2008 United States presidential election in New Hampshire

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2008 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Flag of New Hampshire.svg
←  2004 November 4, 2008 2012  →
  Obama portrait crop.jpg John McCain 2009 Official.jpg
Nominee Barack Obama John McCain
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Arizona
Running mate Joe Biden Sarah Palin
Electoral vote40
Popular vote384,826316,534
Percentage54.38%44.52%
New Hampshire Presidential Election Results 2008.svg
New Hampshire Presidential Results 2008 by Municipality.svg
President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

The 2008 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 4, 2008, as part of the 2008 United States presidential election throughout all 50 states and D.C. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Contents

Democratic nominee Barack Obama won New Hampshire with a margin of 9.61%. Obama took 54.13% to Republican John McCain's 44.52%. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. The state was originally thought to be a swing state in 2008 for a number of reasons. New Hampshire is considerably more fiscally conservative than its neighbors in New England and has a strong disdain for taxes, giving the Republicans an edge in the state. However, like the rest of New England, it is considerably more liberal on social issues like abortion and gay rights, which helps the Democrats. Also, McCain was very popular among Republicans based on the fact that he won both the 2000 and 2008 primaries here. In 2008, Obama lost the primary to Hillary Clinton. However, after the financial crisis, Obama pulled away in the pre-election polls.

The 2008 result made Barack Obama the first Democratic presidential nominee to sweep all ten of New Hampshire's counties since native son Franklin Pierce in 1852. As of the 2020 election this is the last election in which a presidential candidate of either party won all ten counties in New Hampshire and the last election where the Democratic candidate won Belknap County. Obama even won a majority of the vote in traditionally staunchly Republican Carroll County, the only county in all of New England to have voted for Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election. Carroll County had not given a majority to a Democratic presidential nominee since 1884 or voted Democratic since 1912.

Primaries

New Hampshire hosts the first primary in the nation. A state law that was passed in 1975 required that the date be set at least one week before any other similar contest. The Iowa caucuses are the only delegate-choosing event before the New Hampshire primary, but since Iowa hosts caucuses, not primaries, that is not seen as violating the law. [1]

Democratic

The purpose of the New Hampshire Democratic primary on January 8, 2008, was to determine the number of delegates from New Hampshire that would represent a certain candidate at the National Convention. In a primary, members of a political party—in this case, the Democratic Party—will select the candidates to a subsequent election. Since 1920, New Hampshire has always hosted the first primaries in the entire nation. The Democratic Party's primary occurred on the same day as the Republican primary. [1]

Hillary Clinton was the winner of the popular vote in the primary, with Barack Obama trailing in second. Clinton's win was the first time a woman had ever won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection. [2] (Shirley Chisholm's prior win in New Jersey in 1972 was in a no-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn from; the actual delegate selection vote went to George McGovern. [3] [4] ) However, Clinton and Obama received an equal number of delegates to the National Convention since the percentages of their votes were close.

After Obama became the Democratic Party's presumptive nominee on June 3, the New Hampshire Delegation to the 2008 Democratic National Convention unanimously cast its 30 formal votes for him, one of only three states to do so.

Voter eligibility

Any registered voter may participate in New Hampshire's primary. Voters must declare a party affiliation so that they could participate in only one primary every year, not both the Democratic and Republican primaries.

Delegate allocation

The voters will elect delegates to the district-level events; a candidate will only receive delegates to the national convention if he or she receives at least 15% of the district voters' votes. 30 delegates will be proportionally sent to the national convention. [1]

Any votes cast for a candidate that did not meet the 15% threshold for votes will be discarded. 14 district delegates will be proportionally allocated to each viable presidential candidate based on the primary's results in each Congressional District. [5] All of the district delegates are considered pledged delegates, which means that they must openly commit to a candidate before the vote and are subject to review by the candidate they represent. [6] Both the First Congressional District and Second Congressional District are allocated 7 district delegates each. These delegates independently represent each Congressional District; they are not affected by the results of the entire state. [5]

In addition, there are 8 more pledged delegates that are allocated based on the results of the statewide primary. 5 of them would be at-large delegates to the national convention. [5] These at-large delegates are usually selected by district-level delegates. [6] The other 3 pledged delegates will be Party Leaders and Elected Official (PLEO) delegates. [5] PLEO delegates usually consist of members of the Democratic National Committee, Democratic members of Congress, Democratic Governors, and former Democratic Party leaders. [6]

While the 14 district delegates and 8 statewide delegates are pledged to represent a candidate, 8 more National Convention delegates will be considered unpledged. 7 of them are additional PLEO delegates, which consist of 4 Democratic National Committee members, 2 members of Congress, and 1 Governor. An additional unpledged delegate will be considered the add-on delegate. The add-on delegate is selected by a committee of district-level delegates. [5]

Polling and predictions

Pre-primary opinion polling statistics throughout the campaign season. 2008 Demo New Hampshire.png
Pre-primary opinion polling statistics throughout the campaign season.

5 days before the New Hampshire primary, candidates competed at caucuses in Iowa. Barack Obama hoped that he would win these primaries the same way he defeated Hillary Clinton at the Iowa caucuses. Since his victory, he had attracted several supporters, which increased his chances at winning this primary. [7] Likewise, Clinton was struggling to overcome setbacks after she came in third place at the caucuses in Iowa. [8] A series of pre-primary polls showed that Obama enjoyed a significant lead. Clinton was coming second, and John Edwards third. [7] Average polling during the period of January 5 to January 7, 2008, by Real Clear Politics indicated Obama's support at 38.3%, Clinton at 30.0%, Edwards at 18.3%, and Richardson at 5.7%. These results indicated an 8.3% lead for Obama. [9]

A USA Today /Gallup poll indicated that Barack Obama enjoyed a 13-point lead over Hillary Clinton three weeks after they were tied in the pre-primary polls at New Hampshire. The USA Today/Gallup poll was held on January 4, 2008. The conductors of this poll surveyed 778 New Hampshire residents who most-likely were going to attend the Democratic primaries. The survey was conducted after news from the Iowa caucuses had been reported. In the following table, the candidates' support on January 4 is compared with the results of the USA Today/Gallup poll from mid-December 2007 in New Hampshire.

CandidatePercentage (December)Percentage (January)
Barack Obama 32%41%
Hillary Clinton 32%28%
John Edwards 18%19%
Bill Richardson 8%6%

No other candidate had higher than 3% support in New Hampshire. Each figure has a margin of error of ±4%. Obama's 13-point lead was outside that margin. [10]

A US Census in 2006 reported that the population of New Hampshire was 1,314,895. 356,897 did not declare a party affiliation. [11] These independent voters make up 44% of the New Hampshire electorate and could have voted in either the Democratic primary or the Republican Party's primary, but couldn't have voted in both. Democratic voters made up a smaller proportion. [12] 216,005 people have registered as a Democrat. These statistics are important because in 2004, the New Hampshire independents leaned towards the Democratic side in favor of then-candidate John Kerry. Since then, New Hampshire has become more Democratic, replacing their Republican governor and state legislature with a government led by Democratic politicians. However, the people of New Hampshire are divided into several smaller regions, so the entire state as a whole wouldn't have been expected to act in a uniform manner. [11]

New Hampshire campaign office hostage-taking

On November 30, 2007, a man identified as 47-year-old Leeland Eisenberg, [13] armed with road flares strapped to his chest which he claimed were a bomb, entered a Clinton presidential campaign office in Rochester, New Hampshire. [14] He took hostage the 5 people in it, and asked for Clinton, believing she could assist him in gaining psychiatric help. [15] 2 hostages were released early on, a woman and her infant. Other hostages were released sporadically. The standoff ended with Eisenberg's surrender about 5 hours after the incident began. [16]

At the time of the event, Clinton was in the Washington D.C. area, scheduled to speak at a Democratic National Committee meeting in Vienna, Virginia; she canceled her appearances at public events for the remainder of the day. [17] That evening she flew to Rochester in order to meet with and comfort the hostages, [18] praise the law enforcement officials who handled the situation, [18] and vow not to change her campaign style due to the incident. [19]

Results

Hillary Clinton greets supporters after her New Hampshire Primary win. Clinton New Hampshire Victory.jpg
Hillary Clinton greets supporters after her New Hampshire Primary win.
Key:Withdrew
prior to contest
2008 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary [20] [21]
CandidateResults [5] Estimated national delegates [5] [22]
VotesPercentageNational delegates
Hillary Clinton 112,40439.09%99
Barack Obama 104,81536.45%913
John Edwards 48,69916.94%40
Bill Richardson 13,2394.6%00
Dennis Kucinich 3,8911.35%00
Joe Biden 6380.22%00
Mike Gravel 4040.14%00
Total287,557100%2222

Hillary Clinton led Barack Obama by 20 points in pre-primary polls in New Hampshire prior to the Iowa caucuses, but had fallen behind Obama by 13 points in the week prior to the New Hampshire primary. [8] However, she rebounded to get more votes than Obama in the New Hampshire primary, winning by 3%. According to exit polls, female voters and elderly voters helped her win this particular race. In the Iowa caucuses, Obama received 35% of the female vote, while Clinton only received 30%. In New Hampshire, however, 45% supported Clinton, compared to 36% for Obama. Also during the primary, older voters outnumbered younger voters; 67% of Democratic voters were over the age of 40, and most of them supported Clinton. [23]

A turnout of nearly 288,000 people was even higher than expected, and was greater than the number of New Hampshire residents who voted for Al Gore in 2000. [24]

Bill Richardson withdrew from the race after placing 4th in both the New Hampshire primary with less than 5% of the vote and the Iowa caucuses with less than 2% of the vote. He made this decision as he returned to his home state, New Mexico, on January 9, 2008, to meet with his top advisors. [25]

Republican

The New Hampshire Republican primary also took place on January 8, 2008, with 12 national delegates being allocated proportionally to the popular vote. [26] Arizona Senator John McCain won 7 of the delegates.

Independent voters made up 44% of the New Hampshire electorate and could choose to vote in either this primary or the Democratic Party's contest held on the same day, but voters could not vote in both. [27]

Polling

In the days leading up to the primary, John McCain appeared to gain a slight lead over Mitt Romney. Average support from polls were McCain, 31.8%; Romney, 28.2%; Huckabee, 12.2%; Giuliani, 9.3%; Paul, 8.2%; Thompson, 2.2%. [28]

Results

The official return was certified by the New Hampshire Secretary of State on 9 January. [29] According to New Hampshire law, delegates are allocated proportionally with a minimum 10% threshold required to receive delegates. The balance of delegates that are not assigned are then allocated to the winner.

CandidateVotesPercentageDelegates
John McCain 88,57137.71%7
Mitt Romney 75,54632.17%4
Mike Huckabee 26,85911.44%1
Rudy Giuliani 20,4398.7%0
Ron Paul 18,3087.8%0
Fred Thompson 2,8901.23%0
Duncan Hunter 1,2170.52%0
Alan Keyes 2030.09%0
Stephen Marchuk1230.05%0
Tom Tancredo*800.03%0
Dr Hugh Cort530.02%0
Cornelius Edward O'Connor450.02%0
Albert Howard440.02%0
Vern Wuensche440.02%0
Vermin Supreme 410.02%0
John H. Cox 390.02%0
Daniel Gilbert330.01%0
James Creighton Mitchell Jr.300.01%0
Jack Shepard270.01%0
Mark Klein190.01%0
H. Neal Fendig Jr.130%0
Scattered2270.1%0
Total234,851100%12

* Candidate had already dropped out of the race prior to primary.

Recount

Most New Hampshire voters cast their votes on Diebold optical-scan systems, which read paper ballots. Some activists claimed to find evidence suggesting fraud, largely because results did not match pre-election polling for Obama and Clinton, and because of different levels of support between precincts where ballots were counted by hand and those where they were counted by machine. [30] Most observers have concluded that discrepancies were the result of the fact that ballots are more likely to be hand-counted in small towns and machine-counted in cities and larger towns, explaining differences in candidate support. [31]

On January 10, 2008, presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich paid for a recount in the Democratic primary. Republican candidate Albert Howard also requested a recount in the Republican primary. [32] Kucinich noted the difference between pre-primary polls which showed that Obama would win, and Clinton's win in the actual election. [33] New Hampshire had not conducted a statewide recount in a presidential primary since the 1980 primary. [33]

The recount began on January 16, 2008, after New Hampshire Secretary of State Bill Gardner received $27,000 from Kucinich. The results in both parties changed little: Republican results changed only by 1 vote for Romney, while Democrats changed less than 1%, much of which was due to vote miscounting was Ward 5 in Manchester, where votes for the top candidates dropped after the recount. Clinton's total went from 683 to 619, Obama's went from 404 to 365, and other candidates saw similar drops. [34] Excluding the results of Ward 5 the error rate was less than 1%. [35] The official explanation for the discrepancies in Ward 5 was that a poll worker added the vice presidential and presidential totals before reporting. [34]

The recount was halted on January 23, 2008. [36] The Deputy Secretary of State, David Scanlan, estimated that the Republican recount cost $57,600 and the Democratic recount, with more votes cast, cost $67,600. [37]

Campaign

Predictions

There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

SourceRanking
D.C. Political Report [38] Likely D
Cook Political Report [39] Safe D
The Takeaway [40] Solid D
Electoral-vote.com [41] Solid D
Washington Post [42] Solid D
Politico [43] Safe D
RealClearPolitics [44] Solid D
FiveThirtyEight [42] Solid D
CQ Politics [45] Safe D
The New York Times [46] Solid D
CNN [47] Lean D
NPR [42] Solid D
MSNBC [42] Safe D
Fox News [48] Likely D
Associated Press [49] Likely D
Rasmussen Reports [50] Safe D

Polling

Pre-election polling showed a tight race early on. But since September 22, Obama swept the rest of the polls taken in the state. Since October 1, Obama never polled below 50%. [51]

Fundraising

John McCain raised a total of $867,279 in the state. Barack Obama raised $2,470,579. [52]

Advertising and visits

Obama and his interest groups spent $10,931,32. McCain and his interest groups spent $6,478,902. [53] Each campaign visited the state 6 times. [54]

Analysis

Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New Hampshire was one of the most reliably Republican states in the Northeast. From 1948 to 1988, it only supported a Democrat once, in Lyndon Johnson's 44-state landslide of 1964. However, since 1992 it has become a swing state that leans slightly Democratic in presidential elections. The last Republican to carry the state was George W. Bush, who won by a narrow margin in 2000. New Hampshire was the only switchover state that Kerry won in 2004 and Bush lost. Moreover, the New Hampshire Republican Party is considerably more moderate and libertarian-leaning especially on social issues, making the behavior of the state difficult to predict.

Republicans had remained fairly competitive at the state level until November 2006 when Democratic Governor John Lynch was reelected to a second term with 74% of the vote. At the same time, two unknown Democrats knocked off the state's two incumbent Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives and Democrats swept to control of both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since 1874. This led pundits to joke that the national Democratic wave of 2006 came ashore in Nashua. [55] Continuing on that trend, New Hampshire looked very favorable to the Democrats heading into 2008.

Republican presidential nominee John McCain had early hopes for winning the state. New Hampshire strongly supported McCain in the 2000 and 2008 Republican primaries, attracted by his status as an independent maverick; New Hampshire voters have historically been friendly to independent-minded Republicans. After he clinched the GOP nomination in March 2008, McCain began to move more to the right to appease the base of his party, and his selection of the socially conservative Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin to be the vice presidential nominee alienated several independents and libertarian-leaning Republicans in New Hampshire. Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama campaigned extensively throughout the state in 2008 to try and unite the party in the general election after the historic and divisive 2008 Democratic primary. Despite the polls that had Obama leading by double digits, New Hampshire voters gave a surprise comeback win to Hillary Rodham Clinton in the January 2008 New Hampshire Democratic Primary thanks in large part to an enormous number of women who turned out to support Clinton after her emotional moment at a campaign stop in Portsmouth a few days earlier. Obama acknowledged this phenomenon throughout the campaign when he advised his supporters not to get so cocky and arrogant when they saw the polls that had him leading.

Early polling during the general campaign showed Obama with a very narrow lead. By early October, Obama had gained a double-digit lead in the state and never looked back. [56] Obama successfully carried New Hampshire with 54.13% of the total statewide vote while McCain received 44.52%.

At the same time, popular incumbent Democratic Governor Lynch was reelected to a third term in a landslide over Republican Joe Keeney and Libertarian Susan Newell. Lynch received 70.12% while Keeney took in 27.70% and Newell with 2.18%. Former Democratic Governor Jeanne Shaheen ousted incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Sununu by a 6.34% margin of victory, giving the Democrats an additional seat in the U.S. Senate. However, Republicans also picked up 14 seats in the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

Results

2008 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
PartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 384,82654.38%4
Republican John McCain Sarah Palin 316,53444.73%0
OthersOthers5310.08%0
Independent Ralph Nader Matt Gonzalez 3,5030.50%0
Libertarian Bob Barr Wayne Allyn Root 2,2170.31%0
Totals707,611100.00%4
Voter turnout (Voting age population)70.0%

By county

CountyBarack Obama
Democratic		John McCain
Republican		Various candidates
Other parties		MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %
Belknap 16,79649.97%16,40248.80%4161.23%3941.17%33,614
Carroll 15,22152.39%13,38746.07%4481.54%1,8346.32%29,056
Cheshire 26,97162.98%15,20535.51%6471.51%11,76627.47%42,823
Coos 9,53258.31%6,55840.11%2581.58%2,97418.20%16,348
Grafton 31,44663.03%17,68735.45%7571.52%13,75927.58%49,890
Hillsborough 104,82051.20%97,17847.47%2,7111.33%7,6423.73%204,709
Merrimack 45,07856.27%34,01042.46%1,0181.27%11,06813.81%80,106
Rockingham 83,72349.89%81,91748.81%2,1821.30%1,8061.08%167,822
Strafford 37,99059.50%25,02139.19%8371.31%12,96920.31%63,848
Sullivan 13,24958.23%9,16940.30%3361.47%4,08017.93%22,754
Totals384,82654.13%316,53444.52%9,6101.35%68,2929.61%710,970
County Flips: Democratic Hold Gain from Republican New Hampshire County Flips 2008.svg
County Flips:

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

Barack Obama swept both of New Hampshire's congressional districts.

DistrictObamaMcCainRepresentative
1st 52.68%46.47% Carol Shea-Porter (D)
2nd 56.09%43.00% Paul Hodes (D)

Electors

Technically the voters of New Hampshire cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. New Hampshire is allocated 4 electors because it has 2 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 4 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 4 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. [57] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 4 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden: [58]

  1. Martha Fuller Clark [59]
  2. Gaeten DiGangi
  3. Ned Helms [60]
  4. Kathleen Sullivan

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ "Facts - Elections - Election Watch| Center for American Women and Politics". Cawp.rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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  4. ↑ "Sanford Is Withdrawing From N.J." The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. May 13, 1972. p. 12.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (May 15, 2008). "New Hampshire Democrat Presidential Nominating Process". The Green Papers. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 2008 Democratic National Convention Committee (2008). "How to Become a Delegate". Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  9. ↑ "New Hampshire Democratic Primary". Real Clear Politics. Real Clear Politics. January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
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  11. 1 2 Weiss, Joanna; Farnsworth, Amy (2008). "Many faces of New Hampshire". boston.com. NY Times. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  12. ↑ Roth, Bennett (January 7, 2008). "Tuesday could be independents' day". chron.com. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  13. ↑ "Clinton Office Hostage Situation Ends Peacefully". WBZ-TV. November 30, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.[ dead link ]
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  17. ↑ Beverley Wang (November 30, 2007). "Man Takes Hostages at Clinton Office". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  18. 1 2 Jill Zuckman (November 30, 2007). "Clinton rushes to comfort sieged campaign workers". The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on December 2, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  19. ↑ "Clinton vows no let up in campaign after hostage-taking". Agence France-Presse. December 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 2, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Absentee Official Ballot for Merrimack Democratic Presidential Primary Election: January 8, 2008" (PDF). New Hampshire Secretary of State. January 8, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Presidential Primary Election January 8". New Hampshire Secretary of State . Retrieved January 12, 2008.
  22. ↑ "What happens to Edwards' delegates?". Democratic Convention Watch. May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  23. ↑ Schneider, Bill (January 9, 2008). "Clinton and McCain the comeback kids". CNNPolitics.com. Cable News Network.
  24. ↑ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Archived from the original on March 2, 2000.
  25. ↑ Wayne, Leslie (January 10, 2008). "Richardson Said to Be Dropping Out". The New York Times . Retrieved January 19, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Election Guide 2008 - Presidential Election - Politics". The New York Times.
  27. ↑ "Tuesday could be independents' day in N.H. - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. January 6, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Election 2008 - New Hampshire Republican Primary". RealClearPolitics.com. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Presidential Primary Election January 8". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
  30. ↑ Manjoo, Farhad (January 11, 2008). "Was the New Hampshire vote stolen?". Machinist. Salon Media Group. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
  31. ↑ Beverley Wang (January 11, 2008). "Experts skeptical of N.H. ballot-count conspiracy theory". The Boston Globe . Associated Press. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Kucinich claim spurs N.H. recount". Boston Herald . Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  33. 1 2 Associated Press (January 11, 2008). "New Hampshire to Conduct Recount of Presidential Primary". You Decide 2008. Fox News Network. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
  34. 1 2 "Human Error, Not Machine, Found During Recount". WMUR. January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
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  36. ↑ "Recount". Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
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  38. ↑ "D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Presidential". May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  40. ↑ "Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions". April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  41. ↑ "Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily". electoral-vote.com. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Based on Takeaway
  43. ↑ "POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com". www.politico.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  44. ↑ "RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map". Archived from the original on June 5, 2008.
  45. ↑ "CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  46. ↑ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff; Carter, Shan (November 4, 2008). "The Electoral Map: Key States". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
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  48. ↑ "Winning The Electoral College". Fox News. April 27, 2010.
  49. ↑ "roadto270". hosted.ap.org. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
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  53. ↑ "Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  55. ↑ Todd, Chuck and Gawiser, Sheldon. How Barack Obama Won. New York City: Vintage, 2009.
  56. ↑ Jay Cost. "New Hampshire: McCain vs. Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  57. ↑ "Electoral College". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  58. ↑ [ dead link ]
  59. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. ↑ "NH news, sports, opinion & photos". Concordmonitor.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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