William T. G. Morton

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William Thomas Green Morton
WTG Morton.jpg
Born(1819-08-09)August 9, 1819
Charlton, Massachusetts
DiedJuly 15, 1868(1868-07-15) (aged 48)
New York City, New York
Known forFirst use of ether in surgical operations
SpouseElizabeth Whiteman
Scientific career
Fields Dentistry

William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868) was an American dentist and physician who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846. The promotion of his questionable claim to have been the discoverer of anesthesia became an obsession for the rest of his life. [1]

Contents

Early life

Born in Charlton, Massachusetts, William T. G. Morton was the son of James Morton, a miner, and Rebecca (Needham) Morton. William found work as a clerk, printer, and salesman in Boston before entering Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1840. In 1841, he gained notoriety for developing a new process to solder false teeth onto gold plates. [2] In 1842, he left college after graduating [3] to study in Hartford, Connecticut with dentist Horace Wells and Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep. [4] In 1843, Morton married Elizabeth Whitman of Farmington, Connecticut, the niece of former Congressman Lemuel Whitman. Her parents objected to Morton's profession and agreed to the marriage only after he promised to study medicine. In the autumn of 1844, Morton entered Harvard Medical School and attended the lectures of Charles T. Jackson, who introduced Morton to the anesthetic properties of ether. Morton then left Harvard without graduating. [3] [4]

Career

Painting by Robert C. Hinckley, "The First Operation Under Ether" depicting the public demonstration of October 16, 1846. The First Operation Under Ether - Robert Hinckley.jpg
Painting by Robert C. Hinckley, "The First Operation Under Ether" depicting the public demonstration of October 16, 1846.
Replica of the inhaler used by William T. G. Morton in 1846 in the first public demonstration of surgery using ether. Morton inhaler.jpg
Replica of the inhaler used by William T. G. Morton in 1846 in the first public demonstration of surgery using ether.

On September 30, 1846, Morton performed a painless tooth extraction after administering ether to Ebenezer Hopkins Frost (1824–1866). [5] Upon reading a favorable newspaper account of this event, Boston surgeon Henry Jacob Bigelow arranged for a now-famous demonstration of ether on October 16, 1846, at the operating theatre of the Massachusetts General Hospital, or MGH. At this demonstration John Collins Warren painlessly removed a tumour from the neck of a Mr. Edward Gilbert Abbott. News of this use of ether spread rapidly around the world, and the first recorded use of ether outside the USA was in London, England, by the dentist James Robinson in a tooth extraction at the home of Francis Boote, an American doctor who had heard of Morton's and Bigelow's demonstrations. [6] The MGH theatre came to be known as the Ether Dome and has been preserved as a monument to this historic event. [7] Following the demonstration, Morton tried to hide the identity of the substance Abbott had inhaled, by referring to it as "Letheon", but it soon was found to be ether. [8]

A month after this demonstration, a patent was issued for "letheon", [9] although it was widely known by then that the inhalant was ether. The medical community at large condemned the patent as unjust and illiberal in such a humane and scientific profession. [10] Morton assured his colleagues that he would not restrict the use of ether among hospitals and charitable institutions, alleging that his motives for seeking a patent were to ensure the competent administration of ether and to prevent its misuse or abuse, as well as to recoup the expenditures of its development. Morton's pursuit of credit for and profit from the administration of ether was complicated by the furtive and sometimes deceptive tactics he employed during its development, as well as the competing claims of other doctors, most notably his former business partner, Horace Wells. Just after working with him for a mere three weeks, Wells felt Morton could not be tolerated and ended the partnership. [4] Morton's own efforts to obtain patents overseas also undermined his assertions of philanthropic intent. Consequently, no effort was made to enforce the patent, and ether soon came into general use.[ citation needed ]

In December 1846, Morton applied to Congress for "national recompense" of $100,000, but this too was complicated by the claims of Jackson and Wells as discoverers of ether, and so Morton's application proved fruitless. Horace Wells even addressed a letter to the editor of the Hartford Daily Courant, outlining his experiments and experience with anesthesia. Wells stated that he had met with Morton and Jackson in Boston “both of whom admitted it to be entirely new to them. Dr Jackson expressed much surprise that severe operations could be performed without pain, and these are the individuals who claim to be the inventors.” Wells’ letter also states he had preferred nitrous oxide over sulfuric ether for his experiments as being a potentially less harmful substance. [11] After these people claimed to be the inventors of anesthesia, Morton made more applications in 1849, 1851, and 1853, and all failed. Morton later sought remuneration for his achievement through a futile attempt to sue the United States government. The lawyer who represented him was Richard Henry Dana Jr. [ citation needed ]

Morton's notoriety only increased when he served as the star defense witness in one of the most notable trials of the nineteenth century, that of John White Webster, who had been accused of the murder of George Parkman. Morton's rival, Dr Jackson, testified for the prosecution, and the residents of Boston were anxious to witness these nemeses in courtroom combat. [12] His former tutor Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep, who had made the artificial teeth Parkman used, and identified it in the found remain, claimed the body was the victim's. Morton initially denied Keep's claim, [13] but later changed his mind and agreed to Keep's observation. [4] [14]

In 1852, he received an honorary degree from the Washington University of Medicine in Baltimore, which later became the College of Physicians and Surgeons. [15]

Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of the anesthetic use of ether. Ether monument-Boston.JPG
Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of the anesthetic use of ether.

In the spring of 1857, Amos A. Lawrence, a wealthy Bostonian, together with the medical professionals and influential citizens of Boston, developed a plan to raise $100,000 as a national testimonial to Morton, receiving contributions from both public and private citizens. [16]

Morton performed public service yet again in the autumn of 1862 when he joined the Army of the Potomac as a volunteer surgeon, and applied ether to more than two thousand wounded soldiers during the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and the Wilderness. [3]

Death

Morton was in New York City in July 1868. He was riding in a carriage with his wife when he suddenly demanded the carriage to stop, and he ran into the lake in Central Park "to cool off". This peculiar behavior was because he had suffered a major stroke (cerebrovascular incident) which proved fatal soon after.

Morton was taken to nearby St. Luke's. It is reported by his wife that upon recognizing Morton, the chief surgeon made the following remark to his students:

Young gentlemen, you see lying before you a man who has done more for humanity and for the relief of suffering than any man who has ever lived. [17]

She then produced three medals, saying that the medals were all he had ever received for his work.

He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Watertown and Cambridge, Massachusetts. [18]

Legacy

Before whom, In all time, Surgery was Agony

By whom, pain in surgery was averted

Since whom, science has control over pain

— Morton's tombstone

In 1871, a committee of those involved in raising the aforementioned national testimonial published The Historical Memoranda Relative to the Discovery of Etherization to establish Morton as the inventor and revealer of anesthetic inhalation and to justify pecuniary reward to Morton's family for the "fearful moral and legal responsibility he assumed in pursuit of this discovery." [19]

Morton's life and work were later to become the subject of the 1944 Paramount Pictures film The Great Moment . It was dramatised in the Australian radio play Dishonour Be My Destiny .

The first use of ether as an anesthetic is commemorated in the Ether Monument in the Boston Public Garden, but the designers were careful not to choose sides in the debate over the person who deserved credit for the discovery. Instead, the statue depicts a doctor in medieval Moorish robes and turban.[ citation needed ]

Morton's first successful public demonstration of ether as an inhalation anesthetic was such a historic and widely publicised event that many consider him to be the "inventor and revealer" of anesthesia. However, Morton's work was preceded by that of Georgia surgeon Crawford Williamson Long, who employed ether as an anesthetic on March 30, 1842. Although Long demonstrated its use to physicians in Georgia on numerous occasions, he did not publish his findings until 1849, in The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal. [20] These pioneering uses of ether were key factors in the medical and scientific pursuit now referred to as anesthesiology, and allowed the development of modern surgery. Spread of the news of this "new" anesthetic was helped by the subsequent feud that developed between Morton and Horace Wells and Charles T. Jackson.[ citation needed ]

His son William J. Morton was a noted doctor and authority in electrotherapeutics.

Personal life

He had five children with his wife: William James Morton (1845–1920), Marion Alethe Morton (1847–unknown, after 1865 [21] ), Edward Whitman Morton (1848 [22] –unknown, after 1870 [23] ), Elizabeth Whitman Morton (1850–1922), Bowditch Nathaniel Morton (1857–1909). [3] [24]

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Edward Gilbert Abbott (1825–1855) was the patient upon whom William T. G. Morton first publicly demonstrated the use of ether as a surgical anesthetic. The operation was done in an amphitheater at the Massachusetts General Hospital now known as the Ether Dome on 16 October 1846. After Morton administered the ether, surgeon John Collins Warren removed a portion of a tumor from Abbott's neck. After Warren had finished, and Abbott regained consciousness, Warren asked the patient how he felt. Reportedly, Abbott said, "Feels as if my neck's been scratched." Warren then turned to his medical audience and uttered "Gentlemen, this is no Humbug." This was presumably a reference to the unsuccessful demonstration of nitrous oxide anesthesia by Horace Wells in the previous year, which was ended by cries of "Humbug!" after the patient groaned with pain. But the origin of the phrase is questionable, and Warren stated that he did not remember the Wells's demonstration until it was brought up by Wells himself in 1847.

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James Robinson was a British dentist and anaesthetist. On 19 December 1846, he became the first person to carry out general anaesthesia in Britain when he administered ether to a patient undergoing a tooth extraction. The next year, he published A Treatise on the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether, perhaps the first textbook of anaesthesia. Robinson's work influenced the prominent anaesthetist John Snow. Robinson also undertook initiatives to reform the dental profession in Britain. At the age of 48, he died of blood loss following a gardening accident; his London home, as well as the site where he first administered anaesthesia, are commemorated with plaques.

References

  1. ↑ Fenster, J. M. (2001). Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It . New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-06-019523-6.
  2. ↑ Biographical sketch of Dr. William T. G. Morton. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1901. p.  475.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Biographical sketch of Dr. William T. G. Morton. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Concord, N.H. 1896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 Guralnick, Walter C.; Kaban, Leonard B. (9 May 2011). "Keeping Ether "En-Vogue": The Role of Nathan Cooley Keep in the History of Ether Anesthesia". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 69 (7): 1892–1897. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.121.
  5. ↑ LeVasseur, Ryan; Desai, Sukumar P. (1 August 2012). "Ebenezer Hopkins Frost (1824–1866): William T.G. Morton's First Identified Patient and Why He Was Invited to the Ether Demonstration of October 16, 1846". Anesthesiology. 117 (2): 238–242. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31825f01b7. ISSN   0003-3022.
  6. ↑ Boote F. (1847). "Surgical operations performed during insensibility produced by the inhalation of sulphuric ether". Lancet. 49 (1218): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)88271-X.
  7. ↑ "National Historic Landmarks Program: Ether Dome, Massachusetts General Hospital". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  8. ↑ ""Letheon" Inhaler" . Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  9. ↑ U.S. Patent No. 4848, November 12, 1846, Improvement in surgical operations.
  10. ↑ Smith, Stephen (1862). "The Ether Patent". Medical Times. 4 (January to July): 83–84.
  11. ↑ Wells, Horace, 1815-1848., “Letter of Horace Wells to the editor of the Hartford Daily Courant,” OnView, accessed May 14, 2024, https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/18187.
  12. ↑ Sullivan, Robert (1971). The Disappearance of Dr. Parkman . Little, Brown, and Company.
  13. ↑ Webster, John White; Bemis, George; Massachusetts. Supreme Judicial Court (1850). Report of the case of John W. Webster, indicted for the murder of George Parkman, before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts : including the hearing on the petition for a writ of error, the prisoner's confessional statements and application for a commutation of sentence, and an appendix containing several interesting matters never before published. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Boston : Little and Brown.
  14. ↑ Keep, P. (March 1995). "Nathan Keep—William Morton's Salieri?". Anaesthesia. 50 (3): 233–238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb04563.x. ISSN   0003-2409.
  15. ↑ Pinsker, Sheila; Harding, Robert S. (1986). "The Morton Family Collection 1849–1911" . Retrieved 2008-12-02.
  16. ↑ Nathan P, Rice (1859). Trials of a public benefactor, as illustrated in the discovery of etherization. New York : Pudney & Russell. pp. 421–453.
  17. ↑ "Dr. Morton's Death". McClure's Magazine. 7: 318. 1896.
  18. ↑ Smith, Arthur Ervin (1921). Block Anesthesia and Allied Subjects: With Special Chapters on the Maxillary Sinus, the Tonsils, and Neuralgias of the Nervous Trigeminus for Oral Surgeons, Dentists, Laryngologists, Rhinologists, Otologists, and Students. Kimpton. pp. 13–14.
  19. ↑ Committee of Citizens of Boston (1871). Historical Memoranda Relative to the Discovery of Etherization and to the Connection with it of the Late William T.G. Morton. Boston: Rand, Avery, and Frye. William T.G. Morton.
  20. ↑ Edward J. Huth; T. J. Murray (1 January 2006). Medicine in Quotations: Views of Health and Disease Through the Ages. ACP Press. pp. 1–. ISBN   978-1-930513-67-9 . Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  21. ↑ "Massachusetts State Census, 1865", , FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MQCD-1WM  : Sun Mar 10 11:36:37 UTC 2024), Entry for William J Morton and Elizabeth Morton, 1865.
  22. ↑ "United States Census, 1850", , FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDS4-KRZ  : Sat Mar 09 09:01:12 UTC 2024), Entry for William T G Morton and Elisabeth W Morton, 1850.
  23. ↑ "United States Census, 1870", , FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDQ3-21S  : Tue Mar 05 06:29:28 UTC 2024), Entry for Elish W Morton and Wm J Morton, 1870.
  24. ↑ Mould, Richard F (2018). "William James Morton (1845–1920). Author of America's first X-ray textbook". Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology. 68 (3): 2.

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