The Nichols era and the future Yaralla,1797-1848
The core of the later Yaralla is the promontory in Concord between Majors Bay to the east and what is now Yaralla Bay to the west. The original name for Yaralla Bay was Nichols Bay,and this reflects that the entire promontory was included in a 50-acre land grant to Isaac Nichols in 1797. [6] [1]
Nichols is a good representative example of the able and hard-working convict who successfully rehabilitated himself in the colony. He had been transported for theft and arrived in Sydney at the age of 21 in 1791. After he'd served time as an assigned convict in Major George Johnson's house,Governor John Hunter,impressed by the young man's ability and good behaviour,made him overseer of convict gangs in Sydney and,when his sentence expired in 1797,granted him 50 acres with Parramatta River frontage at Concord on 20 December,with two convict servants to work on the farm. [6] This would later become the site of Yaralla. [1]
Nichols bought 25 acres of land very close to the south from William Harrison for 9 pounds and presumably built huts at once at Concord for his two stockmen. He himself however,acquired an inn,the Jolly Sailor,in George Street in 1798 and soon developed business premises,a shipyard and a stone dwelling on the west side of Circular Quay. There is no evidence for a substantial cottage on Nichols' Concord farm in this early period. [6] [1]
Nichols' advance in the colony suffered a setback when he was found guilty in 1799 of receiving stolen property. It seems likely that he was the victim of the monopolistic ambitions of the New South Wales Corps,with John Macarthur pulling the strings,and Governor Hunter,deeply suspicious of the verdict,referred the case to England. Nichols' name was not cleared until 1802,when the new Governor,Philip Gidley King,was instructed by the British Government to grant him a pardon from the 1799 conviction. Thereafter Nichols became a person of increasing significance,appointed superintendent of public works and the first post-master in 1809. [6] [1]
For the first 4 or 5 years after 1797,Nichols used his Concord property for mixed farming. By 1801 he had cleared only 14 acres of the initial 50 acres and had 18 acres under wheat or maize. He had three horses and no draught oxen. His only other livestock in 1801 consisted of 50 hogs. Within a year he had cleared another 26 acres and was growing a substantial amount of wheat and a lesser amount of barley and maize at Concord. He had three assigned convicts and two free servants,not all necessarily resident at Concord,in 1802. [7] [1]
Nichols began to diversify. In 1803 he had a field of peas at Concord and began to plant fruit trees:by 1805 he had at least one peach tree bearing fruit. The extent and location of the orchard at this period are not known,although it can be assumed to have lain close to Yaralla Bay,where it is shown on the first available plan in 1833. [7] [1]
He was also beginning to build up a herd of cattle and a flock of sheep. In 1805 the farm was attacked by Aboriginal people,who seized the stockmen's "little property and provision" and then "chased and dispersed the stock in all directions". Only one stockman was there at the time and he prudently fled the scene. [1]
Keenly aware of the value of land,he gradually purchased the surrounding lands. Nichols died in 1819 leaving the land in trust for his son George Robert Nichols. George Nichols interests lay elsewhere and in May 1836 he conveyed his interest in the estate to his brother Isaac David Nichols. The Nichols used the land for farming. [1]
During the late 1830s the brothers need for cash encouraged them to mortgage the property several times. [1]
The Walker era (1840-1937)
In January 1840 George Robert Nichols mortgaged the land to Thomas Walker for 3500 pounds at 15%. In May 1842 he borrowed a further 900 pounds on the security of the property. None of that money was repaid to Walker. In the meantime the remaining title the mortgagor had over the land was conveyed to James Holt,a Sydney merchant. [1]
Walker initiated an Equity Court case against G. R. Nichols and James Holt in May 1843 after he was unable to gain repayment of the loan or obtain possession of the land which constituted the security for the loan. In August 1848 the court awarded title to the land to Walker when neither Nichols or Holt could repay the land. [1]
Walker was a strong critic of the Land Acts of the 1860s which established the principle of free selection before survey. He was a substantial stock owner and had also invested heavily in the pastoral industry. He spent a period as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council,representing the Port Phillip electorate (which later became the state of Victoria),and as the president of the board of the Bank of NSW. Walker was also an active philanthropist. However,despite his commitment to relieving the poor,he had a hatred of the democratic element in society and was firmly aligned with the view of keeping the poor in their place. [1]
Initially Walker did not move to Concord. However,he ensured the estate was carefully maintained although the gardens and orchards had already fallen into ruins. This was possibly in the 1840s when the Nichols family may have seen little need to maintain an asset which they were in danger of losing particularly while his residence was being planned and built in the 1850s. [1]
Around 1857 architect Edmund Thomas Blacket drew up a set of plans for a cottage at Concord for Thomas Walker,cottage meaning a small country residence. Construction of this cottage,(an Italianate villa) to be known as Yaralla,began. Although the date of completion is not certain,it is probably around 1858–1859. This is also probably the time that Walker moved onto the property permanently. [1]
The house was built in 2 stages. Construction began in 1851 using stone quarried on the property and was completed in 1864. [8] [1]
Thomas Walker married Jane Hart in 1860 and their only daughter was Eadith Campbell Walker. Jane died in 1870 and Thomas Walker did not remarry. He arranged for his sister Joanna Walker to come to Australia and care for Eadith. Joanna adopted Anne Masefield to serve as a companion to Eadith. [8] [1]
Scottish gardener Alexander Grant was born in 1845 at Cullen,Scotland and served an apprenticeship in the gardens of Cullen House in Banffshire. Before migrating to Australia in 1878 he followed his profession in several Scottish gardens,including the Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh. Grant arrived in the colony in 1878 and worked first at Yaralla,Concord for the Walkers for some considerable time,then at Rosemont,Woollahra for Alexander Campbell MLC,then for Mr Tooth at the Swifts,Darling Point,which he planned and laid out. There is no record of where Grant was living while working at Yaralla and Rosemont,though from 1881 he lived at "Willow Cottage in Point Piper Road - west side (later Ocean Street),Paddington" until he moved to quarters in the Botanic Garden,Sydney in 1882 for work there. It is likely that the positions at Yaralla and Rosemont both included quarters for a single man and that only after he married Margaret Stevenson in January 1880 was he obliged to find alternative accommodation (Willow Cottage). [9] [1]
When her father died in September 1886 his estate was valued at 937 984 pounds. He left his estate to his daughter,Eadith Walker,but a portion was left to set up the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital. [1]
In 1890 his sister Joanna Walker also died,leaving Eadith,who never married,to live the life of a wealthy spinster. Eadith remained living at Yaralla for the rest of her life. She lived alone though surrounded by staff,and during her lifetime she enlarged Yaralla considerably,also building several cottages for retired staff on the property. [1]
Prior to World War I,Eadith had 25 servants and employees living at Yaralla,including a butler,nine maids,cooks,laundresses,chauffeurs,four gardeners,poultry and dairymen,a housekeeper and an engineer who looked after the power station and provision of water. [1]
With Anne now married to architect and planner John Sulman,and construction of the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital complete,Eadith and Sulman now turned their attention to Yaralla and planned extensive additions and alterations. These were built between 1893 and 1899. [10] Eadith Walker commissioned Sulman to design additions which were finished in 1899. [1]
Eadith took the opportunity to enjoy herself,but her activities were tempered with a strong streak of benevolence. She contributed financially to the Thomas Walker Convalescent Home and was an active member and contributor to many charitable institutions including further finance for the Thomas Walker Convalescent Home. [8] [1]
Eadith was fond of animals and involved with their protection. An indication of her affection for her own pets was manifested in the private pet cemetery located within the grounds of Yaralla,where her animals were laid to rest. [11] [1]
For a short time,between 1912 and 1914,Yaralla became the residence of the Governor-General of Australia. It was while staying at Yaralla that the governor general,Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson,1st Viscount Novar,received a cabled warning of the approach of World War I. [1]
Fond of travel,Eadith Walker made a number of trips overseas,bringing back enormous quantities of souvenirs. She bought back enough artefacts from India to require the construction of a special Indian room in Thomas Walker's former office. The Norwegian Cottage,and most of its fittings and furniture,also returned with her from another sortie. It was later re-assembled in the grounds of Yaralla. [1]
The Norwegian Cottage was a product of Eadith's fondness for travel. She brought it back from a trip and had it reassembled on the grounds. The Indian Room was built to house all the artefacts she brought back after a trip to India. This was not the only building to take place during her life at Yaralla. Extensive renovations were made to the estate during the 1890s. These additions and alterations were designed by architect John Sulman,who was married to Eadith's childhood friend,Anne Masefield [12] The alterations to the main house included a new marbled floor entrance hall overlooked by a balcony,a panelled dining hall with a marble and bronze fireplace,an upper storey on the back and extensive balconies on the front. A set of brick and tile stables adorned with square towers,ranging rooflines,gables and a cupola with weathervane were also built. [13] [1]
Eadith maintained Yaralla as a feudal estate and the property contained four bulls,eleven cows,one horse and a quantity of poultry. [11] The paddocks formed an important part of the Estate's rural function from its beginning,providing grazing area for the cattle and horses used in farm activities. Cattle were shown at the Sydney Royal Easter Show and provided milk for the Estate and area for the horses used when buggies were the main form of transportation. The eastern section of the western paddock has been used for housing. [14] [1]
Others simply came to visit,including the powerful and wealthy,regal and vice-regal personages and political figures. Among these were the Prince of Wales,later Edward VII and subsequently the Duke of Windsor who spent a week in Yaralla in 1921. Knowing his liking for squash,Eadith had a court built for his visit,possibly the first in NSW. [8] [1]
Estate workers lived in cottages and were employed in various tasks. These included gardening and maintaining the dairy herd. However,it was a shrinking estate. The Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital took over a whole peninsula (to Yaralla's west) in the 1890s and in 1917,a sizeable piece of the estate at the head of Major's Bay (to Yaralla's south-east) was transferred to the Concord Golf Club Ltd. [1]
During the First World War she assisted sick and wounded servicemen through the Red Cross and eventually established and maintained a recuperative facility for tubercular veterans in the grounds of Yaralla from 1917 until January 1920. However,she did not restrict herself to these philanthropic activities and regularly held parties for Sydney society members at the estate. [12] [1]
In 1919 the outer part of the estate closest to Concord Road was transferred to the real estate firm King and Humphrey. King and Humphrey offered the first sub-division of Yaralla Estate in June 1920. A large crowd bid for all lots offered until dusk,necessitating a further auction later. [1]
Eadith Walker's benefactions,donations to the Thomas Walker Convalescent Home and construction work at Yaralla took a toll on her finances. [12] The grounds were extraordinary and a lot of time and money had gone into establishing large areas of lawn with native and European trees,rockeries,walks,fountains,ornamental urns and statues,grottos,hot houses,a conservatory,rose gardens and more than a dozen cottages. A power plant the size of a small factory was built,reputedly Sydney's first private generating plant and the Sulman alterations undertaken. [13] At her death in 1937 the estate totalled 265 345 pounds,less than a third of what her father left behind. [1]
The Arthur Walker Reserve to the Estate's south adjoining Majors Bay has been home of the Concord West Cricket Club since 1940 and indicates the patronage of Dame Eadith Walker to local community organisations. Eadith was patron of the club (giving land for their first pitch in 1921 near the railway station,their second near Thomas Walker Hospital and this land in 1935). The Reserve is used predominantly for matches and training and in winter as soccer training ground. The general public also use it for recreation. It is managed by Canada Bay Council and the majority is Council-owned (c.90 %). A small portion on the north eastern side remains a part of Yaralla /Dame Eadith Walker Estate. [1]
Eadith lived in a suite at The Savoy Residential Apartments in Darlinghurst in her later years before returning to Yaralla to die. She died on 8 October 1937. Soon after much of the furniture,fittings,cars,art works and books were sold at a giant auction conducted by James L. Lawson,leading auctioneers in association with Francis de Groot. [1]
