100 Gigabit Ethernet

Last updated

40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are groups of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s), respectively. These technologies offer significantly higher speeds than 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The technology was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard [1] and later by the 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014, [2] 802.3bm-2015, [3] and 802.3cd-2018 standards. The first succeeding Terabit Ethernet specifications were approved in 2017. [4]

Contents

The standards define numerous port types with different optical and electrical interfaces and different numbers of optical fiber strands per port. Short distances (e.g. 7 m) over twinaxial cable are supported while standards for fiber reach up to 80 km.

Standards development

On July 18, 2006, a call for interest for a High Speed Study Group (HSSG) to investigate new standards for high speed Ethernet was held at the IEEE 802.3 plenary meeting in San Diego. [5]

The first 802.3 HSSG study group meeting was held in September 2006. [6] In June 2007, a trade group called "Road to 100G" was formed after the NXTcomm trade show in Chicago. [7]

On December 5, 2007, the Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the P802.3ba 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force was approved with the following project scope: [8]

The purpose of this project is to extend the 802.3 protocol to operating speeds of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s in order to provide a significant increase in bandwidth while maintaining maximum compatibility with the installed base of 802.3 interfaces, previous investment in research and development, and principles of network operation and management. The project is to provide for the interconnection of equipment satisfying the distance requirements of the intended applications.

The 802.3ba task force met for the first time in January 2008. [9] This standard was approved at the June 2010 IEEE Standards Board meeting under the name IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010. [10]

The first 40 Gbit/s Ethernet Single-mode Fibre PMD study group meeting was held in January 2010 and on March 25, 2010, the P802.3bg Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force was approved for the 40 Gbit/s serial SMF PMD.

The scope of this project is to add a single-mode fiber Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) option for serial 40 Gbit/s operation by specifying additions to, and appropriate modifications of, IEEE Std 802.3-2008 as amended by the IEEE P802.3ba project (and any other approved amendment or corrigendum).

On June 17, 2010, the IEEE 802.3ba standard was approved. [1] [11] In March 2011, the IEEE 802.3bg standard was approved. [12] On September 10, 2011, the P802.3bj 100 Gbit/s Backplane and Copper Cable task force was approved. [2]

The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100 Gbit/s 4-lane Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on backplanes and twinaxial copper cables, and specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s operation over backplanes and copper cables.

On May 10, 2013, the P802.3bm 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Fiber Optic Task Force was approved. [3]

This project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100 Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters, using a four-lane electrical interface for operation on multimode and single-mode fiber optic cables, and to specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s operation over fiber optic cables. In addition, to add 40 Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on extended reach (>10 km) single-mode fiber optic cables.

Also on May 10, 2013, the P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force was approved. [13]

Specify a Physical Layer (PHY) for operation at 40 Gbit/s on balanced twisted-pair copper cabling, using existing Media Access Control, and with extensions to the appropriate physical layer management parameters.

On June 12, 2014, the IEEE 802.3bj standard was approved. [2]

On February 16, 2015, the IEEE 802.3bm standard was approved. [14]

On May 12, 2016, the IEEE P802.3cd Task Force started working to define next generation two-lane 100 Gbit/s PHY. [15]

On May 14, 2018, the PAR for the IEEE P802.3ck Task Force was approved. The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add Physical Layer specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Gbit/s, 200 Gbit/s, and 400 Gbit/s electrical interfaces based on 100 Gbit/s signaling. [16]

On December 5, 2018, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3cd standard.

On November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system (using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation with coherent detection). [17]

In May 2019, the IEEE P802.3cu Task Force started working to define single-wavelength 100 Gbit/s PHYs for operation over SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) with lengths up to at least 2 km (100GBASE-FR1) and 10 km (100GBASE-LR1). [18]

In June 2020, the IEEE P802.3db Task Force started working to define a physical layer specification that supports 100 Gbit/s operation over 1 pair of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m. [19]

On February 11, 2021, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3cu standard. [20]

On June 16, 2021, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3ct standard. [21]

On September 21, 2022, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3ck and 802.3db standards. [22]

Early products

Optical signal transmission over a nonlinear medium is principally an analog design problem. As such, it has evolved slower than digital circuit lithography (which generally progressed in step with Moore's law). This explains why 10 Gbit/s transport systems existed since the mid-1990s, while the first forays into 100 Gbit/s transmission happened about 15 years later – a 10x speed increase over 15 years is far slower than the 2x speed per 1.5 years typically cited for Moore's law.

Nevertheless, at least five firms (Ciena, Alcatel-Lucent, MRV, ADVA Optical and Huawei) made customer announcements for 100 Gbit/s transport systems by August 2011, with varying degrees of capabilities. [23] Although vendors claimed that 100 Gbit/s light paths could use existing analog optical infrastructure, deployment of high-speed technology was tightly controlled and extensive interoperability tests were required before moving them into service.

Designing routers or switches which support 100 Gbit/s interfaces is difficult. The need to process a 100 Gbit/s stream of packets at line rate without reordering within IP/MPLS microflows is one reason for this.

As of 2011, most components in the 100 Gbit/s packet processing path (PHY chips, NPUs, memories) were not readily available off-the-shelf or require extensive qualification and co-design. Another problem is related to the low-output production of 100 Gbit/s optical components, which were also not easily available –especially in pluggable, long-reach or tunable laser flavors.

Backplane

NetLogic Microsystems announced backplane modules in October 2010. [24]

Multimode fiber

In 2009, Mellanox [25] and Reflex Photonics [26] announced modules based on the CFP agreement.

Single mode fiber

Finisar, [27] Sumitomo Electric Industries, [28] and OpNext [29] all demonstrated singlemode 40 or 100 Gbit/s Ethernet modules based on the C form-factor pluggable (CFP) agreement at the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication in 2009. The first lasers for 100 GBE were demonstrated in 2008. [30]

Compatibility

Optical fiber IEEE 802.3ba implementations were not compatible with the numerous 40 and 100 Gbit/s line rate transport systems because they had different optical layer and modulation formats as the IEEE 802.3ba interface types show. In particular, existing 40 Gbit/s transport solutions that used dense wavelength-division multiplexing to pack four 10 Gbit/s signals into one optical medium were not compatible with the IEEE 802.3ba standard, which used either coarse WDM in 1310 nm wavelength region with four 25 Gbit/s or ten 10 Gbit/s channels, or parallel optics with four or ten optical fibers per direction.

Test and measurement

Mellanox Technologies

Mellanox Technologies introduced the ConnectX-4 100GbE single and dual port adapter in November 2014. [49] In the same period, Mellanox introduced availability of 100GbE copper and fiber cables. [50] In June 2015, Mellanox introduced the Spectrum 10, 25, 40, 50 and 100GbE switch models. [51]

Aitia

Aitia International introduced the C-GEP FPGA-based switching platform in February 2013. [52] Aitia also produce 100G/40G Ethernet PCS/PMA+MAC IP cores for FPGA developers and academic researchers. [53]

Arista

Arista Networks introduced the 7500E switch (with up to 96 100GbE ports) in April 2013. [54] In July 2014, Arista introduced the 7280E switch (the world's first top-of-rack switch with 100G uplink ports). [55]

Extreme Networks

Extreme Networks introduced a four-port 100GbE module for the BlackDiamond X8 core switch in November 2012. [56]

Dell

Dell's Force10 switches support 40 Gbit/s interfaces. These 40 Gbit/s fiber-optical interfaces using QSFP+ transceivers can be found on the Z9000 distributed core switches, S4810 and S4820 [57] as well as the blade-switches MXL and the IO-Aggregator. The Dell PowerConnect 8100 series switches also offer 40 Gbit/s QSFP+ interfaces. [58]

Chelsio

Chelsio Communications introduced 40 Gbit/s Ethernet network adapters (based on the fifth generation of its Terminator architecture) in June 2013. [59]

Telesoft Technologies Ltd

Telesoft Technologies announced the dual 100G PCIe accelerator card, part of the MPAC-IP series. [60] Telesoft also announced the STR 400G (Segmented Traffic Router) [61] and the 100G MCE (Media Converter and Extension). [62]

Commercial trials and deployments

Unlike the "race to 10 Gbit/s" that was driven by the imminent need to address growth pains of the Internet in the late 1990s, customer interest in 100 Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. The common reasons to adopt the higher speeds were: [63]

Alcatel-Lucent

In November 2007, Alcatel-Lucent held the first field trial of 100 Gbit/s optical transmission. Completed over a live, in-service 504 kilometre portion of the Verizon network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami. [64]

100GbE interfaces for the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field trials with Verizon, [65] T-Systems and Portugal Telecom taking place in June–September 2010. In September 2009, Alcatel-Lucent combined the 100G capabilities of its IP routing and optical transport portfolio in an integrated solution called Converged Backbone Transformation. [66]

In June 2011, Alcatel-Lucent introduced a packet processing architecture known as FP3, advertised for 400 Gbit/s rates. [67] Alcatel-Lucent announced the XRS 7950 core router (based on the FP3) in May 2012. [68] [69]

Brocade

Brocade Communications Systems introduced their first 100GbE products (based on the former Foundry Networks MLXe hardware) in September 2010. [70] In June 2011, the new product went live at the AMS-IX traffic exchange point in Amsterdam. [71]

Cisco

Cisco Systems and Comcast announced their 100GbE trials in June 2008. [72] However, it is doubtful that this transmission could approach 100 Gbit/s speeds when using a 40 Gbit/s per slot CRS-1 platform for packet processing. Cisco's first deployment of 100GbE at AT&T and Comcast took place in April 2011. [73] In the same year, Cisco tested the 100GbE interface between CRS-3 and a new generation of their ASR9K edge router model. [74] In 2017, Cisco announced a 32 port 100GbE Cisco Catalyst 9500 Series switch [75] and in 2019 the modular Catalyst 9600 Series switch with a 100GbE line card [76]

Huawei

In October 2008, Huawei presented their first 100GbE interface for their NE5000e router. [77] In September 2009, Huawei also demonstrated an end-to-end 100 Gbit/s link. [78] It was mentioned that Huawei's products had the self-developed NPU "Solar 2.0 PFE2A" onboard and was using pluggable optics in CFP.

In a mid-2010 product brief, the NE5000e linecards were given the commercial name LPUF-100 and credited with using two Solar-2.0 NPUs per 100GbE port in opposite (ingress/egress) configuration. [79] Nevertheless, in October 2010, the company referenced shipments of NE5000e to Russian cell operator "Megafon" as "40GBPS/slot" solution, with "scalability up to" 100 Gbit/s. [80]

In April 2011, Huawei announced that the NE5000e was updated to carry 2x100GbE interfaces per slot using LPU-200 linecards. [81] In a related solution brief, Huawei reported 120 thousand Solar 1.0 integrated circuits shipped to customers, but no Solar 2.0 numbers were given. [82] Following the August 2011 trial in Russia, Huawei reported paying 100 Gbit/s DWDM customers, but no 100GbE shipments on NE5000e. [83]

Juniper

Juniper Networks announced 100GbE for its T-series routers in June 2009. [84] The 1x100GbE option followed in Nov 2010, when a joint press release with academic backbone network Internet2 marked the first production 100GbE interfaces going live in real network. [85]

In the same year, Juniper demonstrated 100GbE operation between core (T-series) and edge (MX 3D) routers. [86] Juniper, in March 2011, announced first shipments of 100GbE interfaces to a major North American service provider (Verizon [87] ).

In April 2011, Juniper deployed a 100GbE system on the UK education network JANET. [88] In July 2011, Juniper announced 100GbE with Australian ISP iiNet on their T1600 routing platform. [89] Juniper started shipping the MPC3E line card for the MX router, a 100GbE CFP MIC, and a 100GbE LR4 CFP optics in March 2012[ citation needed ]. In Spring 2013, Juniper Networks announced the availability of the MPC4E line card for the MX router that includes 2 100GbE CFP slots and 8 10GbE SFP+ interfaces[ citation needed ].

In June 2015, Juniper Networks announced the availability of its CFP-100GBASE-ZR module which is a plug & play solution that brings 80 km 100GbE to MX & PTX based networks. [90] The CFP-100GBASE-ZR module uses DP-QPSK modulation and coherent receiver technology with an optimized DSP and FEC implementation. The low-power module can be directly retrofitted into existing CFP sockets on MX and PTX routers.

Standards

The IEEE 802.3 working group is concerned with the maintenance and extension of the Ethernet data communications standard. Additions to the 802.3 standard [91] are performed by task forces which are designated by one or two letters. For example, the 802.3z task force drafted the original Gigabit Ethernet standard.

802.3ba is the designation given to the higher speed Ethernet task force which completed its work to modify the 802.3 standard to support speeds higher than 10 Gbit/s in 2010.

The speeds chosen by 802.3ba were 40 and 100 Gbit/s to support both end-point and link aggregation needs respectively. This was the first time two different Ethernet speeds were specified in a single standard. The decision to include both speeds came from pressure to support the 40 Gbit/s rate for local server applications and the 100 Gbit/s rate for internet backbones. The standard was announced in July 2007 [92] and was ratified on June 17, 2010. [10]

A 40G-SR4 transceiver in the QSFP form factor QSFP-40G-SR4 Transceiver.jpg
A 40G-SR4 transceiver in the QSFP form factor

The 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet standards encompass a number of different Ethernet physical layer (PHY) specifications. A networking device may support different PHY types by means of pluggable modules. Optical modules are not standardized by any official standards body but are in multi-source agreements (MSAs). One agreement that supports 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet is the CFP MSA [93] which was adopted for distances of 100+ meters. QSFP and CXP connector modules support shorter distances. [94]

The standard supports only full-duplex operation. [95] Other objectives include:

The following nomenclature is used for the physical layers: [2] [3] [96]

Physical layer40 Gigabit Ethernet100 Gigabit Ethernet
Backplane —100GBASE-KP4
Improved Backplane40GBASE-KR4100GBASE-KR4
100GBASE-KR2
7 m over twinax copper cable40GBASE-CR4100GBASE-CR10
100GBASE-CR4
100GBASE-CR2
30 m over Category 8 twisted pair40GBASE-T—
100 m over OM3 MMF 40GBASE-SR4100GBASE-SR10
100GBASE-SR4
100GBASE-SR2
125 m over OM4 MMF [94]
500 m over SMF, serial—100GBASE-DR
2 km over SMF, serial40GBASE-FR100GBASE-FR1
10 km over SMF 40GBASE-LR4100GBASE-LR4
100GBASE-LR1
40 km over SMF40GBASE-ER4100GBASE-ER4
80 km over SMF—100GBASE-ZR

The 100 m laser-optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3) objective was met by parallel ribbon cable with 850 nm wavelength 10GBASE-SR like optics (40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10). The backplane objective with 4 lanes of 10GBASE-KR type PHYs (40GBASE-KR4). The copper cable objective is met with 4 or 10 differential lanes using SFF-8642 and SFF-8436 connectors. The 10 and 40 km 100 Gbit/s objectives with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 25 Gbit/s optics (100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4) and the 10 km 40 Gbit/s objective with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 10 Gbit/s optics (40GBASE-LR4). [97]

In January 2010 another IEEE project authorization started a task force to define a 40 Gbit/s serial single-mode optical fiber standard (40GBASE-FR). This was approved as standard 802.3bg in March 2011. [12] It used 1550 nm optics, had a reach of 2 km and was capable of receiving 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive 1310 nm light allows it to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550 nm was chosen as the wavelength for 802.3bg transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure. [98]

In December 2010, a 10x10 multi-source agreement (10x10 MSA) began to define an optical Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and establish compatible sources of low-cost, low-power, pluggable optical transceivers based on 10 optical lanes at 10 Gbit/s each. [99] The 10x10 MSA was intended as a lower cost alternative to 100GBASE-LR4 for applications which do not require a link length longer than 2 km. It was intended for use with standard single mode G.652.C/D type low water peak cable with ten wavelengths ranging from 1523 to 1595 nm. The founding members were Google, Brocade Communications, JDSU and Santur. [100] Other member companies of the 10x10 MSA included MRV, Enablence, Cyoptics, AFOP, oplink, Hitachi Cable America, AMS-IX, EXFO, Huawei, Kotura, Facebook and Effdon when the 2 km specification was announced in March 2011. [101] The 10X10 MSA modules were intended to be the same size as the CFP specifications.

On June 12, 2014, the 802.3bj standard was approved. The 802.3bj standard specifies 100 Gbit/s 4x25G PHYs - 100GBASE-KR4, 100GBASE-KP4 and 100GBASE-CR4 - for backplane and twin-ax cable.

On February 16, 2015, the 802.3bm standard was approved. The 802.3bm standard specifies a lower-cost optical 100GBASE-SR4 PHY for MMF and a four-lane chip-to-module and chip-to-chip electrical specification (CAUI-4). The detailed objectives for the 802.3bm project can be found on the 802.3 website.

On May 14, 2018, the 802.3ck project was approved. This has objectives to: [102]

On November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system (100GBASE-ZR) (using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation with coherent detection).

On December 5, 2018, the 802.3cd standard was approved. The 802.3cd standard specifies PHYs using 50Gbit/s lanes - 100GBASE-KR2 for backplane, 100GBASE-CR2 for twin-ax cable, 100GBASE-SR2 for MMF and using 100Gbit/s signalling 100GBASE-DR for SMF.

In June 2020, the IEEE P802.3db Task Force started working to define a physical layer specification that supports 100 Gbit/s operation over 1 pair of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m. [19]

On February 11, 2021, the IEEE 802.3cu standard was approved. The IEEE 802.3cu standard defines single-wavelength 100 Gbit/s PHYs for operation over SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) with lengths up to at least 2 km (100GBASE-FR1) and 10 km (100GBASE-LR1).

100G interface types

Legend for fibre-based PHYs [103]
Fibre typeIntroducedPerformance
MMF FDDI 62.5/125 µm19870160 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM1 62.5/125 µm19890200 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM2 50/125 µm19980500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM3 50/125 µm20031500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM4 50/125 µm20083500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM5 50/125 µm20163500 MHz·km @ 850 nm + 1850 MHz·km @ 950 nm
SMF OS1 9/125 µm19981.0 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
SMF OS2 9/125 µm20000.4 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
NameStandardStatusMediaConnectorTransceiver
Module		Reach
in m		#
Media
(⇆)		#
Lambdas
(→)		#
Lanes
(→)		Notes
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (1st Generation: 10GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 10x 10.3125 GBd = 103.125  GBd - Full-Duplex) [104] [105] [106]
100GBASE-CR10
Direct Attach		802.3ba-2010
(CL85)		phase-outtwinaxial
balanced		 CXP
(SFF-8642)
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+		CXP
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+		720N/A10Data centres (inter-rack);
CXP connector uses center 10 out of 12 channels.
100GBASE-SR10802.3ba-2010
(CL82/86)		phase-outFibre
850 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-24)		CXP
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OM3: 10020110
OM4: 150
10×10Gproprietary
(MSA, Jan 2010)		phase-outFibre
1523 nm , 1531 nm
1539 nm , 1547 nm
1555 nm , 1563 nm
1571 nm , 1579 nm
1587 nm , 1595 nm		LCCFPOSx:
2k / 10k / 40k		21010WDM
Multi-vendor standard [107]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (2nd Generation: 25GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 25.78125 GBd = 103.125  GBd - Full-Duplex) [104] [105] [106] [108]
100GBASE-KR4802.3bj-2014
(CL93)		currentCu-Backplane——18N/A4PCBs;
total insertion loss of up to 35 dB at 12.9 GHz
100GBASE-KP4802.3bj-2014
(CL94)		currentCu-Backplane——18N/A4PCBs;
Line code: RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4
× 92/90 framing and 31320/31280 lane identification
Line rate: 4x 13.59375 GBd = 54.375 GBd
total insertion loss of up to 33 dB at 7 GHz
100GBASE-CR4
Direct Attach		802.3bj-2010
(CL92)		currenttwinaxial
balanced		QSFP28
(SFF-8665)
CFP2
CFP4		—58N/A4Data centres (inter-rack)
100GBASE-SR4802.3bm-2015
(CL95)		currentFibre
850 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OM3: 70814
OM4: 100
100GBASE-SR2-BiDi
(BiDirectional)		proprietary
(non IEEE)		currentFibre
850 nm
900 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 70222WDM
Line rate: 2x (2x 26.5625 GBd with PAM4)
Duplex fiber with both being used to transmit and receive;
The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing LC multi-mode fiber (allowing easy migration from 10G/25G to 100G).
Not to be confused with (and not compatible with) 100GBASE-SR1.2 (see below).
OM4: 100
OM5: 150
100GBASE-SWDM4proprietary
(MSA, Nov 2017)		currentFibre
844 – 858 nm
874 – 888 nm
904 – 918 nm
934 – 948 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 75244SWDM [109]
OM4: 100
OM5: 150
100GBASE-LR4802.3ba-2010
(CL88)		currentFibre
1295.56 nm
1300.05 nm
1304.59 nm
1309.14 nm		LCQSFP28
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		OSx: 10k244WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE-ER4802.3ba-2010
(CL88)		currentQSFP28
CFP
CFP2		OSx: 40k244WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE-PSM4proprietary
(MSA, Jan 2014)		currentFibre
1310 nm		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)		QSFP28
CFP4		OSx: 500814Data centres;
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Multi-vendor standard [110]
100GBASE-CWDM4proprietary
(MSA, Mar 2014)		currentFibre
1271 nm
1291 nm
1311 nm
1331 nm
±6.5 nm each		LCQSFP28
CFP2
CFP4		OSx: 2k244Data centres;
WDM
Multi-vendor standard [111] [112]
100GBASE-4WDM-10proprietary
(MSA, Oct 2018)		currentQSFP28
CFP4		OSx: 10k244WDM
Multi-vendor standard [113]
100GBASE-4WDM-20proprietary
(MSA, Jul 2017)		currentFibre
1295.56 nm
1300.05 nm
1304.58 nm
1309.14 nm
±1.03 nm each		OSx: 20kWDM
Multi-vendor standard [114]
100GBASE-4WDM-40proprietary
(non IEEE)
(MSA, Jul 2017)		currentOSx: 40kWDM
Multi-vendor standard [114]
100GBASE-CLR4proprietary
(MSA, Apr 2014)		currentFibre
1271 nm
1291 nm
1311 nm
1331 nm
±6.5 nm each		QSFP28OSx: 2k244Data centres;
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Interoperable with 100GBASE-CWDM4 when using RS-FEC;
Multi-vendor standard [111] [115]
100GBASE-CWDM4proprietary
(OCP MSA, Mar 2014)		currentFibre
1504 – 1566 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 2k244Data centres;
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Derived from 100GBASE-CWDM4 to allow cheaper transceivers;
Multi-vendor standard [116]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (3rd Generation: 50GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 2x 26.5625 GBd x2 = 106.25  GBd - Full-Duplex) [105] [106]
100GBASE-KR2802.3cd-2018
(CL137)		currentCu-Backplane——14N/A2PCBs
100GBASE-CR2802.3cd-2018
(CL136)		currenttwinaxial
balanced		QSFP28,
microQSFP,
QSFP-DD,
OSFP
(SFF-8665)		—34N/A2Data centres (in-rack)
100GBASE-SR2802.3cd-2018
(CL138)		currentFibre
850 nm		MPO
4 fibres		QSFP28OM3: 70412
OM4: 100
100GBASE-SR1.2
(Bidirectional)		802.3bm-2015currentFibre
850 nm
900 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 70222WDM
Line rate: 2x (2x 26.5625 GBd with PAM4) [117]
Duplex fiber with both being used to transmit and receive;
The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing LC multi-mode fiber (allowing easy migration from 10G/25G to 100G). This BiDi variant is compatible with breakout from 400GBASE-4.2 but is not compatible with 100G-SR2-BiDi (see above). [118]
OM4: 100
OM5: 100
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (4th Generation: 100GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 1x 53.1250 GBd x2 = 106.25  GBd - Full-Duplex)
100GBASE-KR1802.3ck-2022
(CL163)		currentCu-Backplane——2N/A1total insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz.
100GBASE-CR1802.3ck-2022
(CL162)		currenttwinaxial
balanced		SFP112,
SFP-DD112,
DSFP,
QSFP112,
QSFP-DD800,
OSFP		—22N/A1
100GBASE-VR1802.3db-2022
(CL167)		currentFibre
842 – 948 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 30211
OM4: 50
100GBASE-SR1802.3db-2022
(CL167)		currentFibre
844 – 863 nm		LCQSFP28OM3: 60211
OM4: 100
100GBASE-DR802.3cd-2018
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 500211
100GBASE-FR1802.3cu-2021
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 2k211Multi-vendor standard [119]
100GBASE-LR1802.3cu-2021
(CL140)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 10k211Multi-vendor standard [119]
100GBASE-LR1-20proprietary
(MSA, Nov 2020)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 20k211Multi-vendor standard [120]
100GBASE-ER1-30proprietary
(MSA, Nov 2020)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 30k211Multi-vendor standard [120]
100GBASE-ER1-40proprietary
(MSA, Nov 2020)		currentFibre
1311 nm		LCQSFP28OSx: 40k211Multi-vendor standard [120]
100GBASE-ZR802.3ct-2021
(CL153/154)		currentFibre
1546.119 nm		LCCFPOS2: 80k+211Line code: DP-DQPSK × SC-FEC
Line rate: 27.9525 GBd
Reduced bandwidth and line rate for ultra long distances. [121]

    Coding schemes

    10.3125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 10 lanes per direction
    One of the earliest coding used, this widens the coding scheme used in single lane 10GE and quad lane 40G to use 10 lanes. Due to the low symbol rate, relatively long ranges can be achieved at the cost of using a lot of cabling.
    This also allows breakout to 10×10GE, provided that the hardware supports splitting the port.
    25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 4 lanes per direction
    A sped-up variant of the above, this directly corresponds to 10GE/40GE signalling at 2.5× speed. The higher symbol rate makes links more susceptible to errors.
    If the device and transceiver support dual-speed operation, it is possible to reconfigure an 100G port to downspeed to 40G or 4×10G. There is no autonegotiation protocol for this, thus manual configuration is necessary. Similarly, a port can be broken into 4×25G if implemented in the hardware. This is applicable even for CWDM4, if a CWDM demultiplexer and CWDM 25G optics are used appropriately.
    25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and RS-FEC(528,514) on 4 lanes per direction
    To address the higher susceptibility to errors at these symbol rates, an application of Reed–Solomon error correction was defined in IEEE 802.3bj / Clause 91. This replaces the 64b66b encoding with a 256b257b encoding followed by the RS-FEC application, which combines to the exact same overhead as 64b66b. To the optical transceiver or cable, there is no distinction between this and 64b66b; some interface types (e.g. CWDM4) are defined "with or without FEC."
    26.5625 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 2 lanes per direction
    This achieves a further doubling in bandwidth per lane (used to halve the number of lanes) by employing pulse-amplitude modulation with 4 distinct analog levels, making each symbol carry 2 bits. To keep up error margins, the FEC overhead is doubled from 2.7% to 5.8%, which explains the slight rise in symbol rate.
    53.125 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 1 lane per direction
    Further pushing silicon limits, this is a double rate variant of the previous, giving full 100GE operation over 1 medium lane.
    30.14475 Gbaud with DP-DQPSK and SD-FEC on 1 lane per direction
    Mirroring OTN4 developments, DP-DQPSK (dual polarization differential quadrature phase shift keying) employs polarization to carry one axis of the DP-QPSK constellation. Additionally, new soft decision FEC algorithms take additional information on analog signal levels as input to the error correction procedure.
    13.59375 Gbaud with PAM4, KP4 specific coding and RS-FEC(544,514) on 4 lanes per direction
    A half-speed variant of 26.5625 Gbaud with RS-FEC, with a 31320/31280 step encoding the lane number into the signal, and further 92/90 framing.

    40G interface types

    Legend for fibre-based PHYs [103]
    Fibre typeIntroducedPerformance
    MMF FDDI 62.5/125 µm19870160 MHz·km @ 850 nm
    MMF OM1 62.5/125 µm19890200 MHz·km @ 850 nm
    MMF OM2 50/125 µm19980500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
    MMF OM3 50/125 µm20031500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
    MMF OM4 50/125 µm20083500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
    MMF OM5 50/125 µm20163500 MHz·km @ 850 nm + 1850 MHz·km @ 950 nm
    SMF OS1 9/125 µm19981.0 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
    SMF OS2 9/125 µm20000.4 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
    NameStandardStatusMediaConnectorTransceiver
    Module    		Reach
    in m    		#
    Media
    (⇆)    		#
    Lambdas
    (→)    		#
    Lanes
    (→)    		Notes
    40 Gigabit Ethernet (40 GbE) - (Data rate: 40 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 10.3125 GBd = 41.25  GBd - Full-Duplex) [104] [105] [122] [123]
    40GBASE-KR4802.3ba-2010
    (CL82/84)    		phase-
    out    		Cu-Backplane——18N/A4 PCBs;
    possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
    through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
    involves CL73 for auto-negotiation, and CL72 for link training.
    40GBASE-CR4
    Direct Attach    		802.3ba-2010
    (CL82/85)    		phase-
    out    		twinaxial
    balanced    		QSFP+
    (SFF-8635)    		 QSFP+ 108N/A4 Data centres (inter-rack)
    possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
    through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
    involves CL73 for auto-negotiation and CL72 for link training.
    40GBASE-SR4802.3ba-2010
    (CL82/86)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    850 nm    		 MPO/MTP
    (MPO-12)    		CFP
    QSFP+    		OM3: 100814possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
    through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
    OM4: 150
    40GBASE-eSR4proprietary
    (non IEEE)    		phase-
    out    		QSFP+OM3: 300possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
    through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
    OM4: 400
    40GBASE-SR2-BiDi
    (BiDirectional)    		proprietary
    (non IEEE)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    850 nm
    900 nm    		LCQSFP+OM3: 100222 WDM
    duplex fiber each used to transmit and receive on two wavelengths;
    The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing 10G multi-mode fiber (i.e. allowing easy migration from 10G to 40G).
    OM4: 150
    40GBASE-SWDM4proprietary
    (MSA, Nov 2017)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    844-858 nm
    874-888 nm
    904-918 nm
    934-948 nm    		LCQSFP+OM3: 240244SWDM [109]
    OM4: 350
    OM5: 440
    40GBASE-LR4802.3ba-2010
    (CL82/87)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    1271 nm
    1291 nm
    1311 nm
    1331 nm
    ±6.5 nm each    		LCCFP
    QSFP+    		OSx: 10k244WDM
    40GBASE-ER4802.3bm-2015
    (CL82/87)    		phase-
    out    		QSFP+OSx: 40kWDM
    40GBASE-LX4 / -LM4proprietary
    (non IEEE)    		phase-
    out    		QSFP+OM3: 140WDM
    as primarily designed for single mode (-LR4), this mode of operation is out of specification for some transceivers.
    OM4: 160
    OSx: 10k
    40GBASE-PLR4
    (parallel -LR4)    		proprietary
    (non IEEE)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    1310 nm    		MPO/MTP
    (MPO-12)    		QSFP+OSx: 10k814possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
    through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
    40GBASE-FR802.3bg-2011
    (CL82/89)    		phase-
    out    		Fibre
    1550 nm    		LCCFPOSx: 2k211Line rate: 41.25 GBd
    capability to receive 1310 nm light besides 1550 nm;
    allows inter-operation with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY (TBD);
    use of 1550 nm implies compatibility with existing test equipment and infrastructure.
    Additional note for 40GBASE-CR4/-KR4:

    CL73 allows communication between the 2 PHYs to exchange technical capability pages, and both PHYs come to a common speed and media type. Completion of CL73 initiates CL72. CL72 allows each of the 4 lanes' transmitters to adjust pre-emphasis via feedback from the link partner.

    40GBASE-T
    40GBASE-T is a port type for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair Cat.8 copper cabling up to 30 m defined in IEEE 802.3bq. [124] IEEE 802.3bq-2016 standard was approved by The IEEE-SA Standards Board on June 30, 2016. [125] It uses 16-level PAM signaling over four lanes at 3,200 MBd each, scaled up from 10GBASE-T.
    Comparison of twisted-pair-based Ethernet physical transport layers (TP-PHYs) [103]
    NameStandardStatusSpeed (Mbit/s)Pairs requiredLanes per directionBits per hertz Line code Symbol rate per lane (MBd)BandwidthMax distance (m)CableCable rating (MHz)Usage
    40GBASE-T802.3bq-2016 (CL113)current40000446.25PAM-16 RS-FEC (192, 186) LDPC3200160030 Cat 8 2000LAN, Data centres

    Chip-to-chip/chip-to-module interfaces

    CAUI-10
    CAUI-10 is a 100 Gbit/s 10-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3ba. [1]
    CAUI-4
    CAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3bm Annex 83E with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 25.78125 GBd using NRZ modulation. [3]
    100GAUI-4
    100GAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Annex 135D/E with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 26.5625 GBd using NRZ modulation and RS-FEC(544,514) so suitable for use with 100GBASE-CR2, 100GBASE-KR2, 100GBASE-SR2, 100GBASE-DR, 100GBASE-FR1, 100GBASE-LR1 PHYs.
    100GAUI-2
    100GAUI-2 is a 100 Gbit/s 2-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Annex 135F/G with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 26.5625 GBd using PAM4 modulation and RS-FEC(544,514) so suitable for use with 100GBASE-CR2, 100GBASE-KR2, 100GBASE-SR2, 100GBASE-DR, 100GBASE-FR1, 100GBASE-LR1 PHYs.
    100GAUI-1
    100GAUI-1 is a 100 Gbit/s 1-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3ck Annex 120F/G with a nominal signaling rate for each lane of 53.125 GBd using PAM4 modulation and RS-FEC(544,514) so suitable for use with 100GBASE-CR1, 100GBASE-KR1, 100GBASE-SR1, 100GBASE-DR, 100GBASE-FR1, 100GBASE-LR1 PHYs.

    Pluggable optics standards

    40G Transceiver Form Factors
    The QSFP+ form factor is specified for use with the 40 Gigabit Ethernet. Copper direct attached cable (DAC) or optical modules are supported, see Figure 85–20 in the 802.3 spec. QSFP+ modules at 40Gbit/s can also be used to provide four independent ports of 10 gigabit Ethernet. [1]
    100G Transceiver Form Factors
    CFP modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface.
    CFP2 modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface or the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface.
    CFP4 modules use the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface. [126]
    QSFP28 modules use the CAUI-4 electrical interface.
    SFP-DD or Small Form-factor Pluggable – Double Density modules use the 100GAUI-2 electrical interface.
    Cisco's CPAK optical module uses the four lane CEI-28G-VSR electrical interface. [127] [128]
    There are also CXP and HD module standards. [129] CXP modules use the CAUI-10 electrical interface.

    Optical connectors

    Short reach interfaces use Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-off (MPO) optical connectors. [1] : 86.10.3.3  40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR4 use MPO-12 while 100GBASE-SR10 uses MPO-24 with one optical lane per fiber strand.

    Long reach interfaces use duplex LC connectors with all optical lanes multiplexed with WDM.

    See also

    Related Research Articles

    IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of standards defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet. The standards are produced by the working group of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This is generally a local area network (LAN) technology with some wide area network (WAN) applications. Physical connections are made between nodes and/or infrastructure devices by various types of copper or fiber cable.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethernet over twisted pair</span> Ethernet physical layers using twisted-pair cables

    Ethernet over twisted-pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Fast Ethernet</span> Ethernet standards that carry data at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s

    In computer networking, Fast Ethernet physical layers carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s. The prior Ethernet speed was 10 Mbit/s. Of the Fast Ethernet physical layers, 100BASE-TX is by far the most common.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gigabit Ethernet</span> Standard for Ethernet networking at a data rate of 1 gigabit per second

    In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet is the term applied to transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second. The most popular variant, 1000BASE-T, is defined by the IEEE 802.3ab standard. It came into use in 1999, and has replaced Fast Ethernet in wired local networks due to its considerable speed improvement over Fast Ethernet, as well as its use of cables and equipment that are widely available, economical, and similar to previous standards. The first standard for faster 10 Gigabit Ethernet was approved in 2002.

    XENPAK is a multisource agreement (MSA), instigated by Agilent Technologies and Agere Systems, that defines a fiber-optic or wired transceiver module which conforms to the 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group. The MSA group received input from both transceiver and equipment manufacturers during the definition process. XENPAK has been replaced by more compact devices providing the same functionality.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Small Form-factor Pluggable</span> Modular communications interface

    Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable network interface module format used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. An SFP interface on networking hardware is a modular slot for a media-specific transceiver, such as for a fiber-optic cable or a copper cable. The advantage of using SFPs compared to fixed interfaces is that individual ports can be equipped with different types of transceivers as required, with the majority including optical line terminals, network cards, switches and routers.

    10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface is a standard for extending the XGMII between the MAC and PHY layer of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) defined in Clause 47 of the IEEE 802.3 standard. The name is a concatenation of the Roman numeral X, meaning ten, and the initials of "Attachment Unit Interface".

    The physical coding sublayer (PCS) is a networking protocol sublayer in the Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It resides at the top of the physical layer (PHY), and provides an interface between the physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer and the media-independent interface (MII). It is responsible for data encoding and decoding, scrambling and descrambling, alignment marker insertion and removal, block and symbol redistribution, and lane block synchronization and deskew.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethernet physical layer</span> Electrical or optical properties between network devices

    The physical-layer specifications of the Ethernet family of computer network standards are published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which defines the electrical or optical properties and the transfer speed of the physical connection between a device and the network or between network devices. It is complemented by the MAC layer and the logical link layer. An implementation of a specific physical layer is commonly referred to as PHY.

    Ethernet in the first mile (EFM) refers to using one of the Ethernet family of computer network technologies between a telecommunications company and a customer's premises. From the customer's point of view, it is their first mile, although from the access network's point of view it is known as the last mile.

    Carrier Ethernet is a marketing term for extensions to Ethernet for communications service providers that utilize Ethernet technology in their networks.

    The 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Passive Optical Network standard, better known as 10G-EPON allows computer network connections over telecommunication provider infrastructure. The standard supports two configurations: symmetric, operating at 10 Gbit/s data rate in both directions, and asymmetric, operating at 10 Gbit/s in the downstream direction and 1 Gbit/s in the upstream direction. It was ratified as IEEE 802.3av standard in 2009. EPON is a type of passive optical network, which is a point-to-multipoint network using passive fiber-optic splitters rather than powered devices for fan-out from hub to customers.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethernet Alliance</span> Internet working group

    The Ethernet Alliance was incorporated in the US state of California in August 2005 and officially launched in January 2006 as a non-profit industry consortium to promote and support Ethernet. The objectives were to provide an unbiased, industry-based source of educational information; to ensure interoperability among disparate, standards-based components and systems; to support the development of standards that support Ethernet technology; and to bring together the Ethernet industry to collaborate on the future of the technology.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">10 Gigabit Ethernet</span> Standards for Ethernet at ten times the speed of Gigabit Ethernet

    10 Gigabit Ethernet is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10GbE defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations of Ethernet standards so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE. The first standard for faster 100 Gigabit Ethernet links was approved in 2010.

    The C form-factor pluggable is a multi-source agreement to produce a common form-factor for the transmission of high-speed digital signals. The c stands for the Latin letter C used to express the number 100 (centum), since the standard was primarily developed for 100 Gigabit Ethernet systems.

    Terabit Ethernet or TbE is Ethernet with speeds above 100 Gigabit Ethernet. 400 Gigabit Ethernet and 200 Gigabit Ethernet standards developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force using broadly similar technology to 100 Gigabit Ethernet were approved on December 6, 2017. In 2016, several networking equipment suppliers were already offering proprietary solutions for 200G and 400G.

    The XFP is a standard for transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber. It was defined by an industry group in 2002, along with its interface to other electrical components, which is called XFI.

    25 Gigabit Ethernet and 50 Gigabit Ethernet are standards for Ethernet connectivity in a datacenter environment, developed by IEEE 802.3 task forces 802.3by and 802.3cd and are available from multiple vendors.

    IEEE 802.3bz, NBASE-T and MGBASE-T are standards released in 2016 for Ethernet over twisted pair at speeds of 2.5 and 5 Gbit/s. These use the same cabling as the ubiquitous Gigabit Ethernet, yet offer higher speeds. The resulting standards are named 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T.

    An optical module is a typically hot-pluggable optical transceiver used in high-bandwidth data communications applications. Optical modules typically have an electrical interface on the side that connects to the inside of the system and an optical interface on the side that connects to the outside world through a fiber optic cable. The form factor and electrical interface are often specified by an interested group using a multi-source agreement (MSA). Optical modules can either plug into a front panel socket or an on-board socket. Sometimes the optical module is replaced by an electrical interface module that implements either an active or passive electrical connection to the outside world. A large industry supports the manufacturing and use of optical modules.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". official web site. IEEE. June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    2. 1 2 3 4 "100 Gb/s Backplane and Copper Cable Task Force". official web site. IEEE. Archived from the original on 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
    3. 1 2 3 4 "40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Fiber Optic Task Force". official web site. IEEE.
    4. ↑ such as IEEE 802.3bs-2017
    5. ↑ "IEEE Forms Higher Speed Study Group to Explore the Next Generation of Ethernet Technology". 2006-07-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
    6. ↑ "IEEE 802.3 Higher Speed Study Group". IEEE802.org. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
    7. ↑ Jeff Caruso (June 21, 2007). "Group pushes 100 Gigabit Ethernet: The 'Road to 100G' Alliance is born". Network World. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
    8. ↑ "Project Authorization Request Approval notification: Approcal of P802.3ba" (PDF). IEEE Standards Association Standards Board. December 5, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
    9. ↑ Caruso, Jeff (2008-01-15). "Standardization work on next Ethernet gets under way". NetworkWorld.
    10. 1 2 "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force". 2010-06-21.
    11. ↑ "IEEE 802.3ba standard released". Help Net Security web site. June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011. The IEEE 802.3ba standard, ratified June 17, 2010, ...
    12. 1 2 "IEEE P802.3bg 40Gb/s Ethernet: Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force". official task force web site. IEEE 802. April 12, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    13. ↑ "P802.3bq PAR" (PDF).
    14. ↑ "[802.3_100GNGOPTX] FW: P802.3bm-2015 Approval Notification". ieee802.org. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
    15. ↑ "IEEE 802.3 50 Gb/s, 100 Gb/s, and 200 Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". May 12, 2016.
    16. ↑ David Law. "P802.3ck" (PDF). Ethernet Working Group (C/LM/WG802.3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
    17. ↑ "IEEE P802.3ct Project Objectives" (PDF). Nov 12, 2018.
    18. ↑ "IEEE P802.3cu Project Objectives" (PDF). Nov 12, 2018.
    19. 1 2 "Adopted Objectives" (PDF). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . IEEE P802.3db Task Force. May 21, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
    20. ↑ "[802.3_100G-OPTX] P802.3cu Standard has been approved !! 🎉". www.ieee802.org.
    21. ↑ "IEEE P802.3db 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s Short Reach Fiber Task Force". www.ieee802.org.
    22. ↑ "[802.3_100GEL] FW: IEEE STD 802.3ck-2022, IEEE STD 802.3cs-2022, IEEE St".
    23. ↑ "Huawei's 100G is out of the door".
    24. ↑ "NetLogic Microsystems Announces Industry's First Dual-Mode Quad-Port 10GBASE-KR and 40GBASE-KR4 Backplane PHY with Energy Efficient Ethernet". Business Wire (Press release). NetLogic Microsystems. October 13, 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
    25. ↑ "Mellanox Technologies". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    26. ↑ "InterBOARD CFP 100GBASE-SR10 Parallel Optical Module". commercial web site. Reflex Photonics Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    27. ↑ "Finisar Corporation – Finisar First to Demonstrate 40 Gigabit Ethernet LR4 CFP Transceiver Over 10 km of Optical Fiber at ECOC". Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    28. ↑ "Sumitomo Electric develops 40GbE transceiver". Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    29. ↑ "Hitachi and Opnext unveil receiver for 100GbE and demo 10 km transmission over SMF" . Retrieved October 26, 2009.
    30. ↑ "SSD Form Factors | SNIA".
    31. ↑ "Quellan QLx411GRx 40G Evaluation Board". Archived from the original on 2009-06-30. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    32. ↑ "Network Visibility and Network Test Products". Keysight.
    33. ↑ "Avago Technologies, Infinera & Ixia to demo the first 100 Gig Ethernet". YouTube . Archived from the original on 2014-06-30. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
    34. ↑ "Ixia First to Offer 100 GE Testing Capability". News release. Ixia. September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    35. ↑ "40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Testing: Overview". commercial web site. Ixia. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    36. ↑ "Discovery Semiconductors – 100 Gb Ethernet (4 x 25 Gb/s) Quad PIN-TIA Optical Receiver". commercial web site. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    37. ↑ "JDSU Introduces Industry's Most Robust 100 Gigabit Ethernet Test Suite". News release. JDS Uniphase. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    38. ↑ "40/100 GbE: Testing the next generation of high speed Ethernet". commercial web site. Spirent Communications. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    39. ↑ "EXFO and Opnext Achieve Full Interoperability, Successfully Testing IEEE-Compliant 100 Gigabit Ethernet Optics". News release. January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    40. ↑ "Workshop on 100 Gigabit Ethernet a huge success". DTU news. Technical University of Denmark. February 2, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    41. ↑ Torben R. Simonsen (January 26, 2011). "Dansk virksomhed klar med test til 100 Gb ethernet". Elektronik Branchen. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved June 7, 2011. (Danish)
    42. ↑ "Calnex Solutions Limited | Calnex Solutions Launches Industry-first 100GbE Tester for Synchronisation". RealWire. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
    43. ↑ "Industry's First 100G Impairment Emulator Helps Reduce the Effect of Latency in High Speed Ethernet Networks". corporate.spirent.com. 15 Apr 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
    44. ↑ "Attero". www.spirent.com. Spirent. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
    45. ↑ "Frost & Sullivan Recognizes VeEX's Technology Development". Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
    46. ↑ "VeEX introduces industry's smallest multiservice, multitasking analyzer for 40/100G networks. | VeEX Inc. | The Verification EXperts". veexinc.com. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
    47. ↑ "VeEX enhances UX400 Platform with next-gen CFP2 and CFP4 test modules |". advanced-television.com. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
    48. ↑ "VeEX unveils 600G testing for its UX400 platform |". advanced-television.com. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
    49. ↑ "Mellanox Enables End-to-End 100Gb/s Interconnect Solution with Introduction of ConnectX-4 Adapter | NVIDIA". www.mellanox.com.
    50. ↑ "Mellanox Announces Availability of 100Gb/s Direct Attach Copper and Active Optical Cables | NVIDIA". www.mellanox.com.
    51. ↑ "Mellanox Introduces the World's First 25/100 Gigabit Open Ethernet-based Switch | NVIDIA". www.mellanox.com.
    52. ↑ Pal Varga (May 1, 2013). "Aitia C-GEP development platform?". FPGA Networking. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
    53. ↑ Pal Varga (June 6, 2016). "FPGA IP core for 100G/40G ethernet?". FPGA Networking. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
    54. ↑ Jim Duffy (May 1, 2013). "Arista heading off Cisco/Insieme at 100G SDNs?". Network World. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
    55. ↑ Kristin Bent (July 16, 2014). "Arista Leading 100GbE Charge With 7280E Switch Series Launch". CRN. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
    56. ↑ Duffy, Jim (November 13, 2012). "Extreme joins Cisco, Brocade, Huawei at 100G". Network World. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
    57. ↑ "Dell Force10 S-series model comparison" . Retrieved 2 March 2013.
    58. ↑ "Technical details PowerConnect 8100 series" . Retrieved 2 March 2013.
    59. ↑ "Chelsio Delivers 40Gb Ethernet Adapter (40GbE), Sets new performance bar for high speed Ethernet". Press release. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-07-18. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
    60. ↑ "MPAC-IP 7200 - Custom Telecom Solutions - Telesoft Technologies". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
    61. ↑ "STR 400G - Custom Telecom Solutions - Telesoft Technologies". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
    62. ↑ "100G MCE (Media Converter & Extension) - Custom Telecom Solutions - Telesoft Technologies". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
    63. ↑ "100G in routers" (PDF). Juniper Networks Presentation at ECOC 2009.
    64. ↑ "Verizon Successfully Completes Industry's First Field Trial of 100 Gbps Optical Network Transmission". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
    65. ↑ "Verizon completes industry-leading 100G Ethernet field trial". Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
    66. ↑ "A game-changing approach to the core".
    67. ↑ "Alcatel-Lucent's FP3 network processor routes at 400Gbps". Press release. June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
    68. ↑ David Goldman (May 21, 2012). "How Alcatel-Lucent made the Internet 5 times faster". CNN Money. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
    69. ↑ "100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GE): Services unleashed at speed". Company web site. Archived from the original on 2012-11-16. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
    70. ↑ "Brocade set to unveil 100G Ethernet". Brocade. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.
    71. ↑ "3 new services are launched by AMS-IX at MORE IP event". Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    72. ↑ "Cisco NGN Transport Solutions" (PDF).
    73. ↑ Matsumoto, Craig (April 11, 2011). "AT&T, Comcast Go Live With 100G". Light Reading. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
    74. ↑ Liu, Stephen (July 25, 2011). "Cisco Live! Showing Off 100GbE on CRS-3 and ASR 9000 Series". blogs.cisco.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
    75. ↑ "Cisco unveils network of the future that can learn, adapt and evolve". newsroom.cisco.com. June 20, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
    76. ↑ "Your Catalyst for the Past, Present, and Future". blogs.cisco.com. April 29, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
    77. ↑ "Huawei Successfully Develops 100 Gigabit Ethernet WDM Prototype". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    78. ↑ "Huawei Launches World' s First End-to-End 100G Solutions". Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    79. ↑ "Huawei E2E 100G Solution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    80. ↑ "Russia's MegaFon Awards Backbone Contract to Huawei". 3 June 2020.
    81. ↑ "Huawei Unveils the World's First 200G High-Speed Line Card for Routers".
    82. ↑ "Huawei 200G Solution".
    83. ↑ "Оборудование Huawei 100G успешно прошло тестирование в России". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    84. ↑ "Juniper networks introduces breakthrough 100 gigabit Ethernet interface for t series routers".
    85. ↑ "Internet2 racing ahead with 100G Ethernet network". 12 November 2010.
    86. ↑ "Juniper Demonstrates Industry's First Live 100G Traffic From the Network Core to Edge". Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
    87. ↑ "Verizon First Service Provider to Announce 100G Deployment on U.S. Network".
    88. ↑ "Deploying 100GE" (PDF). JANET UK.
    89. ↑ "iiNet Pioneers 100GbE with new Juniper Networks Backbone".
    90. ↑ "Juniper networks - Life Begins at 40(km) - 100G ZR Optics".
    91. ↑ "IEEE 802.3 standard".
    92. ↑ Reimer, Jeremy (2007-07-24). "New Ethernet standard: not 40Gbps, not 100, but both". ars technica.
    93. ↑ "CFP Multi-Source Agreement". official web site. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    94. 1 2 Greg Hankins (October 20, 2009). "IEEE P802.3ba 40 GbE and 100 GbE Standards Update" (PDF). North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) 47 Presentations. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    95. ↑ John D'Ambrosia. "IEEE P802.3ba Objectives" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-08-24. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    96. ↑ Ilango Ganga (May 13, 2009). "Chief Editor's Report" (PDF). IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force public record. p. 8. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    97. ↑ Ilango Ganga; Brad Booth; Howard Frazier; Shimon Muller; Gary Nicholl (May 13, 2008). "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force, May 2008 Meeting".
    98. ↑ Anderson, Jon. "Rationale for dual-band Rx in 40GBASE-FR" (PDF).
    99. ↑ "10 x 10 MSA – Low Cost 100 GB/s Pluggable Optical Transceiver". official web site. 10x10 multi-source agreement. Archived from the original on June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    100. ↑ "Leading Industry Peers Join Forces to Develop Low-Cost 100G Multi-Source Agreement". Businesswire news release. December 7, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    101. ↑ "10X10 MSA Ratifies Specification for Low Cost 100 Gb/s 2 Kilometer Links" (PDF). News release. 10x10 MSA. March 4, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
    102. ↑ "Objectives" (PDF). www.ieee802.org. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
    103. 1 2 3 Charles E. Spurgeon (2014). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN   978-1-4493-6184-6.
    104. 1 2 3 "Evolution of Ethernet Speeds: What's New and What's Next" (PDF). Alcatel-Lucent. 2015-06-03. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    105. 1 2 3 4 "Exploring The IEEE 802 Ethernet Ecosystem" (PDF). IEEE. 2017-06-04. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
    106. 1 2 3 "Multi-Port Implementations of 50/100/200GbE" (PDF). Brocade. 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
    107. ↑ "IEEE Communications Magazine December 2013, Vol. 51, No. 12 - Next Generation Backplane and Copper Cable Challenges" (PDF). IEEE Communications Society. 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    108. 1 2 "SWDM Alliance MSA". SWDM Alliance. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
    109. ↑ "100G PSM4 Specification" (PDF). PSM4 MSA Group. 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    110. 1 2 "What's the Difference Between 100G CLR4 and CWDM4?". fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com. 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    111. ↑ "100G CWDM4 MSA Technical Specifications" (PDF). CWDM4 MSA Group. 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    112. ↑ Ghiasi, Ali. "100G 4WDM-10 MSA Technical Specifications Release 1.0" (PDF). 4wdm-msa.org. 4-Wavelength WDM MSA. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
    113. 1 2 Hiramoto, Kiyo. "100G 4WDM-20 & 4WDM-40 MSA Technical Specifications" (PDF). 4wdm-msa.org. 4-Wavelength WDM MSA. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
    114. ↑ "100G CLR4 QSFP28 Optical Transceivers" (PDF). Accelink. 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    115. ↑ "Open Optics MSA Design Guide" (PDF). Open Compute Project - Mellanox Technologies. 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
    116. ↑ "Cisco 100GBASE QSFP-100G Modules Data Sheet". Cisco. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
    117. ↑ "Cisco 100Gbps QSFP100 SR1.2 BiDi Pluggable Transceiver At-a-Glance". Cisco. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
    118. 1 2 "100G-FR and 100G-LR Technical Specifications". 100G Lambda MSA Group. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
    119. 1 2 3 Nowell, Mark. "100G-LR1-20, 100G-ER1-30, 100G-ER1-40 Technical Specifications". 100glambda.com. 100G Lambda MSA. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    120. ↑ "QPSK vs DP-QPSK - difference between QPSK and DP-QPSK modulation". RF Wireless World. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
    121. ↑ "Cisco 40-Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Modules Compatibility Matrix". Cisco. 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
    122. ↑ "A Quick Overview of 40GbE & 40GbE Components". Blog of Fiber Transceivers. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
    123. ↑ "IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force". IEEE 802.3.
    124. ↑ "Approval of IEEE Std 802.3by-2016, IEEE Std 802.3bq-2016, IEEE Std 802.3bp-2016 and IEEE Std 802.3br-2016". IEEE. 2016-06-30.
    125. ↑ "CFP MSA".
    126. ↑ "Cisco CPAK 100GBASE Modules Data Sheet".
    127. ↑ "Multi-Vendor Interoperability Testing of CFP2, CPAK and QSFP28 with CEI-28G-VSR and CEI-25G-LR Interface During ECOC 2013 Exhibition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
    128. ↑ Daniel Dove. "4X25G Optical Modules and Future Optics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2013-07-04.

    Further reading

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.