World Championship Tennis

Not to be confused with World Tennis Championship or ITF World Champions.

World Championship Tennis

Sport	Professional tennis
Abbreviation	WCT
Founded	1968–1989
Location	WCT Lakeway World of Tennis, Austin, Texas, United States
Replaced	1990 by ATP

World Championship Tennis (WCT) was one of the principal organizing bodies of men's professional tennis headquartered at the WCT Lakeway World of Tennis facility, Austin, Texas, United States from 1968 to 1989. It administered the WCT Circuit a world wide tour of associated tennis tournaments that was a rival tour to the ITF Grand Prix Circuit both of which were replaced by the Association of Tennis Professionals ATP Tour in 1990.

In 1968 (the first players signed a contract at the end of 1967). Players were ranked in a special WCT ranking according to their results in those tournaments.

The WCT had an important impact on the commercial development of tennis. It instituted a tie-breaker system, experimented the "no-ad" scoring system on 40-40 (called at times "sudden death") and outfitted players with colored clothing, a radical idea at that time. WCT also strongly encouraged the audience to cheer for players, rather than politely applaud, as the more staid tennis audiences had done before. They publicly emphasized their prize money structure and special bonus pool as an incentive to attract top players.

History

World Championship Tennis was founded in September 1967 by sports promoter David Dixon, who earlier witnessed the dreary conditions of the professional circuit before the open era when he visited a poorly promoted match between Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall. ^[1] In August of that year, he had presented his idea of a pro tennis tour to Lamar Hunt and Al Hill Jr., who agreed to invest. ^{[2] [3]} WCT became the major professional tennis tour of players under contract of the early seventies.

After starting with the "Handsome Eight", the original eight players (Dennis Ralston, John Newcombe, Tony Roche, Cliff Drysdale, Earl Buchholz, Niki Pilić, Roger Taylor and Pierre Barthès), the first WCT tournament was held in January 1968 in Sydney, Australia and used the VASSS scoring system. According to sportswriter Rod Humphries, this first event was a hastily organized tournament held in the parking lot of the Channel 7 television studios in Epping and was won by Tony Roche. ^[4] The first American WCT tournament was held in February 1968 in Kansas City, Missouri. ^{[3] [5] [6]} In March 1968 Hunt and Hill took over Dixon's 50% stake in WCT and Dixon left the organization. WCT took a loss of $300,000 during its first year of operation. Al Hill, Jr. became president of WCT. ^[7]

By early 1970, the WCT had signed other players (Marty Riessen, Ray Moore, Tom Okker, Arthur Ashe) and in July it acquired the player contracts of the other major professional organization, the National Tennis League (NTL), which had under contract players from the former professional group of Jack Kramer, namely Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and Pancho Gonzáles as well as Andrés Gimeno, Roy Emerson, and Fred Stolle. ^[8]

In 1971, the WCT circuit grew to 21 tournaments around the globe. ^[9] In July 1971, at its annual meeting, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) voted to ban all WCT contract professionals from the ILTF tournaments and facilities from the beginning of 1972 onwards. ^[10] At the end of the 1971 WCT season, the top eight players from the season were seeded according to their WCT rankings and played a year-end championship tournament in November. This was held about two weeks before the similar championship of the rival Grand Prix circuit, called The Masters. For commercial reasons, from 1972 onward this championship, played on indoor carpet, was usually held in the spring in Dallas, Texas and became known as the WCT Finals. The tournament ran for 19 years and the last championship was held in 1989. The format for this event was adopted by the Association of Tennis Professionals for the year-end Tour Finals.

In April 1972 an agreement was reached between the ILTF and WCT that divided the 1973 tour in a WCT circuit that ran from January through May and a Grand Prix circuit that was scheduled for the rest of the year. Under this agreement WCT players were again allowed to play the Grand Prix tournaments. ^[11]

The WCT tour was merged into the Grand Prix tennis circuit in 1978. On 30 April 1981 WCT announced its withdrawal from the Grand Prix circuit and the establishment of its own full calendar season for 1982. According to Lamar Hunt the reasons for the withdrawal were the restrictions placed on them by the Men's Professional Council, the administrators of the Grand Prix circuit. ^[12] In January 1983, WCT sued the Men's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC), the Association of Tennis Professionals and the ITF, claiming unfair restriction of trade. ^[13] In November 1983 a settlement resulted in WCT's reincorporation into the Grand Prix with effect from 1985. ^[14]

1989 was the last season of WCT. The ATP established its own tennis circuit from 1990. On August 28, 1990, after the Tournament of Champions event at Forest Hills, WCT announced its dissolution. ^[15]

WCT also built and operated tennis clubs in the United States; WCT Lakeway World of Tennis in Lakeway (metro Austin), Texas and WCT Peachtree World of Tennis in Waycross (metro Atlanta), Georgia. ^[16]

WCT Circuit by season

Main article: WCT Circuit

See that page for WCT Circuit year by year tour

WCT Year-end Championship Finals

Main article: WCT Finals

The WCT Finals were usually held in Dallas. The 1971 quarterfinals and semifinals were played in Houston, and the final was played at the Memorial Auditorium in Dallas. The 1972–1979 editions were played at the Moody Coliseum, and the 1980–1989 tournaments at Reunion Arena in Dallas.

The first edition of the WCT Finals in 1971 was played in November, just a few days before The Masters, the equivalent of the WCT Finals for the rival Grand Prix circuit. Because of TV pressure, the second edition was held in May 1972 and most of the following editions were organized in between months of March and May. Nevertheless, in 1972 another edition, less important and with half the prize money, was held in November in Rome. The prize money offered to the winner, Arthur Ashe, was $25,000 compared to the $50,000 won by Ken Rosewall for the main edition in May.

A decade later there were three editions of the WCT Finals; the most important one in Dallas, and the others in autumn in Naples, Italy, and in winter (in January 1983) in Detroit, Michigan.

Year	Champion	Runner-up	Score
1971	Ken Rosewall	Rod Laver	6–4, 1–6, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–4)
1972	Ken Rosewall	Rod Laver	4–6, 6–0, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6
1972 winter (Rome)	Arthur Ashe	Bob Lutz	6–2, 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 7–6
1973	Stan Smith	Arthur Ashe	6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
1974	John Newcombe	Björn Borg	4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2
1975	Arthur Ashe	Björn Borg	3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–0
1976	Björn Borg	Guillermo Vilas	1–6, 6–1, 7–5, 6–1
1977	Jimmy Connors	Dick Stockton	6–7, 6–1, 6–4, 6–3
1978	Vitas Gerulaitis	Eddie Dibbs	6–3, 6–2, 6–1
1979	John McEnroe	Björn Borg	7–5, 4–6, 6–2, 7–6
1980	Jimmy Connors	John McEnroe	2–6, 7–6, 6–1, 6–2
1981	John McEnroe	Johan Kriek	6–1, 6–2, 6–4
1982	Ivan Lendl	John McEnroe	6–2, 3–6, 6–3, 6–3
1982 fall (Naples)	Ivan Lendl	Wojciech Fibak	6–4, 6–2, 6–1
1982 winter (Detroit)	Ivan Lendl	Guillermo Vilas	7–5, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
1983	John McEnroe	Ivan Lendl	6–2, 4–6, 6–3, 6–7, 7–6
1984	John McEnroe	Jimmy Connors	6–1, 6–2, 6–3
1985	Ivan Lendl	Tim Mayotte	7–6, 6–4, 6–1
1986	Anders Järryd	Boris Becker	6–7, 6–1, 6–1, 6–4
1987	Miloslav Mečíř	John McEnroe	6–0, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2
1988	Boris Becker	Stefan Edberg	6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–2
1989	John McEnroe	Brad Gilbert	6–3, 6–3, 7–6

WCT final rankings by year

1971

1. R. Laver
2. T. Okker
3. K. Rosewall
4. C. Drysdale
5. A. Ashe
6. J. Newcombe
7. M. Riessen
8. B. Lutz
9. R. Emerson
10. A. Gimeno

1972

One ranking was issued for the second part of 1971 and first part of 1972, and another for the second part of 1972 final standings. The first eight players in the second ranking played the 1972 autumn-winter WCT Finals held in Rome.

Second part of 1971/first part of 1972 R. Laver K. Rosewall T. Okker C. Drysdale M. Riessen A. Ashe B. Lutz J. Newcombe = R. Emerson = C. Pasarell

Second part of 1972 J. Newcombe A. Ashe T. Okker M. Cox = C. Drysdale = M. Riessen = B. Lutz = N. Pilić = R. Emerson = T. Roche = I. El Shafei

1973

The players were separated into two groups, A & B, with each group playing certain tournaments. The top 4 from each group qualified for the final at the end of the season. ^[17]

Group A S. Smith R. Laver = R. Emerson = J. Alexander C. Richey D. Stockton B. Lutz B. Gottfried C. Dibley J. Fillol

Group B K. Rosewall A. Ashe M. Riessen = R. Taylor = M. Cox B. Fairlie J. Kodeš T. Okker R. Tanner T. Gorman

1974

The group was divided into three groups, Red, Blue, and Green and the top 8 points winners qualified for the final (marked with*): 2 players by group plus the other two players having most points. Each group played separate tournaments except the Philadelphia tournament at the start of the season.

Red group I. Năstase* T. Okker* T. Gorman C. Drysdale N. Pilić A. Pattison J. Alexander M. Riessen T. Roche F. McMillan

Blue group J. Newcombe* S. Smith* A. Metreveli D. Stockton J. Hřebec J. Borowiak R. Case R. Ramírez J. Fillol C. Richey

Green group A. Ashe* R. Laver* B. Borg* J. Kodeš* M. Cox R. Tanner E. Dibbs R. Taylor A. Panatta O. Parun

1975

The group was divided into three groups again, Red, Blue, and Green and the top 8 points winners qualified for the final (marked with *). Each group played separate tournaments except the Philadelphia tournament at the start of the season.

Red group J. Alexander* H. Solomon* M. Cox* S. Smith D. Stockton B. Lutz P. Dent C. Drysdale = V. Amritraj = M. Riessen

Blue group R. Laver* R. Tanner* R. Ramírez* B. Gottfried V. Gerulaitis J. Fillol A. Stone A. Pattison = J. Borowiak = I. El Shafei

Green group A. Ashe* B. Borg* T. Okker B. Mottram B. Hewitt O. Parun K. Warwick J. Higueras P. Dominguez B. Giltinan

1976–1983: All the players were put back together and played the same tournaments.

1976 A. Ashe [18] R. Ramírez G. Vilas E. Dibbs B. Borg D. Stockton B. Lutz H. Solomon V. Gerulaitis B. Gottfried

1977 D. Stockton E. Dibbs J. Connors I. Năstase = C. Drysdale = W. Fibak = V. Gerulaitis A. Panatta C. Barazzutti = H. Solomon = K. Rosewall

1978 V. Gerulaitis B. Borg E. Dibbs R. Ramírez I. Năstase S. Mayer = J. Connors = B. Gottfried D. Stockton C. Barazzutti

1979 J. McEnroe [19] B. Borg V. Gerulaitis J. Connors R. Tanner G. Mayer = A. Ashe = G. Vilas G. Masters = J. Alexander = B. Gottfried = I. Năstase

1980 J. McEnroe B. Scanlon J. Connors = I. Lendl = R. Tanner = H. Günthardt = V. Amritraj = J. Sadri = J. L. Clerc = B. Gottfried = G. Mayer

1981 R. Tanner [20] J. Connors W. Fibak Y. Noah J. McEnroe V. Amritraj B. Gottfried V. Gerulaitis S. Mayer G. Mayer

1982

WCT expanded from the previous year and broke away from the Grand Prix for the year. There were three finals, Spring (Dallas) the most important one, Fall (Naples, Italy) and Winter (Detroit) and therefore three different points tables for each season: ^[21]

Spring I. Lendl J. L. Clerc W. Fibak V. Amritraj T. Šmíd P. McNamara J. McEnroe V. Gerulaitis B. Taróczy E. Dibbs

Summer/Fall I. Lendl T. Šmíd J. L. Clerc G. Vilas J. Kriek J. Higueras = H. Günthardt = W. Fibak R. Tanner L. Bourne

Winter W. Fibak B. Scanlon = K. Curren = G. Vilas B. Taróczy P. McNamee = I. Lendl = B. Teacher = To. Gullikson = T. Šmíd

1983

There were only 9 tournaments and the WCT were back with the Grand Prix circuit.

1. I. Lendl
2. J. McEnroe
3. G. Vilas
4. V. Gerulaitis
5. J. L. Clerc
6. P. McNamee
7. T. Šmíd
8. W. Fibak
9. B. Taróczy
10. B. Scanlon

WCT Challenge Cup

Some special events such as the Aetna World Cup (where the Australian pros and the US pros faced in a team event because in 1970, at the start of this event, contract pro players weren't allowed to enter the Davis Cup) or the Challenge Cup (an 8-man tournament) were held by the WCT organization.

List of WCT Challenge Cup winners

• 1976 – Honolulu – Ilie Năstase defeated Arthur Ashe, 6–3, 1–6, 6–7, 6–3, 6–1
• 1976/7 – Las Vegas – Ilie Năstase defeated Jimmy Connors, 3–6, 7–6, 6–4, 7–5
• 1977 – Las Vegas – Jimmy Connors defeated Roscoe Tanner, 6–2, 5–6, 3–6, 6–2, 6–5
• 1978 – Montego Bay – Ilie Năstase defeated Peter Fleming, 2–6, 5–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
• 1979 – Montreal – Björn Borg defeated Jimmy Connors, 6–4, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
• 1980 – Montreal – John McEnroe defeated Vijay Amritraj, 6–1, 6–2, 6–

See also

• Grand Prix tennis circuit
• History of tennis
• WCT Circuit

References

1. John Barrett, ed. (1971). World of Tennis 1971. London: Queen Anne Press. pp. 141–144. ISBN   978-0362000917.
2. "Hunt gains breakthrough with TV tennis contract". The Windsor Star. November 4, 1971 – via Google News Archive.
3. Tom Koch (March 1988). "It Was 20 Years Ago Today". D Magazine.
4. "Roche at Top Form in Final" Sydney Morning Herald, January 26, 1968. Page 12
5. Frank Deford (February 12, 1968). "Now Tennis Goes Mod". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 28, no. 6. pp. 12–15.
6. "Tennis Amateur Says Wage Runs About $9,600 a Year". Lawrence Journal-World. AP. January 4, 1968. p. Eleven.
7. Bob Briner; Frank Deford (April 19, 1971). "But It Looked Like A Great New Racket". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 34, no. 16. pp. 56–64.
8. "Lamar Hunt obtains six pro tennis stars". Eugene Register-Guard. July 29, 1970. p. 2D – via Google News Archive.
9. Wind, Herbert Warren (1979). Game, Set, and Match : The Tennis Boom of the 1960s and 70s (1. ed.). New York: Dutton. pp. 65–70. ISBN   0525111409.
10. Bud Collins (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. p. 160. ISBN   978-0942257700.
11. "ITF – History". International Tennis Federation (ITF).
12. John Barrett, ed. (1982). World of Tennis 1982 . London: Queen Anne Press. pp.  167–177. ISBN   0356085961.
13. Curry Kirkpatrick (May 16, 1983). "And Suddenly He's A Man Of Clay". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 58, no. 20. pp. 40–47.
14. John Barrett, ed. (1984). World of Tennis 1984. London: Willow Books. p. 11. ISBN   9780002181228.
15. "W.C.T. Out of Business". The New York Times. August 28, 1990.
16. Herbert, Steven (August 8, 1992) TEAM TENNIS : Dukes Face Navratilova, Atlanta in Final. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles.California. websource online: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-08-sp-4647-story.html.
17. John Barrett, ed. (1974). World of Tennis '74. London: Queen Anne Press. pp. 167, 168. ISBN   978-0362001679.
18. World of tennis 1977 : a BP yearbook. London: Macdonald & Jane's. 1977. p. 142. ISBN   978-0-354-09010-0.
19. John Barrett, ed. (1980). World of Tennis 1980. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 179. ISBN   9780362020120.
20. Tingay, Lance; Barrett, John; International Tennis Federation (1982). Slazengers world of tennis 1982 : the official yearbook of the International Tennis Federation. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 178. ISBN   978-0-356-08596-8.
21. Slazengers world of tennis. 1983. London: Queen Anne Press. 1983. p. 161. ISBN   978-0-356-09383-3.

External links

• WorldChampionshipTennis.com: The official website of World Championship Tennis, LLC, owner of the historical archives of World Championship Tennis.
• The $35,000 Racquet Dave Cody, Commonwealth Times 1981-02-17, pages 1,12-13,24, Description of 1981 Richmond WCT.