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In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism is the name of a personality trait construct characterized by interpersonal manipulation, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a strategic focus on self-interest. Psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis named the construct after Niccolò Machiavelli, as they used edited statements inspired by his works to study variations in human behaviors. Their Mach IV test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool and scale of the Machiavellianism construct. Those who score high on the scale are more likely to have a high level of manipulativeness, deceitfulness and a cynical, unemotional temperament.
References
- 1 2 Jeffrey Kluger, "Why Men Are More Narcissistic Than Women"
- ↑ "Proof at last: men really are bigger narcissists than women"
- ↑ "Study: Men tend to be more narcissistic than women", A University of Buffalo news release, March 4, 2015
- ↑ "Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.", Grijalva, Emily; Newman, Daniel A.; Tay, Louis; Donnellan, M. Brent; Harms, P. D.; Robins, Richard W.; Yan, Taiyi, Psychological Bulletin , Vol 141(2), Mar 2015, 261-310. doi : 10.1037/a0038231 (article text available from DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska-Lincoln)
- 1 2 "Narcissism increases the chance you'll be seen as a leader, especially if you're a man", Emily Grijalva, Monday 9 March 2015, The Guardian
- ↑ Joshua D. Foster, W. Keith Campbell, Jean M. Twenge, "Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world", Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 37, Issue 6, December 2003, Pages 469–486, doi : 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00026-6. Quote: "The results suggest that (1) reported narcissism declines in older participants, (2) consistent with previous findings, males report being more narcissistic than females, (3) that ethnic differences in reported narcissism are generally comparable to those found in the self-esteem literature, and (4) that world region appears to exert influence on narcissism, with participants from more individualistic societies reporting more narcissism."
- ↑ Grijalva et al. (2015) citing Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., . . .Grant, B. F. (2008). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM–IV narcissistic personality disorder: Results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1033–1045. doi : 10.4088/JCP.v69n0701
- ↑ Weidmann, Rebekka; Chopik, William J.; Ackerman, Robert A.; Allroggen, Marc; Bianchi, Emily C.; Brecheen, Courtney; Campbell, W. Keith; Gerlach, Tanja M.; Geukes, Katharina; Grijalva, Emily; Grossmann, Igor; Hopwood, Christopher J.; Hutteman, Roos; Konrath, Sara; Küfner, Albrecht C. P. (June 2023). "Age and gender differences in narcissism: A comprehensive study across eight measures and over 250,000 participants". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 124 (6): 1277–1298. doi:10.1037/pspp0000463. ISSN 1939-1315. PMC 10188200 . PMID 37184962.
