Lormetazepam

Last updated
Lormetazepam
Lormetazepam.svg
Lormetazepam3d.png
Clinical data
Trade names Noctamid, Loramet, others
Other namesMethyllorazepam; Methyl-lorazepam; N-Methyllorazepam; Ro 5-5516
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
  • D
Routes of
administration 		Oral
Drug class Benzodiazepine
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 80%
Metabolism Hepatic
Elimination half-life 10–12 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
  • 7-Chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.011.546 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C16H12Cl2N2O2
Molar mass 335.18 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • ClC1=CC=CC=C1C2=NC(C(N(C)C3=C2C=C(C=C3)Cl)=O)O
  • InChI=1S/C16H12Cl2N2O2/c1-20-13-7-6-9(17)8-11(13)14(19-15(21)16(20)22)10-4-2-3-5-12(10)18/h2-8,15,21H,1H3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:FJIKWRGCXUCUIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Lormetazepam, sold under the brand name Noctamid among others, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy [2] benzodiazepine derivative and temazepam analogue. [3] It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

Contents

It was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1980. [4] Lormetazepam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada. It is licensed in the UK as 0.5 and 1 mg tablets for short-term treatment (2–4 weeks) of moderately severe insomnia. It is licensed in the Netherlands as 1 and 2 mg tablets, under the brand names Loramet and Noctamid and as generic, available from several manufacturers. It is sold in Poland as Noctofer. A Dutch analysis stated that lormetazepam could be suitable to be included in drug prescribing formularies, although zolpidem, zopiclone, and temazepam appear better. [5]

Medical uses

Lormetazepam is considered a hypnotic benzodiazepine and is officially indicated for moderate-to-severe insomnia. Lormetazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep or falling asleep. Hypnotics should only be used on a short-term basis or, in those with chronic insomnia, on an occasional basis. [6]

Side effects

Side effects of lormetazepam are similar to those of other hypnotic benzodiazepines and can for the most part be regarded as a class effect.[ citation needed ] In a sleep study, 1 mg lormetazepam increased total sleep time, reduced wakefulness, but did not alter REM sleep. However, at 2 mg doses, there were significant increases in stage 3 sleep and reductions in REM sleep. Rebound effects have been reported after chronic use including rebound REM. [3] In one clinical trial with patients who had prior experience with older hypnotics temazepam and nitrazepam, most preferred lormetazepam due to less heavy sedation, amnesia, and residual effects. [7] Some side effects, including drowsiness, amnesia, and respiratory depression, are increased when lormetazepam is combined with other drugs with similar effects, e.g. alcohol and nonbenzodiazepine drugs.

Although lormetazepam has been associated with adversely affecting immediate and delayed recall memory functions, [8] studies have shown that lormetazepam's amnesic properties may be lesser compared to other hypnotic benzodiazepines. For example, in a 1984 study comparing the amnesic effects of lormetazepam to temazepam and flurazepam showed that amnesia was smallest after lormetazepam and greatest after temazepam, which had produced greater amnesia than both lormetazepam and flurazepam by a significant margin. [9]

Side effects of lormetazepam include:

Residual "hangover" effects after nighttime administration of lormetazepam such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive functions may persist into the next day which may impair the ability of users to drive safely and increase risks of falls and hip fractures. [10]

Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used during pregnancy, in children, in alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. [11] Lormetazepam may be unsuitable for the elderly due to residual effects on memory and body sway which may result in falls. [12] Lormetazepam causes impaired driving skills, thus caution is required in individuals who drive or operate machinery. [13]

Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal

The risks of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal are very low when the drug is used for 2–4 weeks only, and lormetazepam is generally a safe and effective drug when used for no longer than 2–4 weeks. Some sleep disturbance in the form of rebound insomnia can, however, occur even after short-term usage of 7 days. [14] Those with a history of addiction may be at increased risk of problems of tolerance and dependence especially those with a past history of dependency on sedative hypnotic drugs.

Lormetazepam as with other benzodiazepines is generally only recommended for short-term use (2–4 weeks) due to tolerance and loss of efficacy. Tolerance to and loss of the sedative effects of benzodiazepine hypnotics can occur within 14 days of regular use. [15] Some studies however suggest such treatments retain their effectiveness in the long term [16] [17] [18] - such a lack of consistency in the findings of many studies could be due to the variation of responses to benzodiazepine treatment.

Dependence is the medical term for addiction. Dependence can either be psychological and/or physical. Psychological dependence can manifest itself as a reliance on a drug to cope with everyday life or in the form of craving. Physical dependence occurs due to physiological adaptations occurring as the body attempts to overcome the drugs effects which is known as tolerance and the continuing need to take the drug to avoid or suppress withdrawal symptoms which can sometimes resemble the original condition being treated. When the dose or the drug is discontinued withdrawal symptoms typically occur. Lormetazepam as with all other benzodiazepines produces both physical and psychological dependence but the main problem of concern is physical dependence which appears in the form of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after the dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped completely. [19] The dependence induced by lormetazepam is related to changes in the sensitivity of the GABA-BZD receptor complex. [20]

Withdrawal symptoms typically subside after 4–8 weeks but in approximately 10-15% of individuals symptoms can persist for many months [21] and in rare cases years. [22] Some "Withdrawal Symptoms" can emerge despite a constant dosage with the body needing extra dosage in order to feel normal. This is sometimes associated with dosage escalation.

Lormetazepam has a short to intermediate half-life of approximately 10–12 hours. Shorter acting benzodiazepine compounds are generally associated with a more intense and immediate withdrawal reaction compared to longer acting benzodiazepines. For this reason it is generally recommended to cross from lormetazepam to an equivalent dose of diazepam to gradually taper the dosage. [23]

Pharmacology

The bioavailability of lormetazepam was found to be 80%. [24]

Lormetazepam and other benzodiazepine drugs act as positive modulators at the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complex. Lormetazepam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances the effect of the GABAA receptor producing its therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects. When lormetazepam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor sites in sufficient quantities it produces sedation which is used clinically as a therapeutic treatment for insomnia. Lormetazepam alters the brain electrical activity which has been studied via EEG readings. [25] Lormetazepam appears to be more selective in the type of benzodiazepine receptor it binds to showing a higher affinity for the omega 1 receptor which is responsible for sedation. [26] Changes in EEG can therefore be used to measure the sedative sleep promoting properties of lormetazepam.

Chemistry

Stereochemistry

Lormetazepam has a stereocenter and two enantiomers. Medications are racemates. [27]

Enantiomers of lormetazepam
(R)-Lormetazepam Structural Formula V1.svg
(R)-lormetazepam
CAS number: 113679-56-4		 (S)-Lormetazepam Structural Formula V1.svg
(S)-lormetazepam
CAS number: 113679-54-2

Industry

Brand names

Trade names include Aldosomnil, Dilamet, Ergocalm, Loramet, Loretam, Metatop, Minias, Noctamid, Noctamide, Noctofer, Nocton, Pronoctan, Sedaben, and Stilaze.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzodiazepine</span> Class of depressant drugs

Benzodiazepines, colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, who soon followed with diazepam (Valium) in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temazepam</span> Insomnia medication

Temazepam, sold under the brand name Restoril among others, is a medication of the benzodiazepine class which is generally used to treat severe or debilitating insomnia. It is taken by mouth. Temazepam is rapidly absorbed, and significant hypnotic effects begin in less than 30 minutes and can last for up to eight hours. Prescriptions for hypnotics such as temazepam have seen a dramatic decrease since 2010, while anxiolytics such as alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam have increased or remained stable. Temazepam and similar hypnotics, such as triazolam (Halcion) are generally reserved for severe and debilitating insomnia. They have largely been replaced by z-drugs and atypical antidepressants as first line treatment for insomnia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alprazolam</span> Benzodiazepine medication

Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax, is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within the triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals called benzodiazepines. Alprazolam is most commonly used in management of anxiety disorders, specifically panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Other uses include the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea, together with other treatments. GAD improvement occurs generally within a week. Alprazolam is generally taken orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lorazepam</span> Benzodiazepine medication

Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It is used to treat anxiety, trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is also used during surgery to interfere with memory formation and to sedate those who are being mechanically ventilated. It is also used, along with other treatments, for acute coronary syndrome due to cocaine use. It can be given orally, transdermal, intravenously (IV), or intramuscularly When given by injection, onset of effects is between one and thirty minutes and effects last for up to a day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedative</span> Drug that reduces excitement without inducing sleep

A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In spite of the fact that each sedative acts in its own way, most produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zolpidem</span> Hypnotic medication

Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene, have been tried. It decreases the time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes and at larger doses helps people stay asleep longer. It is taken by mouth and is available in conventional tablets, sublingual tablets, or oral spray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triazolam</span> Triazolobenzodiazepine class medication

Triazolam, sold under the brand name Halcion among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. It possesses pharmacological properties similar to those of other benzodiazepines, but it is generally only used as a sedative to treat severe insomnia. In addition to the hypnotic properties, triazolam's amnesic, anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties are pronounced as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zopiclone</span> Hypnotic medication

Zopiclone, sold under the brand name Imovane among others, is a nonbenzodiazepine used to treat difficulty sleeping. Zopiclone is molecularly distinct from benzodiazepine drugs and is classed as a cyclopyrrolone. However, zopiclone increases the normal transmission of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system, via modulating GABAA receptors similarly to the way benzodiazepine drugs do.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrazepam</span> Benzodiazepine sedative

Nitrazepam, sold under the brand name Mogadon among others, is a hypnotic drug of the benzodiazepine class used for short-term relief from severe, disabling anxiety and insomnia. It also has sedative (calming) properties, as well as amnestic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flurazepam</span> Hypnotic medication

Flurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a long half-life, which may stay in the bloodstream for days. Flurazepam was patented in 1968 and came into medical use the same year. Flurazepam, developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals, was one of the first benzodiazepine hypnotic medications to be marketed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaleplon</span> Medication used to treat insomnia

Zaleplon, sold under the brand name Sonata among others, is a sedative and hypnotic which is used to treat insomnia. It is a nonbenzodiazepine or Z-drug of the pyrazolopyrimidine class. It was developed by King Pharmaceuticals and approved for medical use in the United States in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonbenzodiazepine</span> Class of psychoactive drugs

Nonbenzodiazepines, sometimes referred to colloquially as Z-drugs, are a class of psychoactive drugs that are benzodiazepine-like in uses, such as for treating insomnia and anxiety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quazepam</span> Benzodiazipine

Quazepam, sold under brand name Doral among others, is a relatively long-acting benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by the Schering Corporation in the 1970s. Quazepam is used for the treatment of insomnia including sleep induction and sleep maintenance. Quazepam induces impairment of motor function and has relatively selective hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties with considerably less overdose potential than other benzodiazepines. Quazepam is an effective hypnotic which induces and maintains sleep without disruption of the sleep architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loprazolam</span> Benzodiazepine

Loprazolam (triazulenone) marketed under many brand names is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is licensed and marketed for the short-term treatment of moderately-severe insomnia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brotizolam</span> Benzodiazepine

Brotizolam is a sedative-hypnotic thienotriazolodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is considered to be similar in effect to other short-acting hypnotic benzodiazepines such as triazolam or midazolam. It is used in the short-term treatment of severe insomnia. Brotizolam is a highly potent and short-acting hypnotic, with a typical dose ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 milligrams, which is rapidly eliminated with an average half-life of 4.4 hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bretazenil</span> Chemical compound

Bretazenil (Ro16-6028) is an imidazopyrrolobenzodiazepine anxiolytic drug which is derived from the benzodiazepine family, and was invented in 1988. It is most closely related in structure to the GABA antagonist flumazenil, although its effects are somewhat different. It is classified as a high-potency benzodiazepine due to its high affinity binding to benzodiazepine binding sites where it acts as a partial agonist. Its profile as a partial agonist and preclinical trial data suggests that it may have a reduced adverse effect profile. In particular bretazenil has been proposed to cause a less strong development of tolerance and withdrawal syndrome. Bretazenil differs from traditional 1,4-benzodiazepines by being a partial agonist and because it binds to α1, α2, α3, α4, α5 and α6 subunit containing GABAA receptor benzodiazepine receptor complexes. 1,4-benzodiazepines bind only to α1, α2, α3 and α5GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complexes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</span> Signs and symptoms due to benzodiazepines discontinuation in physically dependent persons

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is the cluster of signs and symptoms that may emerge when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe taper schedule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fosazepam</span> Benzodiazepam

Fosazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative; it is a water soluble derivative of diazepam. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is a derivative of diazepam which has been substituted with a dimethylphosphoryl group to improve solubility in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzodiazepine dependence</span> Medical condition

Benzodiazepine dependence defines a situation in which one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking behaviors, such as continued use despite harmful effects, and maladaptive pattern of substance use, according to the DSM-IV. In the case of benzodiazepine dependence, the continued use seems to be typically associated with the avoidance of unpleasant withdrawal reaction rather than with the pleasurable effects of the drug. Benzodiazepine dependence develops with long-term use, even at low therapeutic doses, often without the described drug seeking behavior and tolerance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzodiazepine use disorder</span> Medical condition

Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD), also called misuse or abuse, is the use of benzodiazepines without a prescription and/or for recreational purposes, which poses risks of dependence, withdrawal and other long-term effects. Benzodiazepines are one of the more common prescription drugs used recreationally. When used recreationally benzodiazepines are usually administered orally but sometimes they are taken intranasally or intravenously. Recreational use produces effects similar to alcohol intoxication.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ↑ Doenicke A, Dorow R, Täuber U (December 1991). "[The pharmacokinetics of lormetazepam following cimetidine]" [The pharmacokinetics of lormetazepam following cimetidine]. Der Anaesthesist (in German). 40 (12): 675–679. PMID   1685875.
  3. 1 2 Nicholson AN, Stone BM (March 1982). "Hypnotic activity and effects on performance of lormetazepam and camazepam--analogues of temazepam". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 13 (3): 433–439. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01398.x. PMC   1402107 . PMID   6120717.
  4. ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 537. ISBN   9783527607495.
  5. ↑ Janknegt R, van der Kuy A, Declerck G, Idzikowski C (August 1996). "Hypnotics. Drug selection by means of the System of Objectified Judgement Analysis (SOJA) method". PharmacoEconomics. 10 (2): 152–163. doi:10.2165/00019053-199610020-00007. PMID   10163418.
  6. ↑ Rickels K (1986). "The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 332 (S332): 132–141. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb08990.x. PMID   2883820. S2CID   46560074.
  7. ↑ Hill RC, Harry TV (1983). "Lormetazepam (Lorámet): a multicentre assessment of its efficacy and acceptability as a hypnotic in out-patients with sleep disturbances". The Journal of International Medical Research. 11 (6): 325–332. doi:10.1177/030006058301100601. PMID   6360746. S2CID   23167620.
  8. ↑ Dorow R, Berenberg D, Duka T, Sauerbrey N (1987). "Amnestic effects of lormetazepam and their reversal by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788". Psychopharmacology. 93 (4): 507–514. doi:10.1007/bf00207244. PMID   2893417. S2CID   1680477.
  9. ↑ Roehrs T, McLenaghan A, Koshorek G, Zorick F, Roth T (1984). "Amnesic effects of lormetazepam". Sleep, Benzodiazepines and Performance. Psychopharmacology Supplementum. Vol. 1. pp. 165–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_14. ISBN   978-3-642-69661-9. PMID   6147838.
  10. ↑ Vermeeren A (2004). "Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications". CNS Drugs. 18 (5): 297–328. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418050-00003. PMID   15089115. S2CID   25592318.
  11. ↑ Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome". Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises. 67 (6): 408–413. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID   19900604.
  12. ↑ Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Tarral A, Gandon JM (July 2003). "Effects on postural oscillation and memory functions of a single dose of zolpidem 5 mg, zopiclone 3.75 mg and lormetazepam 1 mg in elderly healthy subjects. A randomized, cross-over, double-blind study versus placebo". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59 (3): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s00228-003-0591-5. PMID   12756510. S2CID   13440208.
  13. ↑ Staner L, Ertlé S, Boeijinga P, Rinaudo G, Arnal MA, Muzet A, Luthringer R (October 2005). "Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring". Psychopharmacology. 181 (4): 790–798. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0082-8. PMID   16025317. S2CID   26351598.
  14. ↑ Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, Mitsky DJ, Kales JD (12 November 1982). "Dose-response studies of lormetazepam: efficacy, side effects, and rebound insomnia". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22 (11–12): 520–530. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1982.tb02645.x. PMID   6131080. S2CID   694106.
  15. ↑ Smith AE (1989). "Benzodiazepines - Use & Abuse - A Guide for Prescribers". New Zealand Department of Health.
  16. ↑ Oswald I, French C, Adam K, Gilham J (March 1982). "Benzodiazepine hypnotics remain effective for 24 weeks". British Medical Journal. 284 (6319): 860–863. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6319.860. PMC   1496323 . PMID   6121605.
  17. ↑ Vogel GW, Morris D (July 1992). "The effects of estazolam on sleep, performance, and memory: a long-term sleep laboratory study of elderly insomniacs". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32 (7): 647–651. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb05776.x. PMID   1640005. S2CID   44857913.
  18. ↑ Walsh JK, Krystal AD, Amato DA, Rubens R, Caron J, Wessel TC, et al. (August 2007). "Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with eszopiclone for six months: effect on sleep, quality of life, and work limitations". Sleep. 30 (8): 959–968. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.8.959. PMC   1978384 . PMID   17702264.
  19. ↑ Ashton CH (1995). "Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines". Psychiatr Ann. 25: 158–165. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19950301-09. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006.
  20. ↑ Gerra G, Giucasto G, Zaimovic A, Fertonani G, Chittolini B, Avanzini P, et al. (June 1996). "Intravenous flumazenil following prolonged exposure to lormetazepam in humans: lack of precipitated withdrawal". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 11 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1097/00004850-199611020-00002. PMID   8803645.
  21. ↑ Ashton CH. "Benzodiazepines: How They Work And How To Withdraw".
  22. ↑ Lader MH, Morton SV (January 1992). "A pilot study of the effects of flumazenil on symptoms persisting after benzodiazepine withdrawal". Journal of Psychopharmacology. Oxford, England. 6 (3): 357–63. doi:10.1177/026988119200600303. PMID   22291380. S2CID   23530701. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007.
  23. ↑ "Benzodiazepines and Your Patients: A Management Programme". Roche Products (UK) Ltd. 1990.
  24. ↑ Hümpel M, Stoppelli I, Milia S, Rainer E (1982). "Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the new benzodiazepine, lormetazepam, in man. III. Repeated administration and transfer to neonates via breast milk". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21 (5): 421–425. doi:10.1007/BF00542330. PMID   6122580. S2CID   19327058.
  25. ↑ Kurowski M, Ott H, Herrmann WM (May 1982). "Relationship between EEG dynamics and pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepine lormetazepam". Pharmacopsychiatria. 15 (3): 77–83. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1019513. PMID   6124982.
  26. ↑ Ozawa M, Nakada Y, Sugimachi K, Akai T, Yamaguchi M (November 1991). "[Interaction of the hypnotic lormetazepam with central benzodiazepine receptor subtypes omega 1, omega 2 and omega 3]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 98 (5): 399–408. doi: 10.1254/fpj.98.5_399 . PMID   1687574.
  27. ↑ Rote Liste Service GmbH (Hrsg.): Rote Liste 2017 – Arzneimittelverzeichnis für Deutschland (einschließlich EU-Zulassungen und bestimmter Medizinprodukte). Rote Liste Service GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, 2017, Aufl. 57, ISBN   978-3-946057-10-9, S. 196.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.