Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina were a Western Balkans population descending from a mixture of Romanized pre-Slavic Romance-speaking peoples and the South Slavs. From the 14th century the ethnic meaning of term "Vlach" was replaced with societal meaning and often meant the Slavic population with similar lifestyle.[1] They practiced transhumance as herdsmen, shepherds, farmers, and in time developed peculiar socio-political organizational units known as katuns. With their caravans, Vlach carried out much of the traffic between Bosnian inland and coastal cities such as Dubrovnik. They also had close contacts and militarily served various Bosnian noble families and kings.
In older scholarship, Marko Vego argued that Vlach autochthony, because some Vlach settlements named after Vlach tribes, like of Vojnići and Hardomilje, are found near Roman forts and monuments, while Bogumil Hrabak supported Vego's assertion that the Vlachs preceded both Ottoman Turks and Bosnian Slavs in Zachlumia,[2] but by now it is certain that they emerged only as a medieval symbiosis of both autochthonous and Slavic peoples.[1] Hrabak and Dominik Mandić argued that some Vlachs from Herzegovina migrated there from Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia before the Ottoman invasion into Southern Europe,[3] but although probably happened some waves of small migrations from there and Albania to Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina,[1][4] for such theorization there is a lack of evidence and loose onomastic correlations cannot be used as generalized evidence of a certain linguistic and geographic origin of an individual.[4]
Vlachs are first mentioned in Bosnian documents in c. 1234 by ban Matej Ninoslav. Sources from 1361, 1385, 1399, 1406, 1407, 1408 and 1417 among others mention them in relation to Bosnian bans and kings.[2] Vlachs in the Bosnian state of Tvrtko I were considered as military element.[5] The relationship of Vlach katuns and feudal holdings can be traced from the 14th century.[6] By 1382 they were under the jurisdiction of the Bosnian ruler, and later assigned to large landowners.[7] The Vlachs and lords' relationships indicate that medieval Bosnia was not compact – some Vlach vassals of the ruler, like Gleđević clan for instance, were on considerable distance away from the royal lands. Some Vlach vassals, like Nenko Krajsalić or Radoslav Borojević, became vassals fairly late although Kosača ruled certain lands near eastern banks of Neretva river for fifteen years. Some Vlach vassals, like Maleš clan, were vassals in part to Pavlović and in part to Kosača family, although working on Kosača holdings.[8]
In 1382, Vukoslav Piščić was named as knez of all Vlachs by King Tvrtko I of Bosnia. As the earliest noble landowners in Hum (later Herzegovina), with katun Tomić, they were assigned to the Sanković noble family.[9] In 1409, when Tvrtko I conquered parts of Rascia and Zeta, Vlachs were inhabiting some 100 katuns. They were mentioned as "Vlachorum congregationes et cetus".[10] In the area around Stolac and Žabljak there were so many Vlachs that at the end of the 15th century the territory was called Donji Vlasi (Lower Vlachs).[11] The Gornji Vlasi (Upper Vlachs) were only mentioned by Mavro Orbini.[10]
The 1376 and 1454 documents by Republic of Ragusa about trade with Bosnian lands mention Vlachi et Bosgnani.[12] In the 1418 document by Grgur Nikolić, Vlachs, Serbs and Ragusians are clearly distinguished.[13] In the 14th century documents, they were treated as shepherds from mountains that separate Croatia and Bosnia.[14] It is argued that some group of Vlachs in the 14th century migrated to Zagora and Cetina county in Croatia, followed by the sudden appearance of stećaks in the territory they lived.[15][16] In 1436, Vlachs are mentioned living around the Cetina, with Croats and Serbs which were part of Count Ivan Frankopan’s estate.[17] At a time of social unrest, the Vlachs often fled to the area of Ragusa or Kotor, served in the military of Ragusa during the Ottoman threat, and when most of Herzegovina was occupied by the Ottomans by 1472, once again fled to Ragusan territory.[18] Some data of historic documents show that a part of Vlachs belonged to Bosnian Church, and they largely contributed to the spread of this church. [19] According to Sima Ćirković, ethnicities which appear in the medieval texts from Bosnia include names such as "Bošnjanin", "Vlach", "Latinin" and "Serb".[20]
Ottoman rule
Ottomans in Bosnia and Herzegovina, following the example of katuns, organized filurîci eflakan (Vlach filurîci) according to "Vlach model" in Smederevo, Vidin and Braničevo.[11] From them was collected taxes baduhava eflakan,[21] or rusum eflak,[22] mostly in the form of sheep or goats, as well gold currency.[23] In the defters of the 1470s and 1480s in Central and North-Central Bosnia, around Visoko and Maglaj, roughly 800 Vlachs arrived accompanied by two Orthodox priests. With war and plagues, and as Catholics fled, the repopulation of Bosnia from Herzegovina and Serbia was of high interest for the Ottomans for their military activities. Benedikt Kuripečič in the 16th century noted that Bosnia is inhabited by three peoples; (Muslim) Turks, (Catholic) Bosnians and (Orthodox) Serbs "who call themselves Vlachs... They came from Smederevo and Belgrade". According to Noel Malcolm in these migrations also participated Serbs and Herzegovinians who were not Vlachs.[24] Since Vlachs weren't paid for military activity by the Ottomans they were permitted to plunder enemy territory, and became known as martolos or voynuk. Their military activity earned them special tax privileges. In the late 15th century at least 35,000 Vlachs lived in Herzegovina, while in the 16th century 82,692 Vlach households lived in the Smederevo region in Serbia.[25]
Within the territories ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Vlach groups moved from southeastern Bosnia (Pavlović area) to central regions of Tešanj and Žepče, also they spread northwest and north of the Sava towards the future Bosanska Krajina.[26] Living on the border of Habsburg Empire they relocated if the social situation was better on the other part of the border. There they received also a special social-military system. Before 1516, Vlachs settled nahiaVrbanja, Prusac, Glamoč and Kupres.[27] In 1527 Ferdinand I freed them from feudal obligations, shared booty with them, gave them their own captains (vojvodas) and magistrates (knezes), and freed them to practice Orthodox Christianity. It eventually led to the organisation of the Military Frontier, and the decree Statuta Valachorum by Ferdinand II. It resulted in a situation almost looking like Vlachs fighting against Vlachs.[28]
In southeastern Hum (later southeastern Herzegovina) between 1393–1437 many Vlach katuns emerged.[11][29] The primary lords of the Herzegovinian Vlachs were Bosnian Slavic noble families, the Kosača, Pavlović, Sanković and Nikolić.[7] The Vlachs from Herzegovina sometime plundered lands of Republic of Ragusa in the 14th and 15th century and grew rich by trade of goods between Ragusa and the mines of Bosnia.[22]
Vlachs were surnamed Pliščić, Gleđević, Ugarac, Boban, Mirilović, Vragović, Kresojević, Nenković, Bančić, Pilatovac, Pocrnja, Drobnjak and Riđan. Some of the Banjani and Maleševac (Stanković) were Kosača's vassals.[7]
Vlachs surnamed Vlahović, Žurović, and Predojević, those belonging to the Pribač Nikolić pasture encampment, and some of the Banjan and Maleševac Vlachs (surnamed Hrebeljanović, Milićiević and Milošević) were Pavlovlić's vassals.[7]
The Kutlović clan were vassals of the Nikolic's. The Primilović clan belonged to a larger group of Vlachs, for whom no data on lords were found.[7]
Vlachs often don't bear "tribe-katun" name as a surname, instead using patronymics, for example katunar Dragić Dobrilović from Boban katun or katunars Klapac Stanković and Radosav Milićević from Maleševac katun.[31]
The Ottoman occupation conquered Vlach territories which caused migrations; Ragusan documents in 1386 recorded that some Vlach with their animals found shelter in Ston and Pelješac (...quod recipiantur in Stagno familie, pastores, animalia et carnesia Vlacorum et circum vicinorum propter eorum saluamentum terrore Teucrurum partes discurrentium),[32] in 1466 Korita, Banjani and Riđani east of Trebinje fell.[33] In 1448 Ragusa again accepted in Ston and Pelješac "peasants and Vlachs of duke Stjepan, Radoje Nikolić and Vukašin Grgurević with families and herds, with leaders and shepherds",[34] as well in 1463 (Vlachs and people from Popovo).[35] During the 15th century they continuously found shelter in the territory of Ragusan Republic, as well Venetian Dalmatia and Bay of Kotor.[35] In 1475–1477 in the nahijaPočitelj eleven deserted villages (Gojanovići, Ričica, Kukrica, Opličiči, Plešivac, Svitava, Šanica, Kozica, Gornja Ljubinica, Skočim, Dretelj) were recorded, which were held by the Vlachs.[36] At the time many Vlachs (generally, and from Banjani, Maleševci, Bobani, Zubci in particular) collaborated with Ottomans as slave agents.[37]
Culture
Vlach funerary monuments in Radimlja
They lived in small villages called katun whose chieftain were titled katunar. Around them they placed guards; guard stations were called varde or vardišta.[38] They practiced transhumance as herdsmen and shepherds, and became agricultural when settled permanently. They exported livestock products; animal skin, wool, cheese, butter and dried meat. Other exports included honey and wood. The Vlach cheese was reputable because of fat, and in 1325 sold one libra for 10 folars[clarification needed] compared to other cheese that sold for 8 folars. In 1420 Vlach cheese was sold for 15 folars.[18] With their caravans, led by kramar,[18] mostly composed of horses numbering between 10–100, they conducted a large part of the trade between inland and coastal cities.[10][11][22] Their military tradition and mobile lifestyle was used by the Bosnian lords and later by the Ottomans.[22] These traits changed very little over the centuries.[22]
Vlachs probably were bilingual (speaking a language close to Romanian and Slavic languages).[22] Many personal names in the records, of which many are preserved, indicate their bilingualism.[22] Initially Vlachs used an Ikavian accent and later I/jekavian accent (spreading it further), of Neo-Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian. Those who migrated to the West during Ottoman invasion spoke what are now labeled Eastern Herzegovinian and Bosnian–Dalmatian subdialects.[42][22]LZMK linguist Nataša Bašić argued that the Vlachs were creators of New-Shtokavian dialect with reduced number of cases in declination, with New-Shtokavian accent, with the loss of the phoneme /H/, with diphthongization old jat and other modifications characteristic for foreigners, especially for Romans.[43]Ćiro Truhelka argued that the evasion of the writing and spelling letter /H/ in Serbian language until Karadžić's reform is due to Vlachs influence as it is a Romance language characteristic.[38]
Truhelka noted many preserved non-Slavic family surnames in Bosnia and Herzegovina of Vlach origin, which are often Slavicized by suffixes ić, ović and ević, with most notable being; Banjan, Balac, Bilbija, Boban, Bokan, Banduka, Bencun, Belen, Bender, Besara, Bovan, Čokorilo, Darda, Doman, Drečo, Đerman, Gac, Gala, Jarakula, Kalin, Kešelj, Keser, Kočo, Kalaba, Kokoruš, Kosor, Lopar, Macura, Mataruga, Pađen, Palavestra, Punja, Riđan, Šola, Šolaja, Šabat, Šurla, Šatra, Škipina, Špira, Tubin, Taor, Tintor, as well as Kecman, Šikman, Toroman, Šuman, Karan, Šurlan, Servan, etc.[44]
Religion
Pope Gregory XI in 1372 letter for Franciscans in Bosnia ordered them to convert Vlachs who live in tents and pastures (Wlachorum... quorum nonnulli in pascuis et tentoriis habitant).[10] Their religion depended upon social and political events.[45] During Ottoman occupation the Orthodox Church was more politically favored than Roman Catholic.[46]
The first Orthodox churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina were built in the 13th century on its eastern reaches. Before the arrival of the Ottomans, on the Bosnian proper the Orthodox Church had some presence as the Serbian Orthodox Church, limited exclusively to areas adjoined to the Kingdom of Bosnia by Tvrtko I's conquests in the lands to the east across the Drina River, traditionally under Serbian suzerainty. In the area of eastern Hum, today Eastern Herzegovina, there was Eparchy of Zachlumia and the Littoral and it held a much prominent role prior to 1250's when it relocated from Ston to the valley of river Lim. In the 16th century, although Ottoman law prohibited building of new churches, several Orthodox monasteries were built, notably in Tavna, Lomnica, Paprača, Ozren and Gostović, while Rmanj Monastery in northwestern Bosnia was first mentioned in 1515. According to Noel Malcolm, although Orthodox believers were underprivileged and often ill-treated under Ottoman regime the Orthodox Church was, however, much favored, especially compared to the Roman Catholic church.[47] A significant proportion of the Orthodox churches and monasteries in present-day Herzegovina were only built under Ottoman rule. Several larger monasteries were built for the needs of the church hierarchy such as Žitomislić by the Neretva, Tvrdoš near Trebinje, Nikoljac (in Bijelo Polje), the Holy Trinity in Pljevlja and Piva.
The example of Herzegovina reveals that the immigrant Vlach herdsmen had more economic power and they were more religious than their predecessors who lived there under Christian lords.[48] With time the Slavicized Vlachs who were of Orthodox faith were eventually Serbianized, and those of Roman Catholic faith were Croatized,[49] while others who embraced Islam became Muslims and later (modern days) Bosniaks.[50]
Legacy
Ilona Czamańska claims that "The majority of Serbs from the Republika Srpska of modern Bosnia is of Vlach origin, as well as the majority of the population from Bosnia and Herzegovina in general"–this also applies to the entire Western Balkans as a mixture of Slavic and indigenous population–but also states that "there are none direct sources to support Vlach colonization of these lands."[1] Serbian Orthodox Church have a decisive role in the process of national identification of Vlachs in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina who became Serbs while Catholic Vlachs became Croats.[51]
Today only a small part of former Vlachs declares with this name.[51] According to Noel Malcolm, today it makes no sense to claim that Bosnian Serbs are "actually" Vlachs because members of the Serbian Orthodox Church over time crossed the Drina and moved to Bosnia or moved north from Herzegovina, but not all people who settled northern Bosnia in the 15th and 16th century were Vlachs. There were too many arrivals and departures to determine what is the percentage of Vlach ancestors of Bosnian Serbs since the Vlachs did not only contribute to the growth of the Serbian population, Vlachs mostly in Croatia converted to the Catholic faith later becoming Croats, and many of them in Bosnia converted to Islam later becoming Bosniaks.[50][52]
Notable Bosnian Vlachs
Hasan Pasha Predojević[53] (c. 1530 – 22 June 1593) – the Predojević Vlachs are first mentioned 1372, while since 1468 were included in the Ottoman hierarchy.[54]
Hrabren-Miloradovićs are probably most researched Bosnian Vlachs' clan. The family with its numerous later branches were included in the Ottoman hierarchy and became sipahi and timariot. As was customary and a usual practice under the Ottomans, they were allowed to retain their religion, titles and privileges, and gaining new one. In case of Miloradovićs clan, Bosnian Church and predominantly Orthodox Christianity was their affiliation, while some branches converted to Islam. Both groups are still present in Herzegovina around the Lower Neretva.
Maleševci was a historical Vlach katun of Herzegovina that existed in the Late Middle Ages.
Morlachs has been an exonym used for a rural Christian community in Herzegovina, Lika and the Dalmatian Hinterland. The term was initially used for a bilingual Vlach pastoralist community in the mountains of Croatia from the second half of the 14th until the early 16th century. Then, when the community straddled the Venetian–Ottoman border until the 17th century, it referred only to the Slavic-speaking people of the Dalmatian Hinterland, Orthodox and Catholic, on both the Venetian and Turkish side. The exonym ceased to be used in an ethnic sense by the end of the 18th century, and came to be viewed as derogatory, but has been renewed as a social or cultural anthropological subject. As the nation-building of the 19th century proceeded, the Vlach/Morlach population residing with the Croats and Serbs of the Dalmatian Hinterland espoused either a Serb or Croat ethnic identity, but preserved some common sociocultural outlines.
The House of Kosača, somewhere Kosačić, was a Bosnian medieval noble family which ruled over parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia between the 14th century and the 15th century. The land they controlled was known as Humska zemlja, roughly corresponding to modern region of Herzegovina, which itself was derived from the title "Herzog", which Stjepan Vukčić Kosača adopted in 1448., with latin title "Dux Sancti Sabbae". Besides Hum, they ruled parts of Dalmatia and Rascia. They were vassals to several states, including the Kingdom of Bosnia and Ottoman Empire. Historians think the Kosača family is part of the Kőszegi family, but there is a lack of evidence for this claim.
The religious confession of the Kosača family is uncertain. They were in contact with the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Church of Bosnia, the Roman Catholic Church and Islam. During the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom, the "Kosače" split into three branches: Venetian, Dalmatian and Ottoman. From then onward, these branches became accepting of the Roman Catholic faith, in the first two cases, and of Islam in the third.
Drobnjaci was a tribe of Vlach origin, and historical region, Drobnjak, in Old Herzegovina in Montenegro. Its unofficial centre is in Šavnik. The Serb Orthodox families have St. George (Đurđevdan) as their patron saint (slava) and the majority of churches in Drobnjak are dedicated to St. George as well. Families of distant Drobnjak origin are present in all former Yugoslav republics and in Hungary and Hungarian-populated parts of Romania and Slovakia, where it is spelled in its Magyarized form as Drobnyák.
Banjani was a tribe of Vlach origin in Old Herzegovina, and historical region in western Montenegro. Its territory comprises 380 km2 (150 sq mi), west of Nikšić, in the centre between Nikšić and Bileća, from the top of Njegoš mountain to the Trebišnjica river, and on to the Bileća Lake. All Banjani families have Jovanjdan as their slava.
Stećak is the name for monumental medieval tombstones, that lie scattered across Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the border parts of Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. An estimated 60,000 are found within the borders of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and the rest of 10,000 are found in what are today Croatia (4,400), Montenegro (3,500), and Serbia (2,100), at more than 3,300 odd sites with over 90% in poor condition. They are cut in a variety of recognizable stećak forms, with certain percentage being richly decorated and some individual stećci also containing inscriptions in form of epitaphs.
The tribes of Montenegro or Montenegrin tribes are historical tribes in the areas of Old Montenegro, Brda, Old Herzegovina and Primorje.
Herzegovina is the southern and smaller of two main geographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Bosnia. It presently does not have strictly defined administrative borders, however in the past it was organized as Sanjak of Herzegovina and Herzegovina Eyalet (1833–1851).
Hasan Predojević, also known as Telli Hasan Pasha, was the fifth Ottoman beylerbey (vali) of Bosnia and a notable Ottoman Bosnian military commander, who led an invasion of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia during the Ottoman wars in Europe. From July to October 1592, Hasan-paša Predojević led devastating raids into Slavonia, Bohemia, Croatia, and Hungary resulting in the capture of 35,000 people and the enslavement and death of more than 20,000 people.
Sicanje or bocanje was a widespread custom mostly among Roman Catholic Croat teenage girls and boys of the central regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the Dalmatia region of Croatia. The practice, which has been widespread among Albanians and also Vlach women, native populations of the western Balkans, predates the Slavic migration to the Balkans, and consequently Christianity itself, tracing back to Illyrian times, but scholars documented it in the 19th century.
The House of Pavlović, also Radinović or Radenović, or Radinović-Pavlović, was Bosnian noble family who got their name after Radin Jablanić. Radin's father, Jablan, was a founder of Jablanić house, an earlier branch of this medieval Bosnian clan. Jablan's estate was in Jablan village. Later, family extended their feudal possessions from the Middle and Upper Drina river in the eastern parts of medieval Bosnia, known as Pavlovića zemlja, to south-southeastern regions of the Bosnian realm in Hum and Konavle at the Adriatic coast. The family official residence and seat was at Borač and later Pavlovac, above the Prača river canyon, between present-day Prača, Rogatica and Goražde in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Mirilovići is a village in the municipality of Bileća, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The village was named after a local medieval Vlach tribe of the same name. The paternal family of famous Serbian writer Momo Kapor was from the Mirilovići village. His father Gojko Kapor was buried at the local Serbian Orthodox Church cemetery.
The term Vlachs was initially used in medieval Croatian and Venetian history for a Romance-speaking pastoralist community, called "Vlachs" and "Morlachs", inhabiting the mountains and lands of the Croatian Kingdom and the Republic of Venice from the early 14th century. By the end of the 15th century they were highly assimilated with the Slavs and lost their language or were at least bilingual, while some communities managed to preserve and continue to speak their language (Istro-Romanians).
The Miloradović or later Stjepanović (Стјепановић), whose paternal parent house was Hrabren (Храбрен), were an Eastern Orthodox Bosnian Serb noble family and a katun clan from Hum, and later Sanjak of Herzegovina, parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, among which some converted to Islam and became Bosnian Muslims. The members of the family served the Kingdom of Bosnia, the Republic of Ragusa, and the Ottoman Empire. One branch of the Miloradović's established themselves as military leaders of Russian Empire and were adopted into the Russian nobility. The family left behind several cultural-historical monuments important to Bosnian and Herzegovinian heritage, protected as such by the KONS state agency and the UNESCO.
Vlachs was a social and fiscal class in several late medieval states of Southeastern Europe, and also a distinctive social and fiscal class within the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, composed largely of Eastern Orthodox Christians who practiced nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle, including populations in various migratory regions, mainly composed of ethnic Vlachs, Serbs and Albanians. From the middle decades of the 17th century the amalgamation of the process of sedentarization of the Orthodox Vlachs and their gradual fusion with Serbian rural population reached a high level and was officially recognized by the Ottoman authorities.
Vrsinje was a medieval župa, at times part of the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Bosnia, and briefly, as a nahiya of the Ottoman Empire. It was a county in the land of Travunija. After the Ottoman conquest, it was replaced by the Zupci.
Bosnia, in the Early Middle Ages to early High Middle Ages, was a territorially and politically defined South Slavic defined entity, governed at first by knez and then by a ruler with the ban title, possibly from at least 838 AD. Situated, broadly, around upper and middle course of the Bosna river, between valleys of the Drina river on the east and the Vrbas river on the west, which comprise a wider area of central and eastern modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Burmazi was an Albanian tribe which is attested in Herzegovina in the Middle Ages.
The katun is a rural self-governing community in the Balkans, traditional of the living style of Albanians, Vlachs, as well as some Slavic communities of hill people. Traditionally, a katun is based on strong kinship ties and the practice of a closed farming economy based on stockbreeding, constantly moving to find pasture. The community based its organizational, political and economic activities on the decisions of a council of elders or a senior member appointed as its leader. The Albanian communities strictly followed the Kanun, their traditional customary law that has directed all the aspects of their kinship-based society.
Nada Miletić was a Bosnian medievalist, art historian and archaeologist, who was a scientific expert at the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina and founded the study of the Migration Period in Bosnian archaeology.
↑ Adem Handžić; (1994) Studije o Bosni: historijski prilozi iz osmansko-turskog perioda(Studies on the history and culture of Bosnia and Hercegovina) p. 26; Organisation of the Islamic Conference, ISBN9290630566
1 2 Lovrenović, Dubravko (2013). Stećci: Bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka[Stećci: Bosnian and Hum marbles from Middle Age] (in Serbo-Croatian). Ljevak. pp.72, 225–231. ISBN9789533035468.
Mirdita, Zef (2004). Vlasi u historiografiji (in Croatian). Hrvatski institut za povijest. ISBN953-6324-43-1.
Šarić, Marko (2009), "Predmoderne etnije u Lici i Krbavi prema popisu iz 1712./14.", in Željko Holjevac (ed.), Identitet Like: Korijeni i razvitak(PDF) (in Croatian), vol.1, Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar, ISBN978-953-6666-65-2
Kurtović, Esad (2011a). "Seniori hercegovačkih vlaha"[Seniors of Herzegovinian Vlachs]. Hum i Hercegovina kroz povijest. Zbornik radova s međunarodnoga znanstvenog skupa održanog u Mostaru 5. i 6. studenoga 2009[Hum and Herzegovina through History. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Held in Mostar on November 5 and 6, 2009] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest [Croatian Institute of History]. pp.646–695.
Ciobanu, Octavian (2018). "The emergence of Vlach necropolises with petroglyphs in Western Balkans". The Journal of Ethnology and Culturology. XXIV. Chişinău: 5–10.
Ciobanu, Octavian (2021a). "The Role of the Vlachs in the Bogomils' Expansion in the Balkans". Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies. Year 4, Issue 7. Istanbul: 11–32.
Kurtović, Esad (2012). Vlasi Bobani[The Boban Vlachs] (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet, Društvo za proučavanje srednjovjekovne bosanske historije. ISBN978-9958-625-26-8.
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