The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC),officially the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Historically it has been composed of five to eleven members,and currently has seven members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo,a larger decision-making body,is not in session. According to the party's constitution,the General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee.
The orders of precedence in China is the ranking of political leaders in China for the purposes of event protocol and to arrange the ordering of names in official news bulletins,both written and televised. It is also sometimes used to assess perceived level of political power. Although there is no formally published ranking,there is usually an established convention and protocol,and the relative positions of Chinese political figures can usually be deduced from the order in meetings and especially by the time and order in which figures are covered by the official media. Since 1982,the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party has been the highest ranking official in the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Zeng Qinghong is a retired Chinese politician. He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,China's highest leadership council,and First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee between 2002 and 2007. He also served as the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008. During the 1990s,Zeng was a close ally of then-Party general secretary Jiang Zemin,and was instrumental in consolidating Jiang's power. For years,Zeng was the primary force behind the party's organization and personnel.
The Central Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party,officially,the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,is a body serving the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and its Standing Committee. The secretariat is mainly responsible for carrying out routine operations of the Politburo and the coordination of organizations and stakeholders to achieve tasks as set out by the Politburo. It is empowered by the Politburo to make routine day-to-day decisions on issues of concern in accordance with the decisions of the Politburo,but it must consult the Politburo on substantive matters. The de facto head of the Secretariat is First Secretary.
Wu Guanzheng,also spelled as Wu Kuan-cheng is a former Chinese politician and one of the major leaders of the Chinese Communist Party during the administration of Hu Jintao. He served on the Politburo Standing Committee,the country's top ruling body,from 2002 to 2007. During that time he also served as the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party,the party's anti-graft body. He had a lengthy political career,having served as mayor of Wuhan,Governor then Party Secretary of Jiangxi,then party chief of Shandong. Wu retired in 2007 and left public life.
The Shanghai clique,also referred to as the Shanghai gang,Jiang clique,or Jiang faction,refers to an informal group of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials who rose to prominence under former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin while he served as the party chief and mayor of Shanghai.
Generations of Chinese leadership is a term historians use to characterize distinct periods of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and,by extension,successive changes in the ideology of the CCP. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations".
The term Tsinghua clique refers to a group of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) politicians that have graduated or have taught at Tsinghua University. They are members of the fourth generation of Chinese leadership,and are purported to hold powerful reformist ideas. Just like their predecessors,they attach great importance to socialism with Chinese characteristics. Their ascendance to power is likely to have begun in 2008 at the CCP's 17th National Congress.
The 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing,China,at the Great Hall of the People from 15 to 21 October 2007. Congress marked a significant shift in the political direction of the country as CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao solidified his position of leadership. Hu's signature policy doctrine,the Scientific Development Concept,which aimed to create a "Socialist Harmonious Society" through egalitarian wealth distribution and concern for the country's less well-off,was enshrined into the Party Constitution. It was succeeded by the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
The 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on November 15,2002. It was nominally preceded by the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. This was the main vanguard executive committee functioning within the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. It was formally superseded by the 17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.
The 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on September 19,1997. It was preceded by the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. It served until 2002.
The 17th Central Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on October 22,2007. Eventually,four members of this Politburo were expelled from the Communist Party for not adhering to the leading party thought. They were,in order of the time of expulsion,Bo Xilai,Xu Caihou,Zhou Yongkang,and Guo Boxiong. This politburo was preceded by the 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and succeeded by the 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.
The 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 2002 to 2007. It held seven plenary sessions. It was set in motion by the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The 15th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
The 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1997 to 2002. The 14th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. This was the first Central Committee that current Chinese Paramount Leader Xi Jinping was elected to,as an alternative member.
The 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1992 to 1997. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 13th Central Committee. It was elected by the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and in turn elected the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.
The 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1987 to 1992. It held seven plenary sessions. It was preceded by the 12th Central Committee and succeeded by the 14th Central Committee. It elected the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987.
Sun Zhengcai is a former Chinese politician and senior regional official. From 2012 to 2017,Sun served as the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing,an interior municipality,and a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Prior to that,he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province,and Minister of Agriculture of China.
The 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held November 8-15,2012 at the Great Hall of the People. It was preceded by the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Due to term and age limits restrictions,seven of the nine members of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) retired during the Congress,including Hu Jintao,who was replaced by Xi Jinping as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The Congress elected the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,and saw the number of Politburo Standing Committee seats reduced from nine to seven. It was succeeded by the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
The "Three Stresses" campaign was an ideological rectification campaign among Communist Party members in China. The initiative was formally launched in 1998 by then-Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin,and its name refers to the need to “stress study,stress politics,stress righteousness”. The campaign was intended to strengthen discipline within the Communist Party and consolidate support for Jiang Zemin. During the campaign,which spanned from late 1998 to 2000,senior staff within the government,military,party offices,universities,and state and private enterprises were required to spend several weeks engaging in political study and self-criticism sessions with the goal of improving unity and enhancing loyalty to the Communist Party. According to a retired official cited in the New York Times,Jiang also hoped to use the campaign to "identify loyal,promising officials for future leadership positions."
The 1st Session of the 10th National People's Congress was held from March 5 to March 18 in Beijing,China,in conjunction with the 2003 session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
