Classification
Skou languages were first linked by G. Frederici in 1912. In 1941, K.H. Thomas expanded the family to its current extent.
The Sko family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups. [3]
Donohue (2007) and Donohue and Crowther (2005) list Nouri as a mixed language having features of both the Piore River and Serra Hills subgroups. [4] [5]
Sko (Laycock 1975)
Laycock posited two branches, Vanimo and Krisa:
- Sko
Skou (Ross 2005)
However, Krisa is poorly supported and Malcolm Ross abandoned it.
Macro-Skou (Donohue 2002)
Mark Donohue proposed a subclassification based on areal diffusion he called Macro-Skou.
Donohue (2004) notes that is unclear if extinct Nouri is in the Piore River or Serra Hills branch.
Sko (Foley 2018)
Foley (2018) provides the following classification. [1]
Foley's Inner Sko corresponds to Donohue's Western Skou.
Miller (2017)
The Piore River branch was renamed Lagoon in Miller (2017). [6] The older names of the Piore River languages were from village names; Miller has since renamed them as Bauni, Uni, Bouni, and Bobe, though it is debatable whether they are all distinct languages.
- Lagoon (also Piore River )
Usher (2020)
Usher groups the languages as follows, with each node being a reconstructable clade, and giving the family a geographic label rather than naming it after a single language. The Eastern languages are typologically quite distinct from the Western languages and I'saka. [7]
- Vanimo Coast
- I'saka
- West
- Skou
- Leitre
- Dumo-Dusur (Vanimo)
- Sangke–Wutung
- East
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Skou are,
I *na we *ne thou *me you ? he *ka they (M) *ke she *bo they (F) *de
The Skou languages also have a dual, with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive we, but the forms are not reconstructable for the proto-language.
Pronouns in individual Skou languages: [1]
Cognates
Sko family cognates (I'saka, Barupu, Wutung, Skou) listed by Foley (2018): [1]
Sko family cognates gloss I'saka Barupu Wutung Skou ‘hand’ dou eno noʔɛ̃ no ‘tooth’ kũ e ʔũ kə̃ ‘breast’ ni to no no ‘woman’ bu bom wũawũa pɛɨma ‘bird’ yũ ru tĩ tã ‘dog’ naki naʔi nake ‘water’ wi pi pa ‘old’ tuni tɔra rõtoto ‘eat’ a ou (u)a a
A cognate set for 'louse' in Sko languages (reconstructing roughly to *nipi in Proto-Sko) as compiled by Dryer (2022): [8]
Language (group) louse Serra Hills ni, nip, nipi Warapu mi Western Sko pi, fi, pĩ Isaka ẽĩ
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), [9] [10] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. [11] More recent data from Marmion (2010) [12] has been added for Wutung and from Donohue (2002) [13] (as cited in the ASJP Database) for Skou.
gloss Wutung
(Marmion 2010) [12]Wutung
(Voorhoeve 1975) [10]Skou
(Donohue 2002) [13] [14]Skou
(Voorhoeve 1971, 1975) [9] [10]head hlúqbùr kəsu. rebi röbe; rö́e hair tàng ta ta ta ear qúrlùr le lö eye lúrtô rəto lu; luto lutɔ̀ nose ha ha tooth qúng kə ke* kö leg knaŋku tãe louse hehe fi fi dog náqî naki nakE nakɛ́ pig cà tyamu pálɛ bird tîng ta* tåå; tãŋã egg kuekue ku tã kò blood hnjie hi hi hi bone qêy e e ee skin mà; nua na ro nö re; nö rɔ̀ breast no no* nɔ tree ri ri; rite ri man panyua teba kE ba ba; keba; kébanè; teba woman wungawunga 3mE pemɛ̀ sun hlàng hrã ra* rãã́ moon kE ke water câ tya pa pa fire hie hae ra ra stone wólòng koŋũ wu* hũ; wũ eat sàqèngpùà (1.SG) a* kã; pã; tã one ófà ofa ali* alì two hnyûmò hime hi*tu* hĩ́to
See also
Related Research Articles
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Krisa also known as Krisi is a village in Bewani-Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea, 20 kilometers south of the provincial capital of Vanimo. In the local language, the village, its people and the local language itself are all known as I'saka.
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The Yawa languages, also known as Yapen languages, are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language. They are spoken on central Yapen Island and nearby islets, in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian Papua, which they share with the Austronesian Yapen languages.
Bauni is a language spoken in Barupu (Warapu) village of West Aitape Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.
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Rawo is a Papuan language in the Skou family, spoken on the north coast of Papua New Guinea in the vicinity of the village of Leitre (Laitre) in Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
Leitre is a Papuan language in the Skou family, spoken on the north coast of Papua New Guinea in the village of Leitre (Laitre) in Bewani-Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
Bobe is a Skou language of Papua New Guinea. Genealogically close to Barupu, it has been strongly influenced by Womo.
The Piore River or Lagoon languages form a branch of Skou languages. Historically most have been lumped together as a single Warapu language, with Nouri variously classified. They are spoken in the Sissano Lagoon area of West Aitape Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. The Piore River runs to the west of all the languages, and so speakers do not find it an acceptable name. However, it is not clear which name would be better, as the name of the lagoon, 'Sissano', is used for different neighboring languages.
The Serra Hills languages form a branch of Skou languages. They are spoken in the Serra Hills of Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.
Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Bewani languages and Skou languages are spoken in the LLG.
The Western Skou or Inner Skou languages form a branch of Skou languages. They are spoken in Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. They are called Western Skou by Donohue (2002), Inner Sko by Foley (2018), and West Vanimo Coast by Usher (2020).
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- 1 2 Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ↑ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313–386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
- ↑ Donohue, Mark; Crowther, Melissa (2005). "Meeting in the middle: interaction in North-Central New Guinea". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 167–184. ISBN 0-85883-562-2. OCLC 67292782.
- ↑ Donohue, Mark P. 2007. A Grammar of the Skou Language of New Guinea. Unpublished manuscript.
- ↑ Miller, Steve A. 2017. Skou Languages Near Sissano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 1–24.
- ↑ New Guinea World, Vanimo Coast
- ↑ Dryer, Matthew S. (2022). Trans-New Guinea IV.2: Evaluating Membership in Trans-New Guinea.
- 1 2 Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi : 10.15144/PL-A28.47
- 1 2 3 Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi : 10.15144/PL-B31
- ↑ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea" . Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- 1 2 Marmion, Doug (2010). Topics in the Phonology and Morphology of Wutung (PDF). Canberra: Australian National University.
- 1 2 Donohue, Mark. Skou Dictionary Draft. Ms.
- ↑ Wichmann, Søren (2020). "The ASJP Database" . Retrieved 2021-01-20.
- Laycock, Donald C. (1975). "Sko, Kwomtari, and Left May (Arai) phyla". In Stephen A. Wurm (ed.). Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 849–858. OCLC 37096514.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.