Li Peng was a Chinese politician who served as the premier of China from 1987 to 1998,and as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,China's top legislative body,from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) hierarchy behind then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CCP Politburo Standing Committee until his retirement in 2002.
The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC),officially the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Historically it has been composed of five to eleven members,and currently has seven members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo,a larger decision-making body,is not in session. According to the party's constitution,the General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee.
Zhao Ziyang was a Chinese politician. He was the premier of China from 1980 to 1987,vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982,and CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989. He was in charge of the political reforms in China from 1986,but lost power for his support of the 1989 Tian'anmen Square protests.
The Eight Great Eminent Officials,abbreviated as the Eight Elders,were a group of elderly members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) who held substantial power in the last two decades of the 20th century. In the English-speaking world,these men are often called The Eight Immortals as an allusion to the Taoist deities commonly known as the Eight Immortals.
The Princelings,also translated as the Party's Crown Princes,are the descendants of prominent and influential senior communist officials in the People's Republic of China. It is an informal,and often derogatory,categorization to signify those believed to be benefiting from nepotism and cronyism,by analogy with crown princes in hereditary monarchies. Many of its members hold high-level political and business positions in the upper echelons of power.
The orders of precedence in China is the ranking of political leaders in China for the purposes of event protocol and to arrange the ordering of names in official news bulletins,both written and televised. It is also sometimes used to assess perceived level of political power. Although there is no formally published ranking,there is usually an established convention and protocol,and the relative positions of Chinese political figures can usually be deduced from the order in meetings and especially by the time and order in which figures are covered by the official media. Since 1982,the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party has been the highest-ranking official in the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Yang Shangkun was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,president of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993,and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the party after the death of Mao Zedong.
The Secretariat,officially the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,is a body serving the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Politburo and Standing Committee. The secretariat is mainly responsible for carrying out routine operations of the Politburo and coordinating organizations and stakeholders to achieve tasks set out by the Politburo. It is empowered by the Politburo to make routine day-to-day decisions on issues of concern in accordance with the decisions of the Politburo,but it must consult the Politburo on substantive matters.
Chen Yun was a Chinese revolutionary leader who was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China during the 1980s and 1990s and one of the major architects and important policy makers for the reform and opening up period,alongside Deng Xiaoping. He was also known as Liao Chenyun (廖陈云),as he took his uncle's family name when he was adopted by him after his parents died.
Li Xiannian was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,president of China from 1983 to 1988 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death. He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987,and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987.
Peng Zhen was a leading member of the Chinese Communist Party. He led the party organization in Beijing following the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949,but was purged during the Cultural Revolution for opposing Mao's views on the role of literature in relation to the state. He was rehabilitated under Deng Xiaoping in 1982 along with other 'wrongly accused' officials,and became the inaugural head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission.
Wan Li was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. During a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China,he served successively as Vice Premier,Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC),and a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Secretariat and its Politburo. Wan joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1936 and led revolutionary and wartime resistance activities in his native Shandong province. After the founding of the communist state in 1949,Wan served in a series of government ministries,then worked as a member of the municipal leadership in Beijing. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution,but was eventually rehabilitated and returned to work as party chief of Anhui province,where he led the implementation of successful agrarian reforms centered on the household-responsibility system. In the 1980s,Wan became one of the leading moderate reformers in China's top leadership,advocating for constitutional reforms,the strengthening of legislative institutions,and the abolition of 'lifelong-terms' of top political leaders. He was named head of the national legislature in 1988. He retired in 1993.
Hu Qili is a former high-ranking politician of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),known as a champion of the country's economic reform program in the 1980s. He was the first secretary of the CCP Secretariat from 1985 to 1989 and a member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee from 1987 to 1989. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,he was purged for his sympathy toward the student protesters and his support for General Secretary Zhao Ziyang's opposition to the use of armed force. However,he returned to politics in 1991. In 2001,he became chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.
The 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),formally the Political Bureau of the 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the CCP on 2 November 1987 in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress. This electoral term was preceded by the 12th Politburo and succeeded by the 14th. Eighth of the 17 members served concurrently in the 13th Politburo Standing Committee.
The 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),formally the Political Bureau of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the CCP on 13 September 1982 in the aftermath of the 12th National Congress. This electoral term was preceded by the 11th Politburo and succeeded by the 13th. Six of the 31 members served concurrently in the 12th Politburo Standing Committee.
The 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from September 1982 to November 1987. It held seven plenary sessions. It was succeeded by the 13th Central Committee. It elected the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1982.
Events in the year 1989 in the People's Republic of China.
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were a turning point for many Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials,who were subjected to a purge that started after June 4,1989. The purge covered top-level government figures down to local officials,and included CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and his associates. The purge took the form of a massive ideological campaign that lasted 18 months. At least 4 million Communist Party members were under some sort of investigation. The government stated that the purge was undertaken for the purpose of “resolutely getting rid of hostile elements,antiparty elements,and corrupt elements" as well as "dealing strictly with those inside the party serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization”and purify the party.
The 13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,formally the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee in 1987,in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It was preceded by the CCP's 12th Politburo Standing Committee and was succeeded by the 14th in 1992.
Anti-bourgeois liberalization as a political slogan of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),it was proposed by Deng Xiaoping and others in the early 1980s. As a political movement against "bourgeois liberalization",it started at the CCP Congress held in Beijing in September 1986. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the CCP was officially launched in early 1987.
