Wilopo

Last updated • 5 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Wilopo
Wilopo, Konstitusi dan Konstituante Indonesia, p208.jpg
Official portrait, 1958
7th Prime Minister of Indonesia
In office
3 April 1952 –30 July 1953
Spouse
Sumikalimah
​
(m. 1937)​
Alma mater Rechts Hogeschool (Mr.)
Occupation
  • Politician
  • lawyer

Wilopo (21 October 1909 – 1 June 1981) was an Indonesian politician and lawyer. A capable administrator, he served as prime minister of Indonesia from 1952 to 1953. He also held various other positions during his career, including as Minister of Labor, Minister of Economic Affairs, speaker of the Constitutional Assembly, and chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council.

Contents

Born into a Muslim family in Purworejo, Wilopo attended the Rechts Hogeschool in Batavia (now Jakarta), during which time he became involved in educational and nationalist groups. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer and was active in the Indonesian nationalist movement, becoming involved in the Partindo and Gerindo political parties. During the Japanese occupation period (1942–1945), Wilopo became an official in the occupation government and was a figure in both the Putera and Suishintai organizations. Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, Wilopo joined the newly formed Republican government, first as an aide to Jakarta Mayor Suwiryo, and then as a member of the Central Indonesian National Committee. During the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949), he joined the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and became Junior Minister of Labor in 1947.

Following the recognition of sovereignty in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which he took part, Wilopo was appointed Minister of Labor by Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta in 1949. He also emerged as a leader in the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and became Minister of Economic Affairs in the Soekiman Cabinet. In 1952, following a foreign policy debacle, the Soekiman Cabinet fell and Wilopo was appointed formateur of a new cabinet by President Sukarno. He opted to form a new cabinet consisting of pro-Western technocrats with unity, a common policy orientation, and the support of the PNI and Masyumi Party, even though both parties were unenthusiastic partners.

As prime minister, Wilopo presided over a realignment of political forces as the PNI grew increasingly wary of the Masyumi, the Nahdlatul Ulama split off from the Masyumi, and the Communist Party (PKI) re-entered the political scene. His premiership was also marked by a succession of crises, including an economic crisis and a show of force by the Indonesian Army, which opposed his cabinet's demobilization scheme, culminating in the downfall of his cabinet over a land dispute in North Sumatra. Afterward, Wilopo continued to serve in public office, serving as speaker of the Constitutional Assembly (1956–1959) and chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council (1968–1978). He died in Jakarta in 1981.

Early life and education

Early life

Wilopo was born in Purworejo, on October 21, 1909. [1] He was born to a modest family in Central Java. His father was a man named Soedjono Soerodirjo, but he was raised by his uncle, a man known as Mantri Guru Prawirodiharjo. He wouldn't know of his real father until he reached adulthood. [2] [3] When he was eight years old, he and his family had to move to Loano which is five kilometers from Purworejo. They returned to Purworejo when he was in sixth grade. [4]

Education

Wilopo attended the Holland Inlandse School (HIS). He could have continued his education at the Europese Hogere School (ELS), but he didn't because he wanted to continue his education at the Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren (OSVIA). After graduating from HIS, Wilopo continued his education at the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (MULO) in Magelang.

After studying at MULO, Wilopo continued his education at Algemene Middelbare School (AMS), in Yogyakarta. At AMS, Wilopo took part in exact sciences and physics. He received a scholarship to make ends meet during his life in Yogyakarta. During his stay in Yogyakarta, he enjoyed reading newsletters of the De Locomotief, Darmo Kondo, and Soeara Oemoem newspapers. Through this, he found the name of Sukarno (future President of Indonesia). Wilopo also joined the Jong Java youth organization around this time.

He continued his education at the Technische Hoge School (THS) in Bandung. There, Wilopo lived in the Prawirosentiko family's house. After some illnesses, he moved to Sukabumi, living in his cousin's house. [5] There, he became a teacher at the Taman Siswa. [6]

He moved to Jakarta and continued his studies at the Rechts Hoge School (RHS). During this time, he lived at the house of Abdul Rasyid, a friend of his from MULO.

Political career

Minister of Labour

Wilopo's first government position was as the Junior Minister of Labour during the First and Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinets from 3 July 1947 to 29 January 1948. [7] [8] After a brief hiatus, he became the Minister of Labour during the Republic of the United States of Indonesia Cabinet from 20 December 1949 to 6 September 1950; he was later the Minister of Trade and Industry during the Sukiman Cabinet. [7] [8]

Prime Minister of Indonesia

After completing his tenure as Minister of Trade and Industry, on 19 March 1952, Wilopo was told to choose a cabinet to lead. Three days after giving his list to President Sukarno, on 1 April he and his cabinet took power; [9] it was essentially a coalition of necessity between the Masyumi and National parties. [10] During his time as prime minister, he also spent 26 days as Foreign Minister, from 3 to 29 April, making him the shortest-serving Indonesian foreign minister as of 2011. [7] As prime minister, he was initially able to draw support from the army by unhesitatingly accepting the Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX as defense minister. [11] After fourteen months, the cabinet collapsed; the collapse was blamed on land issues. [12]

Post-prime ministership

From 1955 to 1959, Wilopo served as the Speaker of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia. [7] He later became head of the Commission of Four, a part of the Corruption Eradication Team, with his service beginning in June 1970. [7] [13] Despite finding "corruption everywhere", no actions were taken by the government. [13]

Death

Wilopo died in Jakarta in 1981. [14]

Personal life

During his time in Jakarta, he met Sumikalimah, the younger sister of Abdul Rasyid's mother. Sumikalimah is a teacher at an elementary school. Wilopo began a relationship with Sumikalimah until they got married in October 1917.

Legacy

Historical assessment

Herbert Feith, an Australian scholar on Indonesian politics, notes that Wilopo was widely considered fair-minded and sympathetic to the plight of the working classes, working carefully towards his goals. [6] As he did not prioritize party loyalty, he was known as being able to cooperate with anyone. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Party</span> Political party in Indonesia

The Indonesian National Party was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until 1973. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amir Sjarifuddin</span> Indonesian politician and journalist (1907–1948)

Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second prime minister of Indonesia from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the left wing during the Indonesian National Revolution, he previously served as Minister of Information from 1945 until 1946 and Minister of Defense from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the Sumatran aristocracy and was educated at Leiden University. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the Gymnasium student association in Haarlem and was involved in the Batak student organization Jong Batak. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles but continued his education at the Rechts Hogeschool in Batavia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masyumi Party</span> Major Islamic political party in Indonesia

The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations Party, better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was banned in 1960 by President Sukarno for supporting the PRRI rebellion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberal democracy period in Indonesia</span> Parliamentary democracy era in Indonesia

The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia, also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system. During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw continual political instability. The period began on 17 August 1950 following the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia, less than a year after its formation, and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno's decree, which resulted in the introduction of the Guided Democracy period on 5 July 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burhanuddin Harahap</span> Indonesian politician and lawyer (1917–1987)

Burhanuddin Harahap was an Indonesian politician and lawyer who served as prime minister of Indonesia from August 1955 until March 1956. He was a member of the Masyumi Party and served as Minister of Defense concurrently with his tenure as prime minister. Afterward, he took part in the unsuccessful Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) rebellion in West Sumatra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali Sastroamidjojo</span> Indonesian statesman and diplomat (1903–1975)

Ali Sastroamidjojo was an Indonesian politician and diplomat. He served in various political and diplomatic roles during the presidency of Sukarno, most notably as a cabinet minister, prime minister, chairman of the Indonesian National Party (PNI), and permanent representative to the United Nations. Ali was born in Grabag, Purworejo, Dutch East Indies, to an aristocratic family from Magelang and studied at Leiden University. During his studies, he was active in several youth organizations, including the Jong Java and the Perhimpoenan Indonesia associations. He was briefly arrested by the Dutch in 1927 but was released shortly thereafter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Hatta Cabinet</span> Seventh cabinet of Indonesian government

The First Hatta Cabinet was Indonesia's seventh cabinet. It was formed by Vice President Mohammad Hatta, who was instructed to do so by President Sukarno on 23 January 1948, the same day the previous cabinet was declared dissolved. Following the second Dutch military aggression, when the republican capital of Yogyakarta was seized and most of the cabinet arrested, much of the cabinet was captured and sent into exile, although it was not formally disbanded. After the political leadership returned effective 13 July 1949 the cabinet continued its mandate until it was reshuffled on 4 August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Hatta Cabinet</span> Ninth cabinet of Indonesian government

The Second Hatta Cabinet was Indonesia's ninth cabinet. It was formed after the Indonesian leadership, which had been imprisoned by Dutch forces, returned to the capital, Yogyakarta. It served from 4 August to 20 December 1949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soekiman Wirjosandjojo</span> Indonesian politician and physician (1898–1974)

Soekiman Wirjosandjojo was an Indonesian politician and physician who served as prime minister of Indonesia from 1951 until 1952. Additionally, Soekiman served as the first president of the Masyumi Party from 1945 to 1951.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Islamic Union Party</span> Former Islamic political party in Indonesia

Indonesian Islamic Union Party was an Islamic political party in Indonesia before and after independence. In 1973 it was merged into the United Development Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soekiman Cabinet</span> Indonesian Cabinet 1951–1952

The Soekiman Cabinet, also known as the Sukiman-Suwirjo Cabinet, was an Indonesian cabinet that served from 27 April 1951 until it fell on 23 February 1952 following revelations that it had signed a mutual security agreement with the United States, and was dissolved on 3 April 1952.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilopo Cabinet</span> Cabinet of Indonesian Prime Minister Wilopo (1952-53)

The Wilopo Cabinet, also known as the Wilopo-Prawoto Cabinet, was an Indonesian cabinet that served from 3 April 1952 until 30 July 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wongsonegoro</span> Indonesian politician (1895–1974)

Kanjeng Raden Mas Tumenggung Wongsonegoro, more commonly known simply as Wongsonegoro, was an Indonesian politician, who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia, alongside Zainul Arifin under Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo, and the Governor of Central Java during the Indonesian National Revolution. He also served as minister in the Indonesian government several times, including as Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sartono</span> Indonesian politician and lawyer (1900–1968)

Sartono was an Indonesian politician and lawyer who served as the first speaker of the People's Representative Council (DPR) from 1950 until 1960. Born to a noble ethnic-Javanese family, Sartono studied law at Leiden University. During his studies, he joined the Perhimpoenan Indonesia association and became an advocate for Indonesian independence. After graduating, he opened a law practice and helped found the Indonesian National Party (PNI) in 1927. When several party leaders were arrested by the colonial government in 1929, he became one of their defense lawyers and unsuccessfully argued for their acquittal. Following the arrest of its leaders, PNI became paralyzed and the party subsequently suspended its activities. In its place, Sartono founded a new political party, Partindo, which sought to achieve independence through non-cooperation and mass action. Partindo lasted until 1936, when it decided to dissolve itself. After Partindo's dissolution, Sartono helped found another party, Gerindo, which advocated for the creation of an Indonesian parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidik Djojosukarto</span> Indonesian politician (1908–1955)

Sidik Djojosukarto was an Indonesian politician who served as chairman of the Indonesian National Party (PNI) from 1950 until his death. As PNI chairman, he was revered by all party factions, and was the closest to being an "authentic party hero."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anwar Tjokroaminoto</span> Indonesian politician and journalist

Oetarjo Anwar Tjokroaminoto was an Indonesian politician and journalist. He served as Minister of Social Affairs for a year in the Wilopo Cabinet and was the Prime Minister of Pasundan for less than a month during January 1950.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">17 October affair</span> 1952 political crisis in Indonesia

The 17 October affair was an event during which Indonesian soldiers pressured the president to disband the Provisional People's Representative Council, at the behest of the administration's chief of staff, along with the commander of the armed forces. The demand was made of President Sukarno while the Merdeka Palace was surrounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo</span> Indonesian politician and advocate (1896–1984)

Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo was an Indonesian politician and advocate. A member of the Indonesian National Party, he served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Home Affairs during the 1950s. Hailing from Jombang Regency and being educated in law, he received higher education at Leiden University after a five-year career in various colonial courts. Iskaq was one of the earliest native Indonesian advocates during the Dutch colonial period, founding multiple law offices across the country. He also took part in the nationalist movement, being a co-founder of the Indonesian National Party and being arrested along with its other leaders in 1929.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jusuf Wibisono</span> Indonesian politician and economist (1909–1982)

Jusuf Wibisono was an Indonesian politician and economist. A member of the Masyumi Party, he served as Minister of Finance from 1951 until 1952 and again from 1956 until 1957, under the Soekiman and Second Ali Sastroamidjojo cabinets. Originating from Magelang, Wibisono took part in Islamic organizations in the nationalist movement from his school years. He joined Masyumi during the Indonesian National Revolution, and became a leading member within the party despite disagreements with other party leaders such as Mohammad Natsir. In both of his tenures as finance minister, he relaxed the tight budgetary controls of his predecessor, and provided favors to political parties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prawoto Mangkusasmito</span> Indonesian politician (1910–1970)

Prawoto Mangkusasmito was an Indonesian politician who served as the final chairman of the Masyumi political party before its dissolution in 1960. He also served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia during the Wilopo Cabinet between 1952 and 1953.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bahari 2011, p. 35.
  2. ↑ Wilopo 1979, p. 13.
  3. ↑ Nasr, p. 8.
  4. ↑ Wilopo 1979, p. 6.
  5. ↑ Wilopo 1979, p. 18.
  6. 1 2 3 Feith 1958, p. 95.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Bahari 2011, p. 36.
  8. 1 2 Presidential Library, Wilopo.
  9. ↑ Feith 1958, p. 86.
  10. ↑ Ricklefs 2001, p. 297.
  11. ↑ Feith 1958, p. 90.
  12. ↑ NY Times 1953, Land Issue Ousts.
  13. 1 2 Ricklefs 2001, p. 360.
  14. ↑ Embree 1988, Wilopo (1909–1981).

Bibliography

  • Bahari, Adib (2011). Pendekar Hukum Indonesia[Indonesian Legal Giants] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Yustisis. ISBN   978-979-3411-04-0.
  • Embree, Ainslie Thomas, ed. (1988). "Wilopo (1909–1981)". Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 4. Asia Society. p. 218. ISBN   978-0-684-18901-7.
  • Feith, Herbert (1958). The Wilopo Cabinet, 1952–1953: A Turning Point in Post-Revolutionary Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University. OCLC   3943883.
  • "Land Issue Ousts Indonesia Cabinet; Wilopo, Facing Defeat on His Program by Red-Backed Coalition, Resigns". The New York Times. 3 June 1953. p. 4. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  • "Meninggal dunia jujur dan berkepribadian". Tempo . 31 January 1981. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  • Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 (3rd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN   978-0-8047-4479-9.
  • "Wilopo" (in Indonesian). Presidential Library of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  • Wilopo (1979). Wilopo 70 tahun. Gunung Agung.
  • Nasr, Ridho. "Kabinet natsir". Academia.edu .
  • McVey, Ruth (1971). "The Post-Revolutionary Transformation of the Indonesian Army". Indonesia. 11 (11): 131–176. doi:10.2307/3350748. hdl: 1813/53507 . ISSN   0019-7289. JSTOR   3350748.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Indonesia
3 April 1952 – 30 July 1953		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1952		Succeeded by
Moekarto Notowidigdo
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.