Viburnum cassinoides | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Dipsacales |
Family: | Adoxaceae |
Genus: | Viburnum |
Species: | V. cassinoides |
Binomial name | |
Viburnum cassinoides L. | |
Viburnum cassinoides, commonly known as northern wild raisin, blue haw, witherod viburnum, or swamp haw, is a deciduous shrub native to eastern North America in the viburnum family, Viburnaceae [2] [3] (also referred to as Adoxaceae). It is often synonymized with Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides. [4]
Viburnum cassinoides most often grows as a dense multi-stemmed shrub with a rounded crown, typically to heights of 5-6 ft (1.5-1.8 m). [4] Its leaves are simple, opposite, ovate to broadly lanceolate, about 2-4 in (2.5-10 cm) long and have lightly toothed margins. [5] Moreover, its lateral leaf buds are brown and particularly narrow (technically lanceoloid), whereas its apical flower buds have an inflated base. Both bud types are covered by 2 scales and rest above V-shaped leaf scars that each encompass 3 vascular bundle scars. [6]
The flowers of Viburnum cassinoides emerge from a dense cluster called a dichasial cyme composed of many trios of one terminal axis and two lateral axes, which may act as terminal axes themselves and develop their own lateral axes. Each axis is terminated by a bisexual flower adorned with 5 white petals, a single pistil and 5 stamens topped with yellow anthers. Additionally, the stamens are perfectly centered on the flower's sepals, which are partially fused at the base. [6]
Northern wild raisin's flowers develop into fleshy spherical fruits, which are botanically described as drupes and not berries. They gradually change colour from green, to pink, to dark blue, and at maturity their flesh is edible raw or cooked. [5] [6]
Viburnum cassinoides has been recorded under its synonym Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. [6] Through iNaturalist, this species has been observed in Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador (only on Newfoundland Island), as well as northern Michigan, northeastern Ohio, New York State and along the Appalachians down to northeastern Alabama and northern Georgia. [7]
Although the IUCN has not assessed this species' conservation status, [8] NatureServe denotes it as Possibly Extirpated in Delaware and Critically Imperiled in Wisconsin and Indiana, where only sparse populations subsist. It is considered Secure across most of the rest of its range. [1]
As mentioned, Viburnum cassinoides bears edible fruits that may be consumed raw or cooked and incorporated into various dishes (chiefly desserts). Many native American tribes such as the Abenaki and Algonquins made use of them. While a single fruit contains little flesh, its stony pit accounting for most of its volume, said flesh is said to be "sweet and well-flavoured". The plant's leaves also make for a pleasant tea substitute, and for this they are "steamed over boiling water, rolled between the fingers, allowed to stand overnight and then dried in an oven to be used as required." [5] [9] [10]
Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of flowering plants in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny. It was previously included in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.
Viburnum lentago, the nannyberry, sheepberry, or sweet viburnum, is a species of Viburnum native to North America.
The cardoon, also called the artichoke thistle, is a thistle in the family Asteraceae. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many cultivated forms, including the globe artichoke. It is native to the Mediterranean region, where it was domesticated in ancient times and still occurs as a wild plant.
Vaccinium erythrocarpum, commonly known as southern mountain cranberry or bearberry, more rarely as mountain blueberry or dingleberry, is a deciduous flowering shrub native to the Southeastern United States.
Viburnum opulus, the guelder-rose or guelder rose is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae native to Europe, northern Africa and central Asia.
Viburnum tinus, the laurustinus, laurustine or laurestine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae, native to the Mediterranean area of Europe and North Africa. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel.
Viburnum trilobum is a species of Viburnum native to northern North America, from Newfoundland west to British Columbia, south to Washington state and east to northern Virginia. It is very closely related to the European and Asian Viburnum opulus, and is often treated as a variety of it, as Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Ait., or as a subspecies, Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.
Calycanthus floridus, or commonly known as the eastern sweetshrub, Carolina all spice, or spicebush, is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae. It is identifiable by its dark red flowers and fragrant scent. It is non-invasive and is found in the Southeastern United States region. The Nature Conservancy considers its conservation status to be G5, globally secure, indicating it is at low risk of extinction. It is presumed to have been extirpated from Ohio.
Viburnum prunifolium is a species of Viburnum native to eastern North America, from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Alabama and Texas.
Viburnum elatum is a species of woody plant in the family Adoxaceae. It is endemic to eastern Mexico.
Viburnum nudum is a deciduous shrub in the genus Viburnum within the muskroot family, Adoxaceae.
Ephedra altissima is a species of Ephedra that is native to the western Sahara, and also to the Canary Islands.
Viburnum edule, the squashberry, mooseberry, moosomin, moosewood viburnum, pembina, pimina, highbush cranberry, or lowbush cranberry is a species of shrub native to Canada and the northern parts of the US. It stands roughly 2 m (6.5 ft) tall with many stems and smooth branches.
Viburnum rufidulum, also known as the rusty blackhaw, blue haw, rusty nanny-berry, or southern black haw, is a flowering species of shrub or small tree that is common in parts of the Eastern and Central United States. It produces attractive flowers and fall foliage, as well as fruits that are popular with some species of bird.
Prunus sibirica, commonly known as Siberian apricot, is a species of shrub or small tree native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and eastern Siberia. It is classified in the rose family, Rosaceae, and is one of several species whose fruit are called apricot, although this species is rarely cultivated for its fruit. The species was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.
Camellia taliensis is a small species of evergreen shrub whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea.
Helwingia japonica, the Japanese helwingia, is a species of flowering plant the family Helwingiaceae. It is native to South-East Asia.
Grewia flava, the brandy bush, wild currant, velvet raisin, or raisin tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southern Africa. A common shrub species, it is spreading into grasslands due to human rangeland management practices, and increasing rainfall. The berries, which are yellowish-brown and slightly lobed, are sweet and edible, but have little flesh and so are typically collected in large quantities to be eaten raw, dried or fermented into alcoholic beverages. The wood has a number of uses such as for making bows, knobkerries, traps and other tools. The desert truffle Kalaharituber pfeilii is often found in association with its roots.
Viburnum cotinifolium, the Indian wayfaring tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Viburnaceae. It is a deciduous shrub native to the Himalayan region. Its fruit is regularly consumed by Asiatic black bears.
Viburnum grandiflorum, variously called the cranberry bush, flowering viburnum, grand viburnum, and Himalayan viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Viburnaceae, native to the Himalayan region. It grows in open forests. A sparse shrub or gnarled tree reaching 2–3 m (7–10 ft), it has showy pink flowers larger than the typical viburnum, and red to black fruit, which are edible. It is hardy to USDA zone 6a. The unimproved species is available from commercial suppliers, as is a putative form, Viburnum grandiflorum f. foetens, the stinking Himalayan viburnum, and a number of cultivars, including 'De Oirsprong', 'Desmond Clarke', and 'Snow White'.