The US state of Colorado has vast wind energy resources and the installed electricity capacity and generation from wind power in Colorado has been growing significantly in recent years. The growth has been sustained due to a combination of falling costs (69% reduction from 2009 to 2018), continuing federal incentives (similar to those supporting most other resource development), and the state's aggressive renewable portfolio standard that requires 30% of the state's electricity to come from renewable sources by 2020. [1] [2]
Wind power accounted for 14.2% of total electricity generated in Colorado during 2015. [3] Its share increased to more than 17% for years 2016 thru 2018. [4] As of the end of 2018, more than three times as much power is produced by wind within the state as is produced from all other renewable sources combined. [5]
The cities of Pueblo, Brighton, and Windsor, Colorado are home to four Vestas manufacturing facilities which together employ about 3,500 people as of 2018. Overall, it is estimated that each wind turbine deployed supports about 30 jobs over the course of its lifetime through its manufacturing, supply chain, construction, and operation. [6]
Colorado voters approved Amendment 37 which required the state's largest utilities to obtain 3 percent of their electricity from renewable energy resources by 2007, and 10 percent by 2015. [7] More recently, in 2010, the state approved a renewable portfolio standard that requires 30% of the state's electricity to come from renewable sources by 2020. [1]
Colorado has the potential to install 387,220 MW of wind power generating capacity according to a 2010 U.S. DOE study. [8] The graphs below show the growth in the installed capacity (measured in megawatts (MW) along with the growth in the actual electrical energy produced (measured in gigawatt-hours (GW·h) within the state for more than the past decade.
Gigawatt-hours of electricity [13] |
Colorado Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Total | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
2001 | 48 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 16 |
2002 | 141 | 16 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 |
2003 | 147 | 17 | 11 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 |
2004 | 221 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 27 | 29 | 60 |
2005 | 776 | 106 | 85 | 98 | 48 | 44 | 58 | 63 | 40 | 64 | 55 | 58 | 57 |
2006 | 868 | 74 | 78 | 88 | 90 | 62 | 73 | 58 | 51 | 56 | 99 | 71 | 68 |
2007 | 1,292 | 80 | 62 | 84 | 82 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 126 | 201 | 221 | 220 |
2008 | 3,222 | 326 | 303 | 307 | 302 | 296 | 246 | 165 | 193 | 166 | 257 | 332 | 329 |
2009 | 3,164 | 426 | 278 | 267 | 321 | 231 | 150 | 147 | 204 | 248 | 311 | 277 | 304 |
2010 | 3,451 | 249 | 234 | 301 | 368 | 335 | 262 | 204 | 209 | 257 | 275 | 341 | 416 |
2011 | 5,202 | 415 | 387 | 392 | 465 | 513 | 426 | 310 | 348 | 332 | 507 | 551 | 556 |
2012 | 5,968 | 629 | 544 | 560 | 551 | 426 | 489 | 347 | 432 | 345 | 478 | 495 | 672 |
2013 | 7,205 | 669 | 714 | 688 | 555 | 570 | 588 | 505 | 381 | 543 | 662 | 624 | 706 |
2014 | 7,368 | 803 | 550 | 685 | 753 | 599 | 571 | 418 | 369 | 517 | 633 | 810 | 660 |
2015 | 7,474 | 765 | 628 | 684 | 668 | 630 | 425 | 447 | 558 | 473 | 668 | 657 | 871 |
2016 | 9,423 | 782 | 1,001 | 941 | 864 | 738 | 556 | 633 | 584 | 732 | 789 | 929 | 874 |
2017 | 9,316 | 835 | 804 | 875 | 907 | 850 | 628 | 501 | 618 | 577 | 921 | 837 | 963 |
2018 | 9,744 | 857 | 724 | 1,005 | 986 | 697 | 798 | 739 | 716 | 699 | 721 | 756 | 1,046 |
2019 | 10,854 | 942 | 848 | 924 | 1,014 | 867 | 781 | 896 | 789 | 1,041 | 923 | 940 | 889 |
2020 | 13,387 | 1,235 | 995 | 898 | 898 | 1,319 | 992 | 1,079 | 1,059 | 1,038 | 1,038 | 1,287 | 1,549 |
2021 | 15,030 | 1,302 | 907 | 1,406 | 1,364 | 1,281 | 1,103 | 1,071 | 1,190 | 1,135 | 1,260 | 1,350 | 1,661 |
2022 | 16,701 | 1,416 | 1,308 | 1,563 | 1,793 | 1,567 | 1,441 | 1,237 | 1,108 | 1,144 | 1,040 | 1,520 | 1,564 |
2023 | 4,243 | 1,283 | 1,464 | 1,496 |
Source: [13]
Electricity production from wind power in Colorado tends to peak during the winter months, as shown in the graph below. This pattern complements the electricity production from solar power in Colorado which peaks during the summer months.
Sources:EIA Electric Power Monthly, EIA Electricity Data Browser [14] [15]
The Ponnequin Wind Farm on the Colorado-Wyoming border in Weld County was the state's earliest large-scale wind farm built to a capacity of 25.3 MW during the 1990s and decommissioned starting 2015. [16] [17] It was surpassed in 2001 by the first phase of the Peetz Table Wind Complex at a capacity of just under 30 MW. The site west of the town of Peetz in northeastern Colorado grew to 430 MW in 2007 and consists of three farms: Ridge Crest (the original Peetz Table Wind), [18] Logan, [19] and Peetz Table. [20] [21] In 2009, the majority owner NextEra Energy Resources also completed the 174 MW Northern Colorado Wind Energy Center to the east of Peetz. [22]
The Spring Canyon Wind Energy Center including the Spring Canyon Expansion - also east of Peetz - have a combined capacity rating of over 120 MW spread over 75 wind turbines. [23] These 2 neighboring sites were built by Chicago-based clean energy company Invenergy LLC in 2006 and 2014 respectively. Invenergy continues operation of these sites which provide power to the Platte River Power Authority including the cities of Fort Collins, Loveland and Longmont in Colorado. [24]
The Cedar Creek Wind Farm north of Grover, Colorado became the largest wind farm at 550 MW in 2011. Phase 1 was built in 2007 and has 300 MW of generation capacity from 274 wind turbines. [25] Cedar Creek II was built in 2011 and has 250 MW of generation capacity from 60 Nordex and 63 GE wind turbines. [26]
In 2014, the Limon Wind Energy Center became the state's largest wind facility at just over 600 MW capacity. [27] In 2018, it was nearly matched in capacity by the nearby Rush Creek Wind Project. [28]
Blue Canyon Wind Farm is the largest wind farm in Oklahoma, United States. The project, located in the Slick Hills north of Lawton, consists of four phases with a total output of 423.45 MW. As of 2008, Blue Canyon remains Oklahoma's largest wind farm; however, several organizations including Oklahoma Gas & Electric plan to greatly increase Oklahoma's wind power capacity, and future projects may be larger.
The Peetz Table Wind Complex is a 430.2 megawatt (MW) wind facility in Logan County west of the town of Peetz in northeastern Colorado. The first 29.7 MW phase of construction called Peetz Table Wind, also known as Ridge Crest Wind, became the largest wind farm in the state upon its completion in 2001. A second 400.5 MW construction phase, including the 201 MW Logan Wind Energy Center and the 199.5 MW Peetz Table Wind Energy Center, reclaimed the distinction upon its completion in 2007.
Making up over 62% of the state's generated electricity in 2022, wind power is the largest source of electricity generation in Iowa. In 2020, over 34 billion kWh of electrical energy was generated by wind power. As of 2022, Iowa has over 12,200 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity with over 6,000 wind turbines, ranking 2nd and 3rd in the nation below Texas respectively.
The Forward Wind Energy Center is a 137.85 megawatt (MW) wind farm in Dodge and Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin near the village of Brownsville. The wind farm sits on approximately 4,000 acres of land. "Forward" is the state's motto. The facility is sited in close proximity to the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge and the Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area which provide nesting areas for waterfowl and a resting area for large numbers of migratory birds.
Wyoming has one of the highest wind power potentials of any state in the United States. In 2019, Wyoming had wind powered electricity generating capacity of 1,589 MW, which produced 9.85% of its electric generation, with an additional 3,753 MW under construction. However, the wind generation in that year was Wyoming's third-lowest in the 2010s. By 2020, wind capacity increased to 2738 MW and 8448 gigawatt-hours of electricity were produced from wind in 2021, more than double 2019 production. Additional wind capacity and needed transmission lines are under construction or planned, despite political headwinds from Wyoming's strong coal and oil sectors.
Wind power in Illinois provided nearly 10% of the state's generated electrical power in 2020 powering 1,231,900 homes. At the end of 2020, Illinois had 6,300 megawatts (MW) of wind power installed, ranking fifth among states for installed wind turbine capacity. An additional 1,100 MW of wind power was under construction across the state at the end of 2020.
Wind power in Indiana was limited to a few small water-pumping windmills on farms until 2008 with construction of Indiana's first utility-scale wind power facility, Goodland with a nameplate capacity of 130 MW. As of September 2017, Indiana had a total of 1897 MW of wind power capacity installed, ranking it 12th among U.S. states. Wind power was responsible for 4.8% of in-state electricity production in 2016.
Wind Power in Pennsylvania, one of the major source of renewable energy, it accounts for over one third of the renewable energy production of Pennsylvania. There are more than 27 wind farms currently installed in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. These 27 farms on average could provide power for nearly 350,000 homes or 1,300 megawatts. A majority of these wind farms are located in the southwest-central and northeastern regions of the state. Pennsylvania is an East Coast leader in wind energy due to its natural wind resources and governmental incentives brought on by the state. There is a lot of potential for growth within the wind power industry in Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Pennsylvania is close to several offshore sites along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
Alta Wind Energy Center (AWEC), also known as Mojave Wind Farm, is the third largest onshore wind energy project in the world. The Alta Wind Energy Center is a wind farm located in Tehachapi Pass of the Tehachapi Mountains, in Kern County, California. As of 2022, it is the largest wind farm in the United States, with a combined installed capacity of 1,550 MW (2,080,000 hp). The project, being developed near Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm— site of the first large-scale wind farms installed in the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s—is "a powerful illustration of the growing size and scope of modern wind projects".
Wind power in Michigan is a developing industry. The industrial base from the automotive industry has led to a number of companies producing wind turbine parts in the state. The development of wind farms in the state, however, has lagged behind. In January 2021, there were a total of 1,481 wind turbines in the state with a nameplate capacity of 2,549 MW. The nameplate total exceeded 2,000 MW when Pine River came online in March 2019. Wind provided 4.2% of the state's electricity in 2016.
The U.S. State of Oklahoma has high potential capacity for wind power in the western half of the state. In 2021, Oklahoma's installed wind generation capacity was almost 10,500 megawatts, supplying over 40% of the state's generated electricity and 85% of Oklahoma's total generating capacity from all renewable resources.
Wind power in Hawaii has the potential to provide all of the electricity generation in the electricity sector in Hawaii. The 132 commercial wind turbines in the state have a total capacity of 236 MW. In 2015, wind turbines produced 6.4% of Hawaii's electricity. In 2012, Hawaii generated 367 million kWh from wind power.
Wind power in Tennessee has most potential in East Tennessee along the North Carolina border. The state has not passed renewable portfolio standard legislation and there is just one utility-scale wind farm with 15 operating turbines and previously 3 test turbines. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), based in Knoxville, imports wind-generated electricity into its service area which includes Tennessee. US Senator Lamar Alexander from Tennessee is an outspoken critic of wind power.
The Rush Creek Wind Project is a 600 megawatt (MW) wind facility in eastern Colorado, located south of the town of Limon. It increased the wind generating capacity in the state by 20% when it came online in late 2018. The facility is financed, owned, and operated by Xcel Energy, the largest public utility in the state. The project was developed primarily for its numerous economic benefits since Xcel previously met the minimum 30% requirement of Colorado's 2020 renewable portfolio standard.