Verrucula

Last updated

Verrucula
Verrucula arnoldaria Jymm.jpg
Verrucula arnoldaria (darkened parts of thallus) growing on Calogaya arnoldii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Verrucariales
Family: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Verrucula
J.Steiner (1896)
Type species
Verrucula egyptiaca
(Müll.Arg.) J.Steiner (1896)
Species

See text

Verrucula is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. [1] Species in the genus are parasitic on saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens, including Xanthoria elegans as well as lichens from genus Caloplaca that contain chemical substances called anthraquinones.

Contents

Taxonomy

Verrucula was originally circumscribed in 1896 by Austrian lichenologist Julius Steiner to contain a group of parasitic Verrucaria species. [2] It was subsequently little used until 2007, when it was resurrected for use for Verrucaria found as parasites on Caloplaca with anthraquinone compounds. Other parasitic species were moved to genus Verruculopsis ; these two genera are morphologically quite similar. [3] Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that Verrucula has a sister taxon relationship with Placocarpus in the family Verrucariaceae. [4]

Description

Verrucula lichens have a thallus that is areolate to a mixture of squamulose and areolate, and is sometimes reduced in form. The upper cortex is only weakly developed, and is termed a pseudocortex. The excipulum (the ring-shaped layer surrounding the hymenium) is pale except for the pale to pale brown area around the ostiole. Ascospores are colorless, and usually simple, although in rare instances they have a single septum. Pycnidia in Verrucula are similar in form to those found in genus Dermatocarpon . This is pycnidial type is characterised by its paraplectenchymatous net (paraplectenchyma is a fungal tissue with a cellular structure superficially like the parenchyma of vascular plants) and its multiple cavities. [3]

Species

As of July 2022, Species Fungorum accepts 16 species of Verrucula. [5] The following list gives the species name, author citation (using standard abbreviations), year of publication, and host lichen. [6] The host specificity in genus Verrucula is quite high, as each species seems to parasitise a single host. [7] [3]

Some species previously classified in Verrucula have since been reduced to synonymy with other species, or have been transferred to different genera:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verrucariaceae</span> Family of mostly lichenised fungi

Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.

<i>Bagliettoa</i> Genus of lichens

Bagliettoa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1853. Bagliettoa species are endolithic, growing between the grains of solid rock.

<i>Heteroplacidium</i> Genus of lichens

Heteroplacidium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Othmar Breuss in 1996 with Heteroplacidium imbricatum assigned as the type species. It was proposed as a segregate of Catapyrenium. Other morphologically similar genera are Neocatapyrenium, Placidium, and Scleropyrenium, although molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that they are independent monophyletic lineages within the Verrucariaceae.

<i>Verrucaria</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Verrucariaceae

Verrucaria is a genus of lichenized (lichen-forming) fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.

Xenothecium is a genus of fungus in the family Hyponectriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family was uncertain. In 2020 it was confirmed. This is a monotypic genus, its only species being Xenothecium jodophilum. It was published by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 vol.128 (7-8) on page 589 in 1919.

Sarcopyrenia is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It has 11 species. It is the only genus in Sarcopyreniaceae, a family in the order Verrucariales. Sarcopyrenia was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1858, with Sarcopyrenia gibba assigned as the type species. Sarcopyreniaceae is one of the few families composed entirely of lichenicolous fungi.

Unguiculella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cordieritidaceae. A total of 17 species fall under this genus.

Lambertella is a genus of fungi in the family Rutstroemiaceae.

<i>Flavoplaca</i> Genus of lichen

Flavoplaca is a genus of crust-like or scaly lichens in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 28 species with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution.

<i>Hydropunctaria</i> Genus of lichen

Hydropunctaria is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus includes both aquatic and amphibious species, with members that colonise either marine or freshwater habitats. The type species, Hydropunctaria maura, was formerly classified in the large genus Verrucaria. It is a widely distributed species common to littoral zones. Including the type species, five Hydropunctaria lichens are considered marine species: H. adriatica, H. amphibia, H. aractina, H. orae, and H. oceanica.

Heteroplacidium zamenhofianum is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-eating) lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. As a juvenile, it is parasitic on some members of the lichen genus Staurothele, but later becomes independent and develops a brown, crustose thallus. Characteristic features of the lichen include its dark brown, somewhat squamulous thallus and relatively small ascospores. It is widely distributed in Europe and North America.

<i>Verruculopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Verruculopsis is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. It was circumscribed in 2007 by Cécile Gueidan, Pere Navarro-Rosinés, and Claude Roux, with Verruculopsis poeltiana assigned as the type species.

Halospora is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. Species in the genus parasitise calcicolous crustose lichens, i.e., those that prefer lime-rich substrates.

Hydropunctaria rheitrophila is a species of freshwater, saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1922 by German lichenologist Georg Hermann Zschacke as a species of Verrucaria. Christine Keller, Cécile Gueidan, and Holger Thüs transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Hydropunctaria in 2009. It is one of several aquatic lichens that are in this genus. The photobiont partner of Hydropunctaria rheitrophila is a yellow-green alga.

<i>Bagliettoa marmorea</i> Species of lichen

Bagliettoa marmorea is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is endolithic on calcareous rocks, meaning it grows under and around the rock crystals. The colour of the lichen is purple to pink, although sometimes it is grey with purple pigments visible only around the perithecia. It does not have a shield-shaped involucrellum, which is typical of several other species in genus Bagliettoa. The excipulum measures 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and lacks colour other than the upper part, which is purple. Ascospores are 13–30 by 9–15 μm.

<i>Wahlenbergiella mucosa</i> Species of lichen

Wahlenbergiella mucosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is a marine species that grows in the littoral zone, and therefore remains immersed in seawater for extended periods. Its photobiont partner is the green alga Paulbroadya petersii.

Ferdinand Joseph Georges Alexandre Clauzade was a French botanist and lichenologist. His specialty was the lichen flora of France and the Mediterranean region.

Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Known from several locations in the San Francisco Bay area of the United States, it is a marine lichen that inhabits intertidal zones, and as such is immersed in seawater on a regular basis. Associated algal species include the red algae Hildenbrandia and Mastocarpus papillatus, and the brown algae Pelvetiopsis and Fucus. Petroderma maculiforme, a brown alga, is the photobiont partner in the lichen.

<i>Verrucula arnoldaria</i> Species of lichen

Verrucula arnoldaria is a rare species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It grows parasitically on the thallus of the rock-dwelling, crustose lichen Calogaya arnoldii. The species was formally described as new to science in 2007 by lichenologists Père Navarro-Rosinés and Claude Roux, from specimens collected in Vaucluse, France. It has also been recorded from Italy. The lichen has a thick brownish-grey, areolate thallus that roughly maintains the shape of its underlying host. The thallus is covered with a crystalline pruina. It makes ellipsoid spores that measure up to about 15 μm long. Its host grows on calciferous rocks and calciferous schists.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 . S2CID   249054641.
  2. ↑ Steiner, J. (1896). "Beitrag zur Flechtenflora Südpersiens". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Math.-naturw. Klasse Abt. I. (in German). 105: 436–446.
  3. 1 2 3 Navarro-Rosinés, P.; Roux, C.; Gueidan, C. (2007). "La generoj Verrucula kaj Verruculopsis (Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales)". Bulletin de la Société Linnéene de Provence (in Esperanto). 58: 133–180.
  4. ↑ Gueidan, Cécile; Roux, Claude; Lutzoni, François (2007). "Using a multigene phylogenetic analysis to assess generic delineation and character evolution in Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)". Mycological Research. 111 (10): 1145–1168. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.010. PMID   17981450.
  5. ↑ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Verrucula". Catalog of Life Version 2022-06-23. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  6. ↑ Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist. 121 (3): 340–425 [365–366]. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. S2CID   92396850.
  7. ↑ Zehetleitner, G. (1978). "Über einige parasitische Arten des Flechtengattung Verrucaria" [About some parasitic species of the lichen genus Verrucaria]. Nova Hedwigia (in German). 29: 683–734.
  8. ↑ Roux, C. et coll. (2014). Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine (in French). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie. p. 1314. ISBN   978-2-9547896-9-9.
  9. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula ahlesiana (Hepp) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  10. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula cahirensis (J. Steiner) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 105: 444 (1896)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  11. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula egyptiaca (Müll. Arg.) J. Steiner [as 'aegyptiaca'], Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 105: 444 (1896)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  12. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula fraudulosa (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  13. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula fuscella (Turner) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  14. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula granulosaria (Clauzade & Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, in Navarro-Rosinés, Roux & Gueidan, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 58: 157 (2007)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  15. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula latericola (Erichsen) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, in Navarro-Rosinés, Roux & Gueidan, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 58: 161 (2007)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  16. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula lecideoides (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  17. ↑ "Record Details: Verrucula rheitrophila (Zschacke) M. Choisy [as 'rheithrophila'], Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 19: 69 (1950)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.