Veerabhadran Ramanathan

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Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Veerabhadran Ramanathan.jpg
Portrait of Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Born (1944-11-24) 24 November 1944 (age 80) [1]
Chennai, Madras Presidency, British India
Alma mater Annamalai University
IISc
Stony Brook
Awards • Buys Ballot Medal
 • Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal
 • Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement
 • BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
 • Tang Prize
Scientific career
Fields Atmospheric Scientist
Institutions Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Doctoral advisor Robert Cess
Website ramanathan.ucsd.edu

Veerabhadran "Ram" Ramanathan (born 24 November 1944) is Edward A. Frieman Endowed Presidential Chair in Climate Sustainability Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. He has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric and climate sciences including developments to general circulation models, atmospheric chemistry, and radiative transfer. He has been a part of major projects such as the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) and the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), and is known for his contributions to the areas of climate physics, Climate Change and atmospheric aerosols research. He is now the Chair of Bending the Curve: Climate Change Solutions education project of University of California. He has received numerous awards, and is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He has spoken about the topic of global warming, and written that "the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming is, in my opinion, the most important environmental issue facing the world today." [2]

Contents

Due to his close affiliation with Pope Francis, Ramanathan has been described as "The Pope's climate scientist". He was influential in the creation of Laudato si', the Pope's encyclical on climate change. [3]

Background and education

Ramanathan was born in Chennai, India. At the age of 11, he moved with his family to Bangalore. The classes at the school he attended were taught in English, and not his native Tamil. He admits that he "lost the habit of listening to my teachers and had to figure out things on my own". [4] He received his BE degree from Annamalai University, and ME degree from the Indian Institute of Science.[ citation needed ] In 1970, he arrived in the US to study interferometry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook under the direction of Robert Cess.[ citation needed ] Before Ramanathan could begin working on his PhD research, Cess decided to change his research and focus on planetary atmospheres.[ citation needed ]

Research and publications

Atmospheric brown clouds in northeastern India and Bangladesh as seen from space Aerosol-India.jpg
Atmospheric brown clouds in northeastern India and Bangladesh as seen from space

Ramanathan has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric sciences. His first major findings were in the mid-1970s and were related to the greenhouse effect of CFCs and other trace gases [5] [6] Until that time, carbon dioxide was thought to be the sole greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. He also contributed to the early development of global circulation models [7] and the detecting and attribution of climate change. [8]

His focus then shifted to the radiative effects of clouds on the climate. This was done using the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), which showed that clouds have a large cooling effect on the planet. [9] [10] ERBE was also able to measure the greenhouse effect without the use of climate models. [11]

Recently, he has published on the aerosol radiative properties. His work has shown that aerosols have a cooling effect on the surface of the planet, and at the top of the atmosphere, but the forcing at the top of the atmosphere was only one-third the magnitude as the surface forcing. This has implications for the hydrologic cycle. [12] While working on the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, he discovered that absorbing black carbonaceous aerosols have a larger influence on climate than previously thought, which led to the development of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). [13] In the 1990s, he led the Indian Ocean Experiment with Paul Crutzen and discovered the widespread existence of atmospheric brown clouds covering much of the Indian Ocean region. They found that the vast majority of the aerosols were anthropogenic in origin, and that the surface cooling caused by the aerosols is more important than the atmospheric heating. [14] These atmospheric brown clouds may have masked as much as 50% of the surface heating caused by the increase in carbon dioxide, and caused reduced precipitation during the Indian monsoon. [15]

Ramanathan is also interested in the impact of climate change on agriculture in India. While atmospheric brown clouds partially offset the warming due from carbon dioxide, their effect on agriculture has been less certain. A statistical rice model couple to a regional climate model has shown that reductions of both carbon dioxide and atmospheric brown clouds will increase crop yield. [16]

He has also written on avoiding dangerous anthropogenic climate change. Ramanathan writes that there are several tipping points in the climate system, and that they do not all occur at the same temperature threshold; the tipping point for the arctic summer sea ice is likely to be smaller than that for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. While the planet has seen an observed warming of 0.6 °C since pre-industrial times, it has already most likely committed itself to 2.4 °C (1.4 °C to 4.3 °C) of warming. These values surpass several of the tipping point thresholds. [17] In a 2014 paper, Ramanathan and co-authors suggested that mitigating methane, soot, ozone and hydrofluorocarbons in the atmosphere could reduce the expected sea level rise due to climate change. [18]

Project Surya

In March 2007, Ramanathan wrote a white paper with Balakrishnan on a potential project that will reduce air pollution and global warming. [19] Project Surya, which means Sun in Sanskrit, will use inexpensive solar cookers in rural India, and document the reductions in carbon dioxide and soot emissions. The byproducts of biofuel cooking and biomass burning are significant contributors to global warming, and the expanded use of renewable energy is expected to decrease their effects.

The burning of solid fuels causes substantial health risks as well. An estimated 440,000 deaths per year are attributed to unsanitary food preparation techniques due to aerosol exposure. [20] Over 3 billion people cook and heat their home by burning biomass such as wood and feces. The project, costing an estimated $4.5 million, will buy 3,500 cookers and impact up to 15,000 people. As of November 2008, the project has not been funded. [21]

Project Surya was soft launched in March 2009. Each household in the village of Khairatpur, Uttar Pradesh received a biomass cook stoves and a solar lamp. Surya has since received $150,000 in funding from UNEP. [22]

Honors and awards

Ramanathan is an ISI highly cited researcher. [23] He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Meteorological Society and American Geophysical Union. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995. [24] In 1995, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences awarded him the Buys Ballot Medal. [25] In 2002, he was awarded the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, "... for fundamental insights into the radiative roles of clouds, aerosols and key gases in the Earth's climate system." He was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2002 "... for fundamental contributions to our modern understanding of global climate change and human impacts on climate and environment", [26] an Academician of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 2004, a member the American Philosophical Society in 2006, [27] and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2008. [28] Also, Veerabhadran Ramanathan has been bestowed with the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award 2015 in the Climate Change category for discovering that human-produced gases and pollutants other than CO2 have a huge power to alter the Earth's climate, and that by acting on them it is possible to make a short-term dent on the rate of global warming. He received the prestigious Tang Prize for Sustainable Development in 2018. He was awarded the 90th annual Mendel Medal by Villanova University in 2018 for his work on climate change. [29] Ramanathan is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2013. [30]

Articles

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Causes of climate change</span> Effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming

The scientific community has been investigating the causes of climate change for decades. After thousands of studies, it came to a consensus, where it is "unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land since pre-industrial times." This consensus is supported by around 200 scientific organizations worldwide, The dominant role in this climate change has been played by the direct emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. Indirect CO2 emissions from land use change, and the emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases play major supporting roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse effect</span> Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming

The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source as in the case of Jupiter, or from its host star as in the case of the Earth. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits shortwave radiation (sunlight) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits longwave radiation that is mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. The absorption of longwave radiation prevents it from reaching space, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global warming potential</span> Potential heat absorbed by a greenhouse gas

Global warming potential (GWP) is an index to measure how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the atmosphere. The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regard to their "effectiveness in causing radiative forcing". It is expressed as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same mass of added carbon dioxide, which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP has a value of 1 for CO2. For other gases it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud feedback</span> Type of climate change feedback mechanism

Cloud feedback is a type of climate change feedback, where the overall cloud frequency, height, and the relative fraction of the different types of clouds are altered due to climate change, and these changes then affect the Earth's energy balance. On their own, clouds are already an important part of the climate system, as they consist of water vapor, which acts as a greenhouse gas and so contributes to warming; at the same time, they are bright and reflective of the Sun, which causes cooling. Clouds at low altitudes have a stronger cooling effect, and those at high altitudes have a stronger warming effect. Altogether, clouds make the Earth cooler than it would have been without them.

The Indian Ocean brown cloud or Asian brown cloud is a layer of air pollution that recurrently covers parts of South Asia, namely the northern Indian Ocean, India, and Pakistan. Viewed from satellite photos, the cloud appears as a giant brown stain hanging in the air over much of the Indian subcontinent and the Indian Ocean every year between October and February, possibly also during earlier and later months. The term was coined in reports from the UNEP Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). It was found to originate mostly due to farmers burning stubble in Punjab and to lesser extent Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The debilitating air quality in Delhi is also due to the stubble burning in Punjab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global cooling</span> Discredited 1970s hypothesis of imminent cooling of the Earth

Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation, due to the cooling effects of aerosols or orbital forcing. Some press reports in the 1970s speculated about continued cooling; these did not accurately reflect the scientific literature of the time, which was generally more concerned with warming from an enhanced greenhouse effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global dimming</span> Reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching Earths surface

Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface. It is caused by atmospheric particulate matter, predominantly sulfate aerosols, which are components of air pollution. Global dimming was observed soon after the first systematic measurements of solar irradiance began in the 1950s. This weakening of visible sunlight proceeded at the rate of 4–5% per decade until the 1980s. During these years, air pollution increased due to post-war industrialization. Solar activity did not vary more than the usual during this period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radiative forcing</span> Concept for changes to the energy flows through a planetary atmosphere

Radiative forcing is a concept used to quantify a change to the balance of energy flowing through a planetary atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux due to a change in an external driver of climate change." These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud condensation nuclei</span> Small particles on which water vapor condenses

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs), also known as cloud seeds, are small particles typically 0.2 μm, or one hundredth the size of a cloud droplet. CCNs are a unique subset of aerosols in the atmosphere on which water vapour condenses. This can affect the radiative properties of clouds and the overall atmosphere. Water vapour requires a non-gaseous surface to make the transition to a liquid; this process is called condensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Hansen</span> American physicist (born 1941)

James Edward Hansen is an American adjunct professor directing the Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. He is best known for his research in climatology, his 1988 Congressional testimony on climate change that helped raise broad awareness of global warming, and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change. In recent years, he has become a climate activist to mitigate the effects of global warming, on a few occasions leading to his arrest.

Climate engineering is the intentional large-scale alteration of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change. The term has been used as an umbrella term for both carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification when applied at a planetary scale. However, these two processes have very different characteristics, and are now often discussed separately. Carbon dioxide removal techniques remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and are part of climate change mitigation. Solar radiation modification is the reflection of some sunlight back to space to cool the earth. Some publications include passive radiative cooling as a climate engineering technology. The media tends to also use climate engineering for other technologies such as glacier stabilization, ocean liming, and iron fertilization of oceans. The latter would modify carbon sequestration processes that take place in oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrared window</span> Atmospheric window

The infrared atmospheric window is an atmospheric window in the infrared spectrum where there is relatively little absorption of terrestrial thermal radiation by atmospheric gases. The window plays an important role in the atmospheric greenhouse effect by maintaining the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing IR to space. In the Earth's atmosphere this window is roughly the region between 8 and 14 μm although it can be narrowed or closed at times and places of high humidity because of the strong absorption in the water vapor continuum or because of blocking by clouds. It covers a substantial part of the spectrum from surface thermal emission which starts at roughly 5 μm. Principally it is a large gap in the absorption spectrum of water vapor. Carbon dioxide plays an important role in setting the boundary at the long wavelength end. Ozone partly blocks transmission in the middle of the window.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate sensitivity</span> Concept in climate science

Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration or other radiative forcing." This concept helps scientists understand the extent and magnitude of the effects of climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black carbon</span> Component of fine particulate matter

Black carbon (BC) is the light-absorbing refractory form of elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis or produced by incomplete combustion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outgoing longwave radiation</span> Energy transfer mechanism which enables planetary cooling

In climate science, longwave radiation (LWR) is electromagnetic thermal radiation emitted by Earth's surface, atmosphere, and clouds. It is also referred to as terrestrial radiation. This radiation is in the infrared portion of the spectrum, but is distinct from the shortwave (SW) near-infrared radiation found in sunlight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar radiation modification</span> Large-scale methods to reflect sunlight and cool Earth

Solar radiation modification (SRM), also known as solar radiation management, or solar geoengineering, refers to a range of approaches to limit global warming by increasing the amount of sunlight that the atmosphere reflects back to space or by reducing the trapping of outgoing thermal radiation. Among the multiple potential approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection is the most-studied, followed by marine cloud brightening. SRM could be a temporary measure to limit climate-change impacts while greenhouse gas emissions are reduced and carbon dioxide is removed, but would not be a substitute for reducing emissions. SRM is a form of climate engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas</span> Gas in an atmosphere with certain absorption characteristics

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they absorb the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits, resulting in the greenhouse effect. The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface to radiate heat, which is then mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmospheric methane</span> Methane in Earths atmosphere

Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earth's atmosphere. The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to methane emissions, and is causing climate change. Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases. Methane's radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct, and it is the second largest contributor to human-caused climate forcing in the historical period. Methane is a major source of water vapour in the stratosphere through oxidation; and water vapour adds about 15% to methane's radiative forcing effect. The global warming potential (GWP) for methane is about 84 in terms of its impact over a 20-year timeframe, and 28 in terms of its impact over a 100-year timeframe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of climate change science</span> Aspect of the history of science

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect was first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change Earth's energy balance and climate. The existence of the greenhouse effect, while not named as such, was proposed as early as 1824 by Joseph Fourier. The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838. In 1856 Eunice Newton Foote demonstrated that the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide.

Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh is an Indian meteorologist and a professor at the Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He holds the chair of the Divecha Centre for Climate Change, a centre under the umbrella of the IISc for researches on climate variability, climate change and their impact on the environment. He is known for his studies on atmospheric aerosols and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India as well as The World Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2009. He received the TWAS Prize of The World Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2018, he received the Infosys Prize, one of the highest monetary awards in India that recognize excellence in science and research, for his work in the field of climate change.

References

  1. ↑ Newton, David E. (2007). Chemistry of the environment . New York: Facts on File. p.  88. ISBN   9781438109749.
  2. ↑ "Global Warming" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  3. ↑ "'Pope's climate scientist' will discuss threats, justice and ideas in climate fight, Feb. 21". 14 February 2018.
  4. ↑ Nuzzo, Regina (12 April 2005). "Biography of Veerabhadran Ramanathan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (15): 5323–5325. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5323N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501756102 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   556241 . PMID   15811938.
  5. ↑ Ramanathan, V. (1975). "Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications". Science. 190 (4209): 50–51. Bibcode:1975Sci...190...50R. doi:10.1126/science.190.4209.50. S2CID   33736550.
  6. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (1985). "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change" (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 90 (D3): 5547–5566. Bibcode:1985JGR....90.5547R. doi:10.1029/JD090iD03p05547. S2CID   55379057.
  7. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (1983). "The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative Processes". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . 40 (3): 605–630. Bibcode:1983JAtS...40..605R. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0605:TROASG>2.0.CO;2 .
  8. ↑ Madden, R.A.; V. Ramanathan (1980). "Detecting Climate Change due to Increasing Carbon Dioxide". Science . 209 (4458): 736–768. Bibcode:1980Sci...209..763M. doi:10.1126/science.209.4458.763. PMID   17753291. S2CID   20613727.
  9. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (1989). "Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment". Science. 243 (4887): 57–63. Bibcode:1989Sci...243...57R. doi:10.1126/science.243.4887.57. PMID   17780422. S2CID   3575459.
  10. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (1995). "Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing: A Missing Physics?". Science. 267 (5197): 499–503. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..499R. doi:10.1126/science.267.5197.499. PMID   17788784. S2CID   11227462.
  11. ↑ Raval, A.; V. Ramanathan (1989). "Observational determination of the greenhouse effect". Nature. 342 (6251): 758–761. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..758R. doi:10.1038/342758a0. S2CID   4326910.
  12. ↑ Satheesh, S. K.; V. Ramanathan (2000). "Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface". Nature. 405 (6782): 60–63. Bibcode:2000Natur.405...60S. doi:10.1038/35011039. PMID   10811216. S2CID   4341346.
  13. ↑ "INDOEX – The Indian Ocean Experiment" . Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  14. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (2001). "Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze" (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 106 (D22): 28371–28399. Bibcode:2001JGR...10628371R. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900133 .
  15. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; et al. (2005). "Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 (15): 5326–5333. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5326R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500656102 . PMC   552786 . PMID   15749818.
  16. ↑ Auffhammer, M.; et al. (2006). "Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103 (52): 19668–19672. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10319668A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609584104 . PMC   1693867 . PMID   17158795.
  17. ↑ Ramanathan, V.; Y. Feng (2008). "On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (38): 14245–14250. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514245R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803838105 . PMC   2567151 . PMID   18799733.
  18. ↑ Hu, Aixue; Xu, Yangyang; Tebaldi, Claudia; Washington, Warren M.; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran (2013). "Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise". Nature Climate Change. 3 (8): 730–734. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..730H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1869.
  19. ↑ "Project Surya: Reduction of Air Pollution and Global Warming by Cooking with Renewable Sources" (PDF). 5 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  20. ↑ "New stick to beat developing countries on GHGs" . Retrieved 10 November 2008.[ dead link ]
  21. ↑ "Climate scientist out to change the world". 11 May 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  22. ↑ "Project Surya Soft Launch Announcement" (PDF). 9 April 2009.
  23. ↑ "ISI Highly Cited Researchers". Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  24. ↑ "Veerabhadran Ramanathan". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "Buys Ballot Medal". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020.
  26. ↑ "Scientist Elected to National Academy of Sciences". Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  27. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  28. ↑ "New members of the Academy" . Retrieved 4 May 2009.[ dead link ]
  29. ↑ "Villanova University Awards 2018 Mendel Medal to Veerabhadran Ramanathan, PhD, Climate Change Visionary and Pioneer in Climate Science | Villanova University". www1.villanova.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  30. ↑ Environment, U. N. (22 August 2019). "Veerabhadran Ramanathan". Champions of the Earth.
  31. ↑ UCSD Researchers: Where International Climate Policy Has Failed, Grassroots Efforts Can Succeed; Control of greenhouse agents other than CO2 needs to reach the local level, according to a new Foreign Affairs essay 26 April 2012 University of California, San Diego
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