Walter Devereux (died c. 1383)

Last updated

Walter Devereux of Bodenham
Bornc. 1339
Diedc. 1383
BuriedBodenham Church
Spouse(s)Maud
Issue Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Weobley
Ann Devereux
Father William Devereux of Bodenham
MotherAnne Barre

Sir Walter Devereux of Bodenham was a prominent knight in Herefordshire during the reign of Edward III. He was a member of Parliament, sheriff, and Justice of the Peace for Hereford.

Contents

Ancestry and Childhood

Sir Walter Devereux of Bodenham was born about 1339, the son of William Devereux of Bodenham and Anne, daughter of Sir John Barre. [1] [2] His great-grandfather was William Devereux, Baron Devereux of Lyonshall by his first wife, Alice de Grandison.

He was a close ally of his uncle, John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux of Whitchurch Maund. [3] The Baron was a friend of Edward, the Black Prince, and a member of Richard II's council of regency, and his influence promoted the career of Walter Devereux. [4]

His arms were: Argent a fesse gules, in chief three torteaux.

Career

An oyer and terminer commission was called on 11 Sep 1357 for a complaint by Sir Richard de Acton that Walter Devereux was among a number of individuals that broke into his park at Aily, Somersetshire, hunted and carried away a great part of the deer therein, and then killed livestock worth 10 marks. [5] Another commission was called in 1362 on a complaint by the abbot of Abbotsbury that Walter Devereux was among a number of individuals who tore up stones for metes and bounds in his lands in Tolpuddle (Dorsetshire), felled trees, broke a stank erected to store water for times of drought, carried away fish and timber, trod down and consumed with cattle his crops and grass, and so molested his bondmen there that they cannot hold his bondage. [6]

On coming of age, Walter Devereux, like his father, joined the retinue of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. On 4 October 1363 Devereux was granted the wardship of the lands in Bodenham of Thomas Lucy, [lower-alpha 1] comprising annual rent of 8 marks and 2 carucates of land, for payment of 8 marks yearly to the exchequer. [7] Following the death of Thomas Lucy on 26 November 1369, Devereux was granted the wardship of his brother and heir, William de Lucy. He testified on 20 November 1374 on William Lucy's coming of age to his holding in Bodenham, Herefordshire.

Devereux was a knight by the time he was nominated on 13 February 1364 as attorney by Brother Thomas de Burley, prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Ireland, preceptor of Dynemor, Carewy and Upledne, who was going to Ireland on the king's service. [8] Also in 1364 the Earl of Hereford granted Bykenhull manor in Oxfordshire to Walter Devereux, and he subsequently traded the manor with the earl for Southam manor in Gloucestershire. These transfers were done without license, and following the earl's death in 1373, the king voided his claim to the manor. [9]

On 15 May 1366 Devereux was assigned to inquire into the complaint of Gilbert and Elizabeth Giffard that the Prior of Saint Oswald's was not maintaining the chapel on Kingshome manor, Gloucestershire, that was held in the king's hand because Elizabeth was underage. [10] He was appointed Justice of the Peace for Gloucestershire on 16 May 1366, [11] and again on 10 July 1368. [12] On 8 Aug 1368 he was appointed to investigate a complaint by Sir John de Burley that Emery le Botiller and others broke into his park at Harsfeld, Gloucestershire, hunted deer, cut down trees, and then carried them away with other goods. [13]

Walter Devereux, as a retainer of the Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, served with him in France. [4] [14] In May 1369 he was granted protection and appointed an attorney for 1 year while overseas in France. [15] Devereux was with the forces John of Gaunt led to Calais, and participated in his raids into northern France. He was at the siege of Harfleur in October 1369 that had to be abandoned due to an outbreak of plague and dysentery. He fought at the Battle of the Ford of Blanchetaque on the Somme River, and returned with the army to Calais by mid-November.

Following the death of Humphrey de Bohun on 10 January 1373, Walter Devereux was shown holding 1 fee in Bodenham at his inquiry post-mortem. Devereux was granted the custody of all castles and keeping of all the forests, chases, and parks in Wales and the Marches, which had been held by the said Earl, while they remained in the king's hands. [16] [17] On 16 July Walter Devereux; John ap Rees, and Richard Sergeant were appointed to collect for one year the issues and profits of all castles, lordships and lands in England and the Welsh Marches of the earl of Hereford to be used for the payment of the debts of both Humphrey de Bohun and his father, William de Bohun, earl of Northampton. [18]

He was sometime sheriff of Somerset and Dorset. [4] On 4 October 1375 Walter Devereux was appointed sheriff of Herefordshire. [19] Devereux transferred his affinity to Thomas of Woodstock at this time following his marriage to Humphrey de Bohun's eldest daughter, Eleanor, in 1376.

Following the death of his father, William Devereux, in January 1377, Walter Devereux inherited the family lands. On 3 March 1377 he was granted the wardship of Sir Simon de Burley along with his cousin John Devereux, and John Joyce while they were in the king's hands, and was appointed to investigate who was encroaching on this holding. [20]

On 8 March 1377 he was appointed Justice of the Peace, [21] and assigned on 29 April 1377 to raise troops in Herefordshire to repel an anticipated invasion. [22] On 12 May 1377 Walter Devereux was assigned to make inquisitions by oath of the men of the lordships of Brecombe, Haye, Huntington and Caldecotes in Wales touching all seditions, oppressions, champerties, ambidextries, falsities and deceptions, damages, grievances and excesses perpetrated there; as well in forests, stews, waters, assarts and purprestures as elsewhere; and touching all wards, marriages, reliefs, escheats, lands and other profits and emoluments pertaining to the king which have been concealed, withdrawn or occupied; also to make due restitution of the latter, and to hear and determine the premises at the suit of the king or others; and commission to them to be justices to take hearings in all personal pleas, as well of accounts, errors and attaints, as all others, and to correct what has been wrongly done therein and punish delinquents. [23] Devereux was again appointed on 2 July 1377 as Justice of the Peace for Herefordshire., [24] and on 20 July, following the death of Edward III and ascension of Richard II, he was also among those assigned as keepers of the city of Hereford. They were instructed to stay upon its sage custody and for conservation of the peace therein, with full power to see that all men of the city and suburbs, according to their condition and means, are suitably armed, arrayed, and kept ready to resist the king's enemies, compelling them if need be, by distress or imprisonment. [25]

He obtained a license for an annual fair of three days continuance in Bodenham on 12 July 1378. The days of the fair were to be those of the Assumption (15 August), the day preceding, and the day following. [26] He also was granted a weekly market in Bodenham to occur on Tuesdays. [2] Devereux also represented Herefordshire in the Parliament of October 1378. [27] [28] and April 1379. [29] On 8 Aug 1379 Walter Devereux was instructed to investigate a report that the tax assessors of the king's subsidy in Herefordshire had failed to collect the full amount due, and to insure that any errors are corrected.

On 26 May 1380 Walter Devereux and his liege, Thomas of Woodstock, were appointed Justice of the Peace for Herefordshire. [30] On 22 June 1380 he was granted protection and appointed an attorney for 1 year while overseas in France serving in the company of Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham. [31] In July Woodstock led an army across the channel to Calais to bring support to John IV, Duke of Brittany in his resistance to Charles V of France. The army marched east of Paris where it confronted Philip the Bold at Troyes, but the French refused battle and the two armies marched away. On 16 Sep 1380 Charles V died, and the French defense was thrown into disarray. Thomas of Woodstock led a chevauchée westward, and in November laid siege to Nantes. In January 1381 the Duke of Brittany reconciled with the new French King, Charles VI, and Woodstock was forced to abandon the siege due to dysentery and the collapse of his alliance.

By June Devereux was back on the Welsh Marches during the Peasants’ Revolt. He was mandated on 7 July 1381 to issue a proclamation regarding the murder under pretext of royal authority of Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury; Robert de Hales, Prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem; Chief Justice John de Cavendish; and others by the rebels. [32] He also was appointed to a Commission of array, empowered to forbid unlawful assemblies, and to resist and punish the insurgents. [33] In November 1381 he represented Herefordshire in Parliament, [19] and was appointed Justice of the Peace on 14 December. [34]

He again represented Herefordshire in Parliament in February 1382, [19] [35] Also attending Parliament was his son of the same name, and they both were appointed to a royal commission. [4] [36] He was assigned on 8 February 1382 to arrest William de Solers who had been outlawed for not appearing before the king for disseising John ap William ap Jankin and his wife of Dorstone manor, [37] and on 16 February 1382 to arrest the individuals responsible for disseising John de Walleford of the manor of Brocton. [38]

On 8 March 1382 Walter Devereux was among those appointed Justice of the Peace for Herefordshire, empowered to arrest, imprison and punish rebels, and appointed a commissioner of Oyer and terminer with power to arrest, imprison and punish any who refused to assist him. [39] He attended Parliament again in May, and had his appointment as Justice of the Peace reaffirmed in on 12 August 1382. Devereux represented Herefordshire in the Parliaments of October 1382 and February 1383. [40] On 6 March 1383 Walter Devereux and Richard de Eton of the county of Hereford commitment by mainprise to John Burlev, Richard Burley and Roger Bierd the keeping of the manors of Mauwardyn, Blenleveny and Orleton, previously held by the late Edmund earl of March, and to hold the same until the lawful age of Roger, the earl's son and heir.

Death

Walter Devereux died sometime after March 1383. [41]

Provided is an excerpt from Mansions and Manors of Herefordshire [42] describing his home, and burial in the church of Bodenham Devereux: The manor-house, formerly called “Devereux Court” and now the “Moat,” is situated near the Church, and is a timber mansion of great antiquity. It probably formed the residence of Sir Walter Devereux who was the Sheriff, 50 and 51 Edward III, and whose monument was to be seen in the church forty years ago. Dingley (Hist. from Marble. Part I, ccxxxvi.) gives a sketch of it, from which we gather that it represented a knight in chain-armour with a sleeveless surcoat over the hawberk. The sword is on the right side and attached to a jeweled belt. The hands are crossed above the breast, on which are depicted the arms of Devereux. These are repeated at intervals on the upper plinth, where a French inscription is partially legible. Sir Walter obtained licence for a market and fair at his manor of Bodenham, and probably contributed largely to the re-building of the church, in the windows of which were to be seen the arms of Devereux and the cognizance of Richard II – the white hart lodged – together with the arms of that monarch and those of Delabere, Lucy, and Brydges. All these memorials have now perished; the alabaster slab, on which the effigy of Sir Walter was incised, was broken into fragments at the restoration of the church in 1834.

Marriage

He married a woman named Maud [4] [43] [lower-alpha 2] and had children:

Notes

  1. ↑ Heir of the late William Lucy (died c1357) who held by knight’s service of the minor heir (Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, born 1 February 1352) of the late Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (died 26 February 1360), previously held in dower by Elizabeth (died 1361), widow of William Lucy, (daughter of Thomas de la Barre)
  2. ↑ The 10 Feb 1370 reference indicates Maud holding for life land of the inheritance of John, son of Henry le Frene, and may indicate dower from a first marriage.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux</span>

John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux, KG, was a close companion of Edward, the Black Prince, and an English peer during the reign of King Richard II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyonshall</span> Village in Herefordshire, England

Lyonshall is a historic village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. The civil parish includes the hamlet of Penrhos. According to the 2001 Census, the civil parish had a population of 750, increasing to 757 at the 2011 Census.

William Devereux was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of kings William I, William II, and Henry I of England. The Devereux, along with the Baskervilles and Pichards, were prominent knightly families along the Welsh marches at the beginning of the twelfth century, and linked to the Braose and Lacy lordships of the region. William Devereux's descendants would later give rise to the Devereux family of Hereford, and the Devereux Viscounts of Hereford and Earls of Essex.

Stephen Devereux was a powerful Marcher Lord, and held Lyonshall Castle controlling an important approach to the border of Wales. As a key member of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke retinue, he played a significant role in the Earl's support of King John during the First Barons' War, and during the minority of Henry III.

William Devereux, was an important Marcher Lord, and held Lyonshall Castle controlling a strategically vital approach to the border of Wales. The castle's significance was heightened by the rebellion of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. With strong family ties to the politically powerful families of Cantilupe and Giffard, his support was strongly sought after by Henry III and Simon de Montfort throughout the Second Barons' War.

William Devereux, Baron Devereux of Lyonshall was an English noble who was an important Marcher Lord as he held Lyonshall Castle controlling a strategically vital approach to the border of Wales in the time of Edward I and Edward II. He was the first of this family officially called to Parliament, and was ancestor to John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux of Whitchurch Maund, the Devereux Earls of Essex, and the Devereux Viscounts of Hereford. His coat of arms was the same as his father's and described as "argent, fess and three roundels in chief gules" which passed to the descendants of his first wife, the Devereux of Bodenham; or "gules od un fesse d'argent ove turteaus d'argent en le chief" which passed to the descendants of his second wife, the Devereux of Frome.

Sir Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Weobley was a prominent knight in Herefordshire during the reigns of Richard II and Henry IV. He represented Hereford in Parliament, and gave rise to the Devereux Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.

Sir William Devereux of Bodenham was a prominent knight in Herefordshire during the reign of Edward III, and an important member of the retinue of the Earls of Hereford. He is the ancestor of the Devereux Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.

Stephen Devereux of Bodenham and Burghope was a member of a prominent knightly family in Herefordshire during the reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III. An important retainer of the de Bohun Earls of Hereford, he gave rise to the Devereux Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.

William Devereux of Frome was a member of a prominent Herefordshire family during the reign of Edward II and Edward III. He was an important retainer of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Queen Isabella, and a knight of the Bath.

William Devereux of Frome the younger was a member of a prominent Herefordshire family during the reign of Edward III. He was an important retainer of the Mortimer family, sheriff of Hereford, and member of Parliament.

Walter Devereux was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reign of king Henry II of England and Richard I of England. The Devereux, along with the Baskervilles and Pichards, were prominent knightly families along the Welsh marches during the twelfth century, and linked to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and the Braose and Lacy lordships of the region. William Devereux's descendants would later give rise to the Devereux Viscounts of Hereford and Earls of Essex.

John Devereux of Manne was a member of a prominent knightly family in Herefordshire during the reigns of Edward II, and Edward III. He fought at the Battle of Crecy, and gave rise to the Devereux Barons of Whitchurch Maund.

Sir Walter Devereux of Bodenham was a member of a prominent knightly family in Herefordshire during the reigns of Edward I, and Edward II. He gave rise to the Devereux Barons of Whitchurch Maund, Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.

John Devereux of Bodenham and Decies was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of King John and Henry III of England. The Devereux were a prominent knightly family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and John Devereux was a key member of the retinue of Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, and companion of Walter III de Clifford, Baron of Clifford.

Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Bromwich was an Anglo-Norman knight and sheriff of Herefordshire living during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. The Devereux were a prominent family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and integral to the control of this region during the Second Barons' War.

Nicholas Devereux of Chanston (Vowchurch) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of John and Henry III of England. The Devereux were a prominent knightly family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and Nicholas Devereux was a key member of the retinue of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath.

Nicholas Devereux II of Chanston (Vowchurch) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of Henry III of England. The Devereux were a prominent knightly family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and Nicholas would play an integral role in attempts to control the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century.

John Devereux, Lord of Munsley, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. The Devereux were a prominent knightly family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and played an integral role in attempts to control the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century.

Hugh Devereux of Chanston (Vowchurch) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reign of Edward I of England. The Devereux were a prominent knightly family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and Hugh played an integral role in attempts to control the Welsh Marches.

References

  1. ↑ Evelyn Philip Shirley. Stemmata Shirleiana. (Westminster: Nichols and Sons, 1873). page 103 to 104
  2. 1 2 John Duncumb. Collections Towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford, part I of Volume II. (Hereford: E.G. Wright, 1812). Page 37 and 49, Broxash Hundred
  3. ↑ Calendar of the Fine Rolls, Edward III, Volume 8, 1356-1368 [ dead link ]. London: Wyman and Sons. 1923. Page 384
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 The History of Parliament Online; Sir Walter Devereux (d. 1402), of Weobley, Herefs. Accessed 4 November 2013.
  5. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume 10, 1354-1358. (London: Anthony Brothers, 1909). Page 616, 11 Sep 1357
  6. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XII, 1361-1364. (London: Hereford Times, 1912). Page 284, 1 July 1362
  7. ↑ Public Record Office. Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Volume III. (London: Stationery Office, 1937). Entry 766
  8. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XII, 1361-1364. (London: Hereford Times, 1912). Page 472, 13 Feb 1364
  9. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume 15, 1370-1374. (London: Hereford Times, 1914). Page 409, 30 Jan 1374
  10. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XIII, 1364-1367. (London: Hereford Times, 1912). Page 285, 15 May 1366
  11. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XIII, 1364-1367. (London: Hereford Times, 1912). Page 283, 16 May 1366
  12. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XIV, 1367-1370. (London: Hereford Times, 1913). Page 192, 10 July 1368
  13. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XIV, 1367-1370. (London: Hereford Times, 1913). Page 196, 8 Aug 1368
  14. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, volume 2. H.C. Maxwell Lyte (editor). 1920. Pages 511 to 516, 22 December 1384, Westminster
  15. ↑ The Soldier in Later Medieval England website. University of Southampton. Walter Deveros. TNA C76/52, membranes 21 and 22,
  16. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume 15, 1370-1374. (London: Hereford Times, 1914). Page 261, 9 March 1373
  17. ↑ John Duncumb et al. Collections towards the history and antiquities of the county of Hereford. In continuation of Duncumb’s History. Hundred of Huntington. (Hereford: Jakeman & Carver, High Town, 1897). Page 58, Parish of Huntington
  18. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume 15, 1370-1374. (London: Hereford Times, 1914). Page 391, 16 July 1373
  19. 1 2 3 John Duncumb. Collections Towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford, volume 1. (Hereford: E.G. Wright, 1804) Page 139, 152
  20. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XVI, 1374-1377. (London: Hereford Times, 1916). 24 Mar 1377
  21. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XVI, 1374–1377. (London: Hereford Times, 1916). Page 490, 8 Mar 1377
  22. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XVI, 1374–1377. (London: Hereford Times, 1916). Page 499, 29 Apr 1377
  23. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XVI, 1374–1377. (London: Hereford Times, 1916). Page 496, 12 May 1377
  24. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume I, 1377–1381. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1895). Page 45, 2 July 1377
  25. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume I, 1377–1381. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1895). Page 5, 20 July 1377
  26. ↑ Amy License. Anne Neville. (Gloucestershire: Amberley, 2013)
  27. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, Volume 1. H.C. Maxwell (editor). 1914. 16 November 1378, Gloucester, membrane 22d
  28. ↑ UK National Archives Petitioners: Walter Devereux; John (Clefford) Clifford; Robert de Whyteney (Whitney), sheriff of Herefordshire. [1378] Reference: SC 8/107/5303. Description: Datable by reference to Whyteney as sheriff of Herefordshire (November 1377 – November 1378): see Rees, Petitions Relating to Wales, pp. 166–7. Devereux was knight of the shire for Herefordshire in the parliament of October 1378,
  29. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, volume 1. H. C. Maxwell (editor). 1914. 27 May 1379, Gloucester, membrane 3d
  30. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume I, 1377-1381. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1895). Page 515, 26 May 1380
  31. ↑ The Soldier in Later Medieval England website. University of Southampton. Walter Deveros. TNA C76/65, membranes 26 and 28,
  32. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381-1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 71, 7 July 1381
  33. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381-1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 73, 7 July 1381
  34. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381-1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 86, 14 Dec 1381
  35. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, volume 2. H.C. Maxwell Lyte (editor). 1920. pages 226-9, 24 October 1382, Westminster
  36. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Volume 2, Page 132. 1382, 8 February, Westminster, membrane 35d
  37. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381-1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 132, 8 Feb 1382
  38. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381-1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 134, 16 Feb 1382
  39. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Richard II, Volume 2, 1381–1385. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897). Page 138, 8 Mar 1382
  40. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, volume 2. H.C. Maxwell Lyte (editor). 1920. Pages 408–416, 26 November 1383, Westminster
  41. ↑ Collectanea Topographica & Genealogica, Volume III. (London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, 1834). Page 100, 101
  42. ↑ Charles Robinson. A History of the Mansions and Manors of Herefordshire. (London: Longmans and Company, 1872). pages 30-31
  43. ↑ Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume XIV, 1367–1370. (London: Hereford Times, 1913). Page 367, 10 Feb 1370
  44. ↑ Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, volume 2. H.C. Maxwell Lyte (editor). 1920. Pages 216 to 222, 25 October 1382, Westminster
  45. ↑ Charles J. Robinson. A History of the Castles of Herefordshire and Their Lords. (Herefordshire: Logaston Press, 2002). Page 25.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.