{{ushr|IL|13|C}}(1883–95)"},"term_start2":{"wt":"March 4,1875"},"term_end2":{"wt":"March 3,1895"},"predecessor2":{"wt":"[[James Carroll Robinson]]"},"successor2":{"wt":"[[Vespasian Warner]]"},"office3":{"wt":"Member of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]]"},"term3":{"wt":"1871-1872"},"birth_name":{"wt":""},"birth_date":{"wt":"{{Birth date|1836|5|30}}"},"birth_place":{"wt":"[[New Lebanon,Indiana]]"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{Death date and age|1903|12|4|1836|5|30}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"Washington,D.C."},"party":{"wt":"[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]"},"signature":{"wt":"Signature of William McKendree Springer.png"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwCQ">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}
William McKendree Springer | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Judge for the Northern District of the United States Court for the Indian Territory | |
In office 1895–1899 | |
Appointed by | Grover Cleveland |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Joseph A. Gill |
Member of the U.S.HouseofRepresentatives from Illinois | |
In office March 4,1875 –March 3,1895 | |
Preceded by | James Carroll Robinson |
Succeeded by | Vespasian Warner |
Constituency | 12th district (1875–83) 13th district (1883–95) |
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives | |
In office 1871-1872 | |
Personal details | |
Born | New Lebanon,Indiana | May 30,1836
Died | December 4,1903 67) Washington,D.C. | (aged
Political party | Democratic |
Signature | ![]() |
William McKendree Springer (May 30,1836 –December 4,1903) was an American attorney and politician who represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives and served on the United States Court for the Indian Territory.
William McKendree Springer was born near New Lebanon,Sullivan County,Indiana,on May 30,1836. [1] He later moved west to Jacksonville,Illinois,with his parents in 1848. He attended the local public schools New Lebanon and Jacksonville. [2]
He attended the Illinois College at Jacksonville,Illinois where he was a member of the Phi Alpha Literary Society. [1] He left the college after defending Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act and finished a master's degree from Indiana University at Bloomington in 1858. [3] He worked as a journalist,read the law,and was admitted to the bar in 1859 or 1861. [2] [3] He started his career in the state capital of Springfield,Illinois. [3]
During the American Civil War,he served as secretary of the Illinois State constitutional convention meeting in 1862 . [2] He was a candidate for the Illinois Legislature in 1860 and 1864. [1] At the young age of 26 he briefly served as assistant secretary of the Illinois Senate. [4] Also during the war,he objected to the constitutionality of income taxes leading to the United States Supreme Court case Springer v. United States . [3] He traveled to Europe between 1868 and 1871. After returning to America,he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in Springfield during 1871 and 1872. [2]
Springer was first elected as a Democrat in November 1874 to the 44th United States Congress. He took the oath of office the following March,and was reelected for nine 2-year terms in the late 19th century (March 4,1875 –March 3,1895). In Washington,he was chairman of the House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State (44th and 45th Congresses),Committee on Elections (46th Congresses),Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice (48th Congress),Committee on Claims (49th Congress),Committee on Territories (50th Congress),Committee on Ways and Means (52nd Congress),Committee on Banking and Currency (53rd Congress). [2]
During his time in Congress,he was involved in the investigation of election fraud during the 1876 United States presidential election.[ citation needed ] While on the Committee on Territories,Springer framed the bills that organized the new Oklahoma Territory in 1889 and 1890.[ citation needed ] He also helped create the United States Court for the Indian Territory. Springer drafted a legislative amendment to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1890 which became known as the Springer Amendment and began the process of placing the former Unassigned Lands of the Indian Territory within the federal public domain for later distribution to homesteaders. [3] [5]
After two decades of service in Washington,he was defeated for reelection in 1894 due to the split between Gold Democrats and Silver Democrats. He was appointed by Democratic President Grover Cleveland as a judge for the Northern District of the United States Court for the Indian Territory. [3] In 1899,Springer left his judicial post to establish private law offices in both Chicago and Washington,D.C. He also worked for the National Livestock Association as their capital affairs lobbyist,where he learned of the Kiowa Indian reserve's grasslands. [4] He also represented the Muscogee Nation and Cherokee Nation. [3]
In 1901,Springer was hired by numerous Indians from the Kiowa,Comanche,and Apache Reservation to represent them in what became the federal court case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock ,187 U.S. 553 (1903).[ citation needed ] Springer had aided in the writing of a memorial to Republican then 26th President Theodore Roosevelt (1857–1919,served 1901–1909),protesting the 1900 Act that resulted from the Jerome Agreement between the Indians from the Kiowa,Comanche,and Apache Reservation and the members of the Jerome Commission.[ citation needed ] In the Jerome Agreement,the tribes of the K.C.A. Reservation ceded most of their lands to the United States federal government who would then open it up for allotment to white settlers.[ citation needed ] Lone Wolf asserted and Springer argued on his behalf in federal court that:
On July 22,1901,Springer,who was also aided by fellow sympathetic attorneys Hays McMeehan,William C. Reeves,and Charles Porter Johnson,filed for a temporary restraining order and a permanent injunction halting the cession of territories and the opening of surplus lands after the members of the K.C.A. tribes had been given their individual allotments.[ citation needed ] The request for the restraining order was denied by U.S. Judge Clinton F. Irwin.[ citation needed ] Springer and his lawyer colleagues appealed to The Supreme Court for the District of Columbia in Washington where on June 21,1901,Justice Andrew Coyle Bradley denied again the K.C.A.'s application for a temporary injunction.[ citation needed ] Springer appealed the District Court's decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia where the decision in the lower courts was upheld once again on December 4,1901,by Chief Justice Richard H. Alvey.[ citation needed ]
Finally,Springer,now aided by attorney Hampton Carson who was also hired by the Indian Rights Association,appealed to the full higher United States Supreme Court and where once again,he was unsuccessful in his appeal. On January 5,1903,in a unanimous decision,the High Court affirmed the lower Court of Appeals and upheld the original Congressional action. The Court rejected the Indians' and Springer - Carson's argument that Congress' action was an unfair taking under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Justice Edward Douglass White described the Indians as the wards of the nation and matters involving Indian lands were the sole jurisdiction of the Congress. So the Congress,therefore,had the power to abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty,including the two million acres change. [6] Justice John M. Harlan concurred in the judgment. This case maintained that the federal government had always had plenary power over native tribes and could unilaterally abrogate Indian treaty rights despite the protests of the tribes. [7]
Springer died at age 67 from pneumonia at his home in Washington,D.C.,on December 4,1903,with notices and obituaries in numerous national newspapers. [8] He was buried in the Oak Ridge Cemetery,at the state capital Springfield,Illinois. [2]
The Cheyenne are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes,the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o and the Tsétsėhéstȧhese;the tribes merged in the early 19th century. Today,the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations:the Southern Cheyenne,who are enrolled in the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma,and the Northern Cheyenne,who are enrolled in the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana. The Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family.
Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the United States government for the relocation of Native Americans who held original Indian title to their land as an independent. The concept of an Indian territory was an outcome of the U.S. federal government's 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the American Civil War (1861–1865),the policy of the U.S. government was one of assimilation.
Kiowa or CáuigúIPA:[kɔ́j-gʷú]) people are a Native American tribe and an Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,and eventually into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century. In 1867,the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma.
The American Indian Wars,also known as the American Frontier Wars,and the Indian Wars,was a conflict initially fought by European colonial empires,the United States,and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America. These conflicts occurred from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors,the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for Indian tribes' lands. The European powers and their colonies enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution,many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use;some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name for three treaties signed near Medicine Lodge,Kansas,between the Federal government of the United States and southern Plains Indian tribes in October 1867,intended to bring peace to the area by relocating the Native Americans to reservations in Indian Territory and away from European-American settlement. The treaty was negotiated after investigation by the Indian Peace Commission,which in its final report in 1868 concluded that the wars had been preventable. They determined that the United States government and its representatives,including the United States Congress,had contributed to the warfare on the Great Plains by failing to fulfill their legal obligations and to treat the Native Americans with honesty.
The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to displace the Comanche,Kiowa,Southern Cheyenne,and Arapaho tribes from the Southern Plains,and forcibly relocate the tribes to reservations in Indian Territory. The war had several army columns crisscross the Texas Panhandle in an effort to locate,harass,and capture nomadic Native American bands. Most of the engagements were small skirmishes with few casualties on either side. The war wound down over the last few months of 1874,as fewer and fewer Indian bands had the strength and supplies to remain in the field. Though the last significantly sized group did not surrender until mid-1875,the war marked the end of free-roaming Indian populations on the southern Great Plains.
The Plains Apache are a small Southern Athabaskan tribe who live on the Southern Plains of North America,in close association with the linguistically unrelated Kiowa Tribe. Today,they are headquartered in Southwestern Oklahoma and are federally recognized as the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma. They mostly live in Comanche and Caddo County,Oklahoma.
Comanche history –in the 18th and 19th centuries the Comanche became the dominant tribe on the southern Great Plains. The Comanche are often characterized as "Lords of the Plains." They presided over a large area called Comancheria which they shared with allied tribes,the Kiowa,Kiowa-Apache,Wichita,and after 1840 the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. Comanche power and their substantial wealth depended on horses,trading,and raiding. Adroit diplomacy was also a factor in maintaining their dominance and fending off enemies for more than a century. They subsisted on the bison herds of the Plains which they hunted for food and skins.
Satanta was a Kiowa war chief. He was a member of the Kiowa tribe,born around 1815,during the height of the power of the Plains Tribes,probably along the Canadian River in the traditional winter camp grounds of his people.
Lone Wolf the Younger,also known as Gui-pah-gho the Younger,or the Elk Creek Lone Wolf was a Kiowa and warrior originally named Mamay-day-te. After a raid he was given the name Gui-pah-gho by Gui-pah-gho the Elder after avenging the death of Tau-ankia,the only son of Gui-pah-gho the Elder. Mamay-day-te participated in a raid avenging deaths and counted his first coup during the attack. Lone Wolf the Younger led the Kiowa resistance to United States governmental influence on the reservation,which culminated in the Supreme Court case Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock.
Ten Bears was the principal chief of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from ca. 1860-72. He was the leader of the Ketahto local subgroup of the Yamparika,probably from the late 1840s.
The Texas–Indian wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th-century. Conflict between the Plains Indians and the Spanish began before other European and Anglo-American settlers were encouraged—first by Spain and then by the newly Independent Mexican government—to colonize Texas in order to provide a protective-settlement buffer in Texas between the Plains Indians and the rest of Mexico. As a consequence,conflict between Anglo-American settlers and Plains Indians occurred during the Texas colonial period as part of Mexico. The conflicts continued after Texas secured its independence from Mexico in 1836 and did not end until 30 years after Texas became a state of the United States,when in 1875 the last free band of Plains Indians,the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker,surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma.
The Little Arkansas Treaty was a set of treaties signed between the United States of America and the Kiowa,Comanche,Plains Apache,Southern Cheyenne,and Southern Arapaho at Little Arkansas River,Kansas in October 1865. On October 14 and 18,1865 the United States and all of the major Plains Indians Tribes signed a treaty on the Little Arkansas River,which became known as the Little Arkansas Treaty. It is notable in that it lasted less than two years,the reservations it created for the Plains Indians were never created at all,and were reduced by 90% eighteen months later in the Medicine Lodge Treaty.
Dohäsan,Dohosan,Tauhawsin,Tohausen,or Touhason was a prominent Native American. He was War Chief of the Kata or Arikara band of the Kiowa Indians,and then Principal Chief of the entire Kiowa Tribe,a position he held for an extraordinary 33 years. He is best remembered as the last undisputed Principal Chief of the Kiowa people before the Reservation Era,and the battlefield leader of the Plains Tribes in the largest battle ever fought between the Plains tribes and the United States.
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock,187 U.S. 553 (1903),was a landmark United States Supreme Court case brought against the US government by the Kiowa chief Lone Wolf,who charged that Native American tribes under the Medicine Lodge Treaty had been defrauded of land by Congressional actions in violation of the treaty.
The Indian Peace Commission was a group formed by an act of Congress on July 20,1867 "to establish peace with certain hostile Indian tribes." It was composed of four civilians and three,later four,military leaders. Throughout 1867 and 1868,they negotiated with a number of tribes,including the Comanche,Kiowa,Arapaho,Kiowa-Apache,Cheyenne,Lakota,Navajo,Snake,Sioux,and Bannock. The treaties that resulted were designed to move the tribes to reservations,to "civilize" and assimilate these native peoples,and transition their societies from a nomadic to an agricultural existence.
The United States government illegally seized the Black Hills –a mountain range in the US states of South Dakota and Wyoming –from the Sioux Nation in 1876. The land was pledged to the Sioux Nation in the Treaty of Fort Laramie,but a few years later the United States illegally seized the land and nullified the treaty with the Indian Appropriations Bill of 1876,without the tribe's consent. That bill "denied the Sioux all further appropriation and treaty-guaranteed annuities" until they gave up the Black Hills. A Supreme Court case was ruled in favor of the Sioux in 1980. As of 2011,the court's award was worth over $1 billion,but the Sioux have outstanding issues with the ruling and have not collected the funds.
Guipago or Lone Wolf the Elder was the last Principal Chief of the Kiowa tribe. He was a member of the Koitsenko,the Kiowa warrior elite,and was a signer of the Little Arkansas Treaty in 1865.
The Cherokee Commission,was a three-person bi-partisan body created by 23rd President Benjamin Harrison,to operate under the direction of the United States Secretary of the Interior,of the President's Cabinet,as empowered by Section 14 of the Indian Appropriations Act of March 2,1889,passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Harrison. Section 15 of the same Act empowered the President of the United States to open land for settlement. The Commission's purpose was to legally acquire land already occupied by the Cherokee Nation and other tribes in the new Oklahoma Territory for non-indigenous homestead acreage.
I-See-O,also known as Tahbonemah,was a Kiowa-American soldier who served as an officer in the United States Army for nearly fifty years in the Seventh Cavalry and was the last active duty U.S. Army Indian Scout upon his death in 1927.