosmopolitan family of the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera. Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators; most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main examples of nonpredatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable; they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and a formidable curved proboscis. Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triatominae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

The members of the Triatominae, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, or vampire bugs. Other local names for them used in the Americas include barbeiros, vinchucas, pitos, chipos and chinches. Most of the 130 or more species of this subfamily feed on vertebrate blood; a very small portion of species feed on invertebrates. They are mainly found and widespread in the Americas, with a few species present in Asia and Africa. These bugs usually share shelter with nesting vertebrates, from which they suck blood. In areas where Chagas disease occurs, all triatomine species are potential vectors of the Chagas disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, but only those species that are well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors. Also, proteins released from their bites have been known to induce anaphylaxis in sensitive and sensitized individuals.

<i>Triatoma infestans</i> Blood-sucking bug that spreads disease

Triatoma infestans, commonly called winchuka or vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and Chile, barbeiro in Brazil, chipo in Venezuela and also known as "kissing bug" or "barber bug" in English, is a blood-sucking bug and the most important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi which can lead to Chagas disease. It is widespread in the Southern Cone countries of South America. This region has joined the control intervention called Southern Cone Initiative managed by the PAHO.

<i>Triatoma</i> Genus of true bugs

Triatoma is a genus of assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae. The members of Triatoma are blood-sucking insects that can transmit serious diseases, such as Chagas disease. Their saliva may also trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, up to and including severe anaphylactic shock.

<i>Rhodnius</i> Genus of true bugs

Rhodnius is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae, and is an important vector in the spread of Chagas disease. The Rhodnius species were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.

<i>Panstrongylus geniculatus</i> Species of true bug

Panstrogylus geniculatus is a blood-sucking sylvatic insect noted as a putative vector of minor importance in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans; this is a parasite, which causes Chagas disease. The insect is described as sylvatic; subsisting primarily in humid forests, and is also known to inhabit vertebrate nesting places such as those of the armadillo, and is also involved in enzootic transmission of T. cruzi to those species. It has wide distribution throughout 16 Latin American countries.

<i>Triatoma nigromaculata</i> Species of true bug

Triatoma nigromaculata is a sylvatic species of insect usually found in hollow trees, in vertebrate nests on trees and occasionally in human dwellings. It usually lives in relatively humid forests at high altitudes on mountain regions and foot hills. As all members of the subfamily Triatominae, T. nigromaculata is a blood-sucking bug and a potential vector of Chagas disease. This species is distributed mainly in Venezuela, but some specimens have also been found in Perú and Colombia (Cauca).

Triatoma melanica is a hematophagous insect, a Chagas disease vector, included in the Triatominae group. It occurs in the north of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and is found almost exclusively in silvatic environment. However, sporadically it may also invade houses. T. melanica was originally described as Triatoma brasiliensis melanica Neiva & Lent, 1941. Recently, it was redescribed with a new specific status, due to its distinct morphology, genetics, and biogeographic characteristics.

<i>Triatoma brasiliensis</i> Species of true bug

Triatoma brasiliensis is now considered the most important Chagas disease vector in the semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil. T. brasiliensis occurs in 12 Brazilian states, including Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba.

Triatoma juazeirensis is an assassin bug, a Chagas disease vector which occurs in the State of Bahia, Brazil. It is found in natural and artificial environments infesting mainly the peridomiciliary areas but it may also colonize the intradomicile. T. juazeirensis can be distinguished from the other members of the brasiliensis complex by its entire dark pronotum and legs.

<i>Triatoma rubrovaria</i> Species of true bug

Triatoma rubrovaria is a species of triatomine that is ubiquitous to Uruguay, neighboring parts of northeastern Argentina, and in the southern states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It was earlier reported as T. (triatoma) rubrovaria, a sylvatic species believed to be a highly competent vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease.

Rhodnius nasutus is a Chagas disease vector native to the northeast of Brazil. It belongs to the family Reduviidae and subfamily Triatominae, which are commonly known as "kissing bugs" or "assassin bugs". They are considered a highly important species concerning the infectious Chagas disease as they carry the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that can be transmitted to the blood of mammals, including humans. This disease is an important issue in Brazil and central America due to the large number of Rhodnius species inhabiting these areas, however in recent efforts to reduce human infection, multiple variations of pesticides have dramatically reduced Triatomine populations. Therefore, the understanding and knowledge of Rhodnius nasutus greatly benefits our efforts in reducing life threatening infections.

Triatoma platensis is an ornitophilic species of triatomine in the family Reduviidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

<i>Triatoma gerstaeckeri</i> Species of true bug

Triatoma gerstaeckeri is an assassin bug in the genus Triatoma. It is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The range of T. gerstaeckeri is from the south-western United States to north-eastern Mexico. T. gerstaeckeri goes through three stages during its paurometabolous life cycle: egg, nymphal instars and adult.

Triatoma virus (TrV) is a virus belonging to the insect virus family Dicistroviridae. Within this family, there are currently 3 genera and 15 species of virus. Triatoma virus belongs to the genus Cripavirus. It is non-enveloped and its genetic material is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. The natural hosts of triatoma virus are invertebrates. TrV is a known pathogen to Triatoma infestans, the major vector of Chagas disease in Argentina which makes triatoma virus a major candidate for biological vector control as opposed to chemical insecticides. Triatoma virus was first discovered in 1984 when a survey of pathogens of triatomes was conducted in the hopes of finding potential biological control methods for T. infestans.

<i>Triatoma lecticularia</i> Species of true bug

Triatoma lecticularia is a species of kissing bug in the family Reduviidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Triatoma recurva is a species of kissing bug in the family Reduviidae. It is found in Central America and North America. Like all of the kissing bugs in the genus Triatoma, it is an obligate blood feeder that primarily targets vertebrates. However, individuals can consume the hemolymph of arthropods, and can develop to maturity on a diet consisting entirely of cockroaches.

<i>Linshcosteus</i> Genus of true bugs

Linshcosteus is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae. It is the only genus of Triatomines restricted to the Old World within the mostly Neotropical subfamily Triatominae and consists of six species restricted to peninsular India. Within the Triatominae, the genus is differentiated by the lack of a prosternal stridulatory furrow and a short rostrum that does not reach the prosternum. Adults feed on vertebrate blood.

<i>Panstrongylus megistus</i> Species of blood-drinking insect

Panstrongylus megistus is a blood-drinking insect in the subfamily Triatominae. It is found in the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. It is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, found particularly in Brazil. Besides humans, P. megistus is known to feed on birds, rodents, horses, dogs, opossums and bats.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Belintani, T., Oliveira, J., Pinotti, H., Silva, L. A., Alevi, K. C. C., Galvão, C., and Aristeu da Rosa, J. (2020). Phylogenetic and Phenotypic Relationships of the Triatoma sordida subcomplex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Acta Tropica. 212: 1-10.
  2. 1 2 3 Mello, D. A. (1976). Biology of Triatominae (Reduviidae Hemiptera) from North of Formosa County (Goiás-Brazil) I. Length of life cycle of Triatoma sordida (Stal. 1859). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 10: 327-331.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crocco, L. and Catalá, S. (1997). Host Preferences of Triatoma sordida. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 91:8: 927-930.
  4. 1 2 Pessoa, G. C. D., Pinheiro, L. C., Ferraz, M. L., Vaz de Mello, B., and Diotaiuti, L. (2015). Standardization of Laboratory Bioassays for the Study of Triatoma sordida Susceptibility to Pyrethroid Insecticides. Parasites & Vectors. 8:1-5.
  5. 1 2 Luz, C., Rocha, L. F. N., and Humber, R. A. (2003). Record of Evlachovaea sp. (Hyphomycetes) on Triatoma sordida in the State of Goia´s, Brazil, and Its Activity Against Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae, Triatominae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 40: 451-454.
  6. ↑ Madeira, F. F., Delgado, L. M. G., Bittinelli, I. D. F., Oliveira, J. D., Ravazi, A., Visinho dos Reis, Y., Bortolozo de Oliveira, A. B., Cristal, D. C., Galvao, C., Vilela de Azeredo‑Oliveira, M. T., Aristeu da Rosa, J., and Alevi, K. C. C. (2021). Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera, Triatominae) from La Paz, Bolivia: an Incipient Species or an Intraspecific Chromosomal Polymorphism?. Parasites Vectors. 14(553): 1-8.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Belintani, T., Oliveira, J., Pinotti, H., Alevi, K. C. C., Nascimento, J. D., Sasso-Cerri, E., Galvão, C., and Aristeu da Rosa, J. (2021). Characterization of Female External Genitalia and Eggs of Four South American Species of the Triatoma Laporte, 1832 Genus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Insects. 12: 1-14.
  8. ↑ Nattero, J., Piccinali, R. V., Lopes, C. M.,Hernández, M. L., Abrahan, L., Lobbia, P. A., Rodríguez, C. S., and Carbajal de la Fuente, A. L. (2017).Morphometric Variability Among the Species of the Sordida Subcomplex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae): Evidence for Differentiation Across the Distribution Range of Triatoma sordida. Parasites & Vectors. 10(412): 1-15.
  9. 1 2 Pacheco de Souza, J. M., Rodrigues, V. L. C. C., Olavo da Rocha e Silva, E. (1978). Triatoma sordida: comments on the life span of the adult forms and oviposition of females.Rev. Public Health. 12: 291-296.
  10. 1 2 Lazzari, C. R., Pereira, M. H., Lorenzo, M. G. (2013). Behavioural Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. 108: 34-47.
  11. ↑ Schilman, P. E., Lazzari, C. R., and Manrique, G. (2001). Comparison of Disturbance Stridulations in Five Species of Triatominae Bugs. Acta Tropica. 79: 171-178.
  12. ↑ Carbajal de la Fuente, A., and Catalá, S. (2002). Relationship Between Antennal Sensilla Pattern and Habitat in Six Species of Triatominae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 97:1121-1125.
  13. 1 2 Chiang, R. G., Chiang, J. A., Sarquis, O., and Lima, M. M. (2012). Morphology of Reproductive Accessory Glands in Eight Species of Blood-Feeding Hemiptera (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Insect Vectors of Chagas Disease. Acta Tropica. 122, 196-204.
  14. ↑ Telleze-Garcia, A. A., Bello-Bedoy, R., Enriquez- Vara, J. N., Cordoba-Aguilar, A., and Guitierrez-Cabrera, A. E.(2019). Genital morphology and Copulatory Behavior in Triatomine Bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae) Arthropod Structure & Development. 49, 103-118.
  15. ↑ Diotaiuti, L., Loiola, C. F., Falcao, P. L., and Dias, J. C. P. (1993). The Ecology of Triatoma sordida in Natural Environments in Two Different Regions of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S. Paulo.35: 237-245.
  16. 1 2 3 "Chagas disease". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  17. 1 2 Guarneri, A. A., Pereira, M. H., and Diotaiuti, L. (2000). Influence of the Blood Meal Source on the Development of Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma sordida, and Triatoma pseudomaculata (Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Journal of Medical Entomology.37: 373-379.
  18. ↑ Rodríguez-Planes, L. I., Sol Gaspe, M., Enriquez, G. F., and Gürtler, R. E. (2020). Impacts of Residual Insecticide Spraying on the Abundance and Habitat Occupancy of Triatoma sordida and Co-occurrence with Triatoma infestans: A Three-year Follow-up in Northeastern Argentina. Acta Tropica. 202: 1-10.
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