14 Herculis c

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14 Herculis c
14 Herculis c (NIRCam).png
Direct image of 14 Herculis c taken with the James Webb Space Telescope. Its host star is blocked by a coronagraph.
Discovery [1] [2]
Discovered by Goździewski et al.; Rosenthal et al.
Discovery site Observatoire de Haute-Provence, [3] Keck & AFP [2]
Discovery date17 November 2005 (candidate)
2 July 2021 (confirmed)
Doppler spectroscopy
Designations
HD 145675 c
Orbital characteristics
20.0+12.0
−4.9  AU [4]
28.1+6.4
−6.8 AU [5]
Eccentricity 0.64+0.06
−0.10 [5]
52,160±1,030 days
(142.8±2.8 years) [4]
Inclination 111.9°+5.4°
−5.5° [5]
205.1°+7.448°
−10.31° [4]
2,451,779±33  JD [6]
172.5°+4.011°
−4.584° [4]
Semi-amplitude 50.8±0.4  m/s [6]
Star 14 Herculis
Physical characteristics [4]
1.03±0.01  RJ
Mass 7.9+1.6
−1.2  MJ
4.25±0.15  cgs
Temperature 275  K (2 °C; 35 °F)

    14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is the outermost of two known exoplanets orbiting the star 14 Herculis, approximately 58.4 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet has a mass that would make it a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive.

    Contents

    Discovery

    14 Herculis c was discovered by the radial velocity method. Its discovery was first reported in 2005 (published in 2006), [1] using data from the ELODIE Planet Search survey. [3] It remained a planet candidate until its existence was securely confirmed in 2021. [2]

    According to a 2007 analysis, the existence of a second planet in the 14 Herculis system was "clearly" supported by the evidence, but the planet's parameters were not precisely known. It may be in a 4:1 resonance with the inner planet 14 Herculis b. [7]

    The inclination and true mass of 14 Herculis c were measured in 2021, using data from Gaia , [8] and refined by further astrometric studies in 2022 and 2023, [9] [6] as well by a 2025 study using James Webb Space Telescope astrometry. The inclination is 116°, corresponding to a true mass of 7.1  MJ. [6]

    Direct imaging

    The planet was directly imaged with the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument in 2025. The observations determined a temperature of 275  K (2 °C), making it one of the coldest exoplanets directly imaged. They also re-measured its orbital elements, finding it to be closer to the star, at around 15 AU, on a highly eccentric orbit, as well as measuring its orbital inclination, finding it to be misaligned with 14 Herculis b by 40°. At wavelengths of 4.4 μm, its apparent magnitude is fainter than expected, hinting at disequilibrium chemistry and/or water ice clouds. [10] [4]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 Goździewski, K.; Konacki, M.; Maciejewski, A. J. (2006). "Orbital Configurations and Dynamical Stability of Multiplanet Systems around Sun-like Stars HD 202206, 14 Herculis, HD 37124, and HD 108874" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal . 645 (1): 688–703. arXiv: astro-ph/0511463 . Bibcode:2006ApJ...645..688G. doi:10.1086/504030. S2CID   15012577.
    2. 1 2 3 Rosenthal, Lee J.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Isaacson, Howard T.; Howard, Andrew W.; Dedrick, Cayla M.; Sherstyuk, Ilya A.; Blunt, Sarah C.; Petigura, Erik A.; Knutson, Heather A.; Behmard, Aida; Chontos, Ashley; Crepp, Justin R.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; Fischer, Debra A.; Henry, Gregory W.; Kane, Stephen R.; Kosiarek, Molly; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Weiss, Lauren M.; Wright, Jason T. (2021), "The California Legacy Survey. I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 255 (1): 8, arXiv: 2105.11583 , Bibcode:2021ApJS..255....8R, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/abe23c , S2CID   235186973
    3. 1 2 Naef, D.; Mayor, M.; Beuzit, J. L.; Perrier, C.; Queloz, D.; Sivan, J. P.; Udry, S. (January 2004). "The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets. III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 414: 351–359. arXiv: astro-ph/0310261 . Bibcode:2004A&A...414..351N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034091. ISSN   0004-6361.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Balmer, William O.; et al. (June 2025). "JWST Coronagraphic Images of 14 Her c: a Cold Giant Planet in a Dynamically Hot, Multi-planet System". The Astrophysical Journal Letters . arXiv: 2506.09201 .
    5. 1 2 3 Xiao, Guang-Yao; Feng, Fabo (2025). "Updated Mutual Inclination Measurement for 14 Her b and c". arXiv: 2506.13580 [astro-ph.EP].
    6. 1 2 3 4 Benedict, G. F.; McArthur, B. E.; et al. (May 2023). "The 14 Her Planetary System: Companion Masses and Architecture from Radial Velocities and Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal . 166 (1): 27. arXiv: 2305.11753 . Bibcode:2023AJ....166...27B. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acd93a .
    7. ↑ Wittenmyer, R. A.; Endl, M.; Cochran, W. D. (2007). "Long-Period Objects in the Extrasolar Planetary Systems 47 Ursae Majoris and 14 Herculis". The Astrophysical Journal . 654 (1): 625–632. arXiv: astro-ph/0609117 . Bibcode:2007ApJ...654..625W. doi:10.1086/509110. S2CID   14707902.
    8. ↑ Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; et al. (1 December 2021). "14 Her: A Likely Case of Planet–Planet Scattering". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 922 (2). L43. arXiv: 2111.06004 . Bibcode: 2021ApJ...922L..43B . doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac382c .
    9. ↑ Feng, Fabo; Butler, R. Paul; et al. (August 2022). "3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 262 (21): 21. arXiv: 2208.12720 . Bibcode:2022ApJS..262...21F. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57 . S2CID   251864022.
    10. ↑ "Frigid Exoplanet in Strange Orbit Imaged by NASA's Webb". Webb. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
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