Triparma

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Triparma
Triparma eleuthera.jpg
The flagellated Triparma eleuthera
Scientific classification
Domain:
(unranked):
SAR
Superphylum:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Triparma

Booth and Marchant 1987
Species
  • Triparma columacea
  • Triparma eleuthera
  • Triparma laevis
  • Triparma mediterranea
  • Triparma pacifica
  • Triparma retinervis
  • Triparma strigata
  • Triparma verrucosa
Synonyms
  • Bolidomonas

Triparma is a genus of unicellular algae in the family Triparmaceae in the order Parmales. They form siliceous plates on the cell surface that aid in identification. Triparma is distinguished by its possession of three shield plates, three triradiate girdle plates, a triradiate girdle plate with notched ends, and a small ventral plate. [1] It was first described by Booth & Marchant in 1987 and the holotype is Triparma columacea. [2]

Contents

Triparma laevis silicate shell [2] [3]
Triparma laevis and shell.jpg
The silicated Triparma laevis (top) and a drawing of its shell, scale bar = 1 μm.
Triparma laevis exploded shell.jpg
Exploded shell: D = dorsal plate, G = girdle plate, S = shield plate and V = ventral plate.

Triparma cells have two forms: the motile, naked form and the non-motile siliceous form. The motile cells propelled by two flagella of unequal length, typical of heterokonts. The non-motile forms do not possess flagella but instead have a silicified cell wall with a distinctive plate morphology: three shield plates, three oblong girdle plates, a triradiate dorsal plate with rounded ends, and a large ventral plate. Both forms contain a single, dorsal chloroplast that contains chlorophylls a and c1-3 as well as fucoxanthin. They are typically 1-2 μm in size and generally spherical or heart-shaped. [4]

The genus Triparma is actively studied because of their close relationship to the diatoms, and it has been discovered that they have different silica-limitation responses. While diatoms stop growing and cell division is inhibited under low-silica conditions, Triparma continues to grow and divide normally even under nanomolar concentrations of silica, although the silica plates are no longer produced. [5]

Photosynthetic pigments present in bolydophyte chloroplasts include chlorophylls a, c1, c2, c3, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin. [6]

Synonyms

The genus now includes all species from the non-monophyletic genus Bolidomonas, according to Ichinomiya et al (2016). [4] [7]

Taxonomy

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stramenopile</span> Clade of eukaryotes

The Stramenopiles, also called Heterokonts, are a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost. Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diatom</span> Class of microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world

A diatom is any member of a large group comprising several genera of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world. Living diatoms make up a significant portion of the Earth's biomass: they generate about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year, take in over 6.7 billion tonnes of silicon each year from the waters in which they live, and constitute nearly half of the organic material found in the oceans. The shells of dead diatoms can reach as much as a half-mile deep on the ocean floor, and the entire Amazon basin is fertilized annually by 27 million tons of diatom shell dust transported by transatlantic winds from the African Sahara, much of it from the Bodélé Depression, which was once made up of a system of fresh-water lakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choanoflagellate</span> Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals

The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates, having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected microvilli at the base of a flagellum. Choanoflagellates are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction. They have a distinctive cell morphology characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10 μm in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli. Movement of the flagellum creates water currents that can propel free-swimming choanoflagellates through the water column and trap bacteria and detritus against the collar of microvilli, where these foodstuffs are engulfed. This feeding provides a critical link within the global carbon cycle, linking trophic levels. In addition to their critical ecological roles, choanoflagellates are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists studying the origins of multicellularity in animals. As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates serve as a useful model for reconstructions of the last unicellular ancestor of animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photosynthetic picoplankton</span> Group of photosynthetic plankton

Photosynthetic picoplankton or picophytoplankton is the fraction of the photosynthetic phytoplankton of cell sizes between 0.2 and 2 μm. It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine sediment</span> Accumulated material on seafloor

Marine sediment, or ocean sediment, or seafloor sediment, are deposits of insoluble particles that have accumulated on the seafloor. These particles either have their origins in soil and rocks and have been transported from the land to the sea, mainly by rivers but also by dust carried by wind and by the flow of glaciers into the sea, or they are biogenic deposits from marine organisms or from chemical precipitation in seawater, as well as from underwater volcanoes and meteorite debris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prasinophyte</span> Class of algae

The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives. The prasinophytes are morphologically diverse, including flagellates with one to eight flagella and non-motile (coccoid) unicells. The cells of many species are covered with organic body scales; others are naked. Well studied genera include Ostreococcus, considered to be the smallest free-living eukaryote, and Micromonas, both of which are found in marine waters worldwide. Prasinophytes have simple cellular structures, containing a single chloroplast and a single mitochondrion. The genomes are relatively small compared to other eukaryotes . At least one species, the Antarctic form Pyramimonas gelidicola, is capable of phagocytosis and is therefore a mixotrophic algae.

<i>Micromonas</i> Genus of algae

Micromonas is a genus of green algae in the family Mamiellaceae.

<i>Chaetoceros</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Chaetoceros is a genus of diatoms in the family Chaetocerotaceae, first described by the German naturalist C. G. Ehrenberg in 1844. Species of this genus are mostly found in marine habitats, but a few species exist in freshwater. It is arguably the common and most diverse genus of marine planktonic diatoms, with over 200 accepted species. It is the type genus of its family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolidophyceae</span> Class of algae

Bolidophyceae is a class of photosynthetic heterokont picophytoplankton, and consist of less than 20 known species. They are distinguished by the angle of flagellar insertion and swimming patterns as well as recent molecular analyses. Bolidophyceae is the sister taxon to the diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). They lack the characteristic theca of the diatoms, and have been proposed as an intermediate group between the diatoms and all other heterokonts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ochrophyte</span> Phylum of algae

Ochrophytes, also known as heterokontophytes or stramenochromes, are a group of algae. They are the photosynthetic stramenopiles, a group of eukaryotes, organisms with a cell nucleus, characterized by the presence of two unequal flagella, one of which has tripartite hairs called mastigonemes. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic organelles or plastids enclosed by four membranes, with membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids organized in piles of three, chlorophyll a and c as their photosynthetic pigments, and additional pigments such as β-carotene and xanthophylls. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as brown algae and diatoms. They are classified either as phylum Ochrophyta or Heterokontophyta, or as subphylum Ochrophytina within phylum Gyrista. Their plastids are of red algal origin.

<i>Pseudo-nitzschia</i> Genus of marine planktonic diatoms

Pseudo-nitzschia is a marine planktonic diatom genus that accounts for 4.4% of pennate diatoms found worldwide. Some species are capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), which is responsible for the neurological disorder in humans known as amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Currently, 58 species are known, 28 of which have been shown to produce DA. It was originally hypothesized that only dinoflagellates could produce harmful algal toxins, but a deadly bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred in 1987 in the bays of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and led to an outbreak of ASP. Over 100 people were affected by this outbreak after consuming contaminated mussels; three people died. Since this event, no additional deaths have been attributed to ASP, though the prevalence of toxic diatoms and DA has increased worldwide. This anomaly is likely due to increased awareness of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their implications for human and ecosystem health.

<i>Bacillaria</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Bacillaria is a diatom genus in the family Bacillariaceae.

<i>Mallomonas</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Mallomonas is a genus comprising unicellular algal eukaryotes and characterized by their intricate cell coverings made of silica scales and bristles. The group was first named and classified by Dr. Maximilian Perty in 1852. These organisms live in freshwater and are widely distributed around the world. Some well known species include Mallomonas caudata and Mallomonas splendens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmales</span> Order of algae

The Parmales are an order of marine microalgae within the Bolidophyceae class. They are found worldwide and characterized by a cell wall composed of 5-8 interlocking silica plates with distinct forms. They were initially thought to be loricate choanoflagellates but were shown to be a separate phyla entirely upon the discovery of chloroplasts, placing it among the photosynthetic stramenopiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetraparma</span> Genus of single-celled organisms

Tetraparma is a genus of unicellular algae in the family Triparmaceae in the order Parmales. They form siliceous plates on the cell surface that aid in identification. Tetraparma is distinguished by its possession of three shield plates that may have everted rims, three triradiate girdle plates, a triradiate dorsal plate with notched ends, and a large ventral plate. It was first described by Booth & Marchant in 1987 and the holotype is Triparma columacea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protist shell</span> Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism

Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from silica (glass) or calcium carbonate (chalk). Protists are a diverse group of eukaryote organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. They are typically microscopic unicellular organisms that live in water or moist environments.

Diaphanoeca grandis is a species of choanoflagellate in the family Acanthoecidae which is the type species of the genus Diaphanoeca. It is a unicellular micro-heterotroph with a large protective lorica that is found beneath sea ice in a wide distribution. The lorica is composed of silica and possibly originates from diatoms via Horizontal gene transfer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloropicaceae</span> Class of green algae

Chloropicophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta that, along with Picocystophyceae, coincides with the traditional "prasinophyte clade VII". Chloropicophyceae has a single order, Chloropicales with a single family, Chloropicaceae.

<i>Phycophthorum</i> Genus of parasitic protists

Phycophthorum is a monotypic genus of protists that parasitize diatoms, containing the sole species Phycophthorum isakeiti. It was discovered in 2020 in the coastal waters of Norway, as parasites of diatoms belonging to the genus Pleurosigma.

References

  1. Konno, Susumu; Jordan, Richard W. (November 2007). "An amended terminology for the Parmales (Chrysophyceae)". Phycologia. 46 (6): 612–616. doi:10.2216/07-29.1. S2CID   85351649.
  2. 1 2 Booth, B.C. and Marchant, H.J. (1987) "Parmales, a new order of marine chrysophytes, with descriptions of three new genera and seven new species". Journal of Phycology, 23: 245–260. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04132.x.
  3. Kuwata, A., Yamada, K., Ichinomiya, M., Yoshikawa, S., Tragin, M., Vaulot, D. and Lopes dos Santos, A. (2018) "Bolidophyceae, a sister picoplanktonic group of diatoms – a review". Frontiers in Marine Science, 5: 370. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00370. CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  4. 1 2 Ichinomiya, Mutsuo; dos Santos, Adriana Lopes; Gourvil, Priscillia; Yoshikawa, Shinya; Kamiya, Mitsunobu; Ohki, Kaori; Audic, Stéphane; de Vargas, Colomban; Noël, Mary-Hélène; Vaulot, Daniel; Kuwata, Akira (22 March 2016). "Diversity and oceanic distribution of the Parmales (Bolidophyceae), a picoplanktonic group closely related to diatoms". The ISME Journal. 10 (10): 2419–2434. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.38. PMC   5030691 . PMID   27003244 . Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  5. Yamada, Kazumasa; Yoshikawa, Shinya; Ichinomiya, Mutsuo; Kuwata, Akira; Kamiya, Mitsunobu; Ohki, Kaori; Lovejoy, Connie (23 July 2014). "Effects of Silicon-Limitation on Growth and Morphology of Triparma laevis NIES-2565 (Parmales, Heterokontophyta)". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e103289. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103289 . PMC   4108440 . PMID   25054645.
  6. Dimier C, Giovanni S, Ferdinando T, Brunet C (April 2009). "Comparative Ecophysiology of the Xanthophyll Cycle in Six Marine Phytoplanktonic Species". Protist. 160 (3): 397–411. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.03.001. PMID   19375387.
  7. "Genus Detail :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. AlgaeBase. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  8. M.D. Guiry (2016), AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, retrieved 25 October 2016