1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election

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1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
Jammu and Kashmir Flag (1952-2019).svg
  1983 23 March 1987 1996  

all 76 seats in Legislative Assembly
39 seats needed for a majority
Turnout74.9%(Increase2.svg1.70%)
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Farooq Abdullah with Greg Barker (cropped).jpg Hand INC.svg
Leader Farooq Abdullah Collective leadership
Party JKNC INC MUF
Last election46260
Seats won40264
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 6Steady2.svgIncrease2.svg 4
Percentage32.98%20.20%18.9%
SwingDecrease2.svg 14.31%Decrease2.svg 10.12%Increase2.svg 18.9%

 Fourth partyFifth party
  Lotus flower symbol.svg
Party BJP Independents
Last election04
Seats won24
Seat changeIncrease2.svg 2Steady2.svg
Percentage5.10%15.86%
SwingIncrease2.svg 1.91%Steady2.svg

Chief Minister before election

Farooq Abdullah
JKNC

Elected Chief Minister

Farooq Abdullah
JKNC

Election for the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held on 23 March 1987. Farooq Abdullah was reappointed as the Chief Minister. [1]

Contents

The election is widely perceived to have been rigged. [2] [3] [4] After the following elections to the Parliament in 1989, which saw low turn-out, [5] Governor's Rule was declared in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990, which lasted till 1996. [6]

The 1987 election was a watershed in the politics of the Jammu and Kashmir state. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Background

The background of the 1987 election is fraught with multiple complexities.

During the long years of imprisonment of Sheikh Abdullah, his loyalists split off from the National Conference party and formed a Plebiscite Front. The remaining members of the National Conference merged their party with the Indian National Congress.

After Abdullah's release and his accord with Indira Gandhi, the Congress party accepted him as its own Head and elected him as the State's Chief Minister. However, during the 1977 election, Abdullah shunned the Congress party and revived a new National Conference party from the erstwhile Plebiscite Front. He won the election handsomely.

After Sheikh Abdullah's death, the Congress party again sought an alliance with the National Conference for the 1983 election. It was again shunned and the new leader Farooq Abdullah won the election independently. Congress however emerged as the de facto party of the Jammu region. Congress exploited the internal squabbles in the National Conference and teamed up with Farooq's brother-in-law G. M. Shah to topple Farooq's government. This led to a period of instability during which the Governor's Rule was imposed.

After Rajiv Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress, another accord was reached with Farooq Abdullah. The Governor's Rule was lifted and Farooq returned to power in 1986, but with the understanding that Congress and the National Conference would ally for the 1987 election. In the view of scholar Sten Widmalm, the State's two largest parties had formed an 'election cartel', which had the result that popular discontent could not be channelled. [11]

Before the election, various anti-establishment groups including Jamaat-e-Islami joined hands to form a Muslim United Front (MUF) mainly pointing out that the NC had capitulated before the Centre for the sake of power and bartered away the special status of the State. Efforts were made to arouse Muslim sentiments along communal lines.[ citation needed ] MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to Simla Agreement, work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly. [12]

The NC-Congress(I) combine contested all the 76 seats and the MUF, 43 seats. [13] [1]

Voting

The election was held on 23 March 1987. Nearly 75 percent of the voters participated, the highest recorded participation in the state. Nearly eighty percent of the people in the Valley voted. [14] [15]

Elections for Bhadrawah, Leh and Kargil were held in June 1987. [6]

Results

India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1987.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 857,83032.9840Decrease2.svg6
Indian National Congress 525,26120.20260
Bharatiya Janata Party 132,5285.102New
Others181,1756.9700
Independents903,97134.768Increase2.svg6
Total2,600,765100.0076Increase2.svg1
Valid votes2,600,76597.69
Invalid/blank votes61,5902.31
Total votes2,662,355100.00
Registered voters/turnout3,555,54974.88
Source: ECI [16]

The NC-Congress alliance won 66 seats in the Assembly: NC winning 40 seats of the 45 it contested, and Congress winning 26 out of 31 (5 out of 6 contested seats in the Valley). [17] [14] The alliance received only 53% of the popular vote but garnered 87% of the seats. [18]

The BJP won 2 seats, in Jammu. [15] [19] The MUF expected to win 10 seats out of the 44 seats it contested. But it won only 4 seats, even though it had polled 31% votes. [14] [15] [20] Syed Ali Shah Geelani of Jamaat-e-Islami (a constituent of MUF) won from Sopore. [21]

The disparity between the popular vote and the seat wins was very high. (In comparison, in 1983, the NC and Congress polled 78% of the vote to achieve 95% of the seats.) Scholar Sten Widmalm explains the increased disparity as an effect of forming an "election cartel" (between the NC and Congress), which had a dominant effect in the first-past-the-post election system used in India. The cartel's victory seemed unfair to many Jammu and Kashmir voters, which was magnified when allegations of fraud came to the surface. [22]

The MUF's garnering of 31% of the vote in its first electoral contest has been described as a 'huge' success. [23] Journalist Balraj Puri states that the MUF emerged as the main alternative to the NC-Congress alliance in all parts of the Valley, except the four constituencies of the Kupwara district where People's Conference came in the second place. [24]

The People's Conference did not win a seat despite having been expected to do well in the constituencies of Bandipora, Sangrama, Handwara, and Kupwara. They still managed to capture 93,949 votes. [25]

Results by constituency

  • Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency [26]
Assembly ConstituencyTurnoutWinnerRunner UpMargin
#kNames%CandidatePartyVotes%CandidatePartyVotes%
1 Karnah 77.02% Sharifuddin Shariq JKNC 20,26950.88%Abdul Rashid Mirchl JKNC 14,84437.26%5,425
2 Handwara 82.19%Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan JKNC 20,42346.93% Abdul Ghani Lone JKNC 19,09343.88%1,330
3 Langate 80.15%Abdul Ahad Wani JKNC 10,67639.57%Ghulam Quadir Lone Independent 9,37134.73%1,305
4 Kupwara 69.44% Mushtaq Ahmad Lone JKNC 12,58537.06%Abdul Haq Khan JKNC 10,80631.83%1,779
5 Bandipora 76.66%Ghulam Rasool Mir JKNC 17,89446.25%Nizam-Ud-Din JKNC 14,66837.91%3,226
6 Sonawari 76.98%Mohammed Ud-Din Kochey JKNC 26,81967.53%Abdul Khaliq Haneef Independent 11,14628.06%15,673
7 Pattan 82.03%Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi JKNC 16,87144.02%Moulvi Mustafa Hussain Independent 9,29124.24%7,580
8 Gulmarg 78.95% Sheikh Mustafa Kamal JKNC 19,26062.36% Ghulam Hassan Mir Independent 10,52634.08%8,734
9 Sangrama 74.5%Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat JKNC 10,50941.25%Vakil Abdul Majid Independent 6,81026.73%3,699
10 Sopore 84.75% Syed Ali Shah Geelani Independent 24,39254.24%Abdul Ahmad Vakil JKNC 19,94244.35%4,450
11 Rafiabad 77.31%Ghulam Mohammed Khan JKNC 12,37839.99%Abdul Majid Bhat Independent 7,06622.83%5,312
12 Baramulla 77.35%Shiekh Mohammed Maqbol JKNC 16,24748.06%Ghulam Mohmad Independent 14,81143.81%1,436
13 Uri 83.42% Mohammad Shafi JKNC 27,79389.61%Abdul Rehman Independent 2,5658.27%25,228
14 Kangan 80.48% Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi INC 14,64446.04%Ghulam Mohammed War Independent 9,95231.29%4,692
15 Ganderbal 83.37% Farooq Abdullah JKNC 30,25578.75%Abdul Khaliq Sofi Independent 7,44619.38%22,809
16 Hazratbal 76.98%Mohmad Yasin Shah JKNC 19,16761.41%Syed Fayaz Naqashbandi Independent 7,93625.43%11,231
17 Amira Kadal 71.39%Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Shoh JKNC 19,56755.35%Mohammed Yussouf Shoh Independent 15,27843.22%4,289
18 Habba Kadal 60.06% Piyare Lal Handoo JKNC 17,24048.51%Mushtaq Ahmad Independent 15,95144.89%1,289
19 Zaina Kadal 75.56%Ali Mohammad Charloo JKNC 22,82064.42%Firdous Atta Independent 12,24334.56%10,577
20 Eidgah 76.63%Mohammed Shafi Khan JKNC 26,90470.41%Bashir Ahmed Independent 11,12229.11%15,782
21 Zadibal 71.24%Peer Mohammed Shafi JKNC 27,31654.42%Peer Abdul Rouf Independent 22,12144.07%5,195
22 Nagin 99.89%Abdul Samad Teli JKNC 14,09348.24%Hakim Mohammed Jawad Independent 12,51042.82%1,583
23 Beerwah 74.12%Syed Ahmad Syed JKNC 15,34147.28%Ghulam Mohammed Mir Independent 10,01630.87%5,325
24 Khan Sahib 82.21%Ghulam Mohmad Mir INC 24,18070.03%Ghulam Qadir War JKNC 4,16612.07%20,014
25 Budgam 82.74%Syed Ghulam Hussain Geelani JKNC 18,91144.96%Mohammed Sultan Bhat Independent 12,55629.85%6,355
26 Chadoora 72.97% Mir Mustafa Independent 12,92040.59%Abdul Samad Mir JKNC 11,51436.17%1,406
27 Charari Sharief 85.54% Abdul Rahim Rather JKNC 25,44782.94%Abdul Rashid Independent 3,0629.98%22,385
28 Pulwama 80.99%Bashir Ahmed Nengroo JKNC 23,29759.57%Mushtaq Ahmed Independent 14,91038.12%8,387
29 Pampore 81.8%Ghulam Mohi Ud Din JKNC 22,18657.33%Ali Mohammed Lone Independent 15,38339.75%6,803
30 Tral 87.45%Ghulam Nabi Naik INC 13,62935.17%Mohmad Sultan Independent 12,27431.67%1,355
31 Wachi 83.42%Nazir Ahmad Wani JKNC 17,90049.66%Mohmad Abdullah Independent 17,77849.33%122
32 Shopian 81.68%Sheikh Mohammed Mansoor JKNC 18,08348.%Abdul Ahad Thoker Independent 17,74747.11%336
33 Noorabad 82.33%Abdul Aziz Zargar INC 27,13276.51%Bashir Ahmad Malik Independent 7,43020.95%19,702
34 Devsar 77.85%Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad JKNC 17,16950.49%Hamid Ulla Rangrez Independent 14,55042.79%2,619
35 Kulgam 79.97%Haji Abdul Pazak Mir Independent 15,60749.95%Ghulam Nabi Dar JKNC 12,03138.5%3,576
36 Hom Shali Bugh 84.91%Ghulam Nabi Independent 20,88658.22%Abdul Salam Deva JKNC 14,18039.52%6,706
37 Pahalgam 77.7%Rafi Ahmad Mir JKNC 16,25752.89%Ghulam Nabi Hagroo Independent 13,47643.84%2,781
38 Srigufwara–Bijbehara 83.06%Abdul Gani Shah JKNC 16,81847.72%Mohammed Sultan Independent 16,71847.44%100
39 Anantnag 83.8%Mohammed Syeed Shah Independent 24,80073.92%Mirza Masood Beg INC 8,09524.13%16,705
40 Shangus–Anantnag East 81.38% Abdul Rashid Dar JKNC 14,28343.97%Jamseed Ghulam Mohammed Independent 8,23725.36%6,046
41 Kokernag 87.95% Peerzada Mohammad Syed INC 28,46380.92%Mohammed Abdulla Sheikh Independent 4,77813.58%23,685
42 Dooru 74.94%Mohammed Akbar Ganie JKNC 13,82649.6%Noor Ud Din Shah Independent 12,59445.18%1,232
43 Leh 68.25% Tsering Samphel INC 16,14256.39%Tokdan Rinpochey Independent 7,13824.94%9,004
44 Kargil 78.64% Qamar Ali Akhoon JKNC 35,55988.93%Kachoo Mohammed Ali Khan Independent 4,42711.07%31,132
45 Kishtwar 69.85%Bashir Ahmed Kichloo JKNC 18,04467.95%Man Mohan BJP 3,30912.46%14,735
46 Inderwal 65.5%Shareef Naiz INC 27,06990.78%Sheikh Ghulam Mohammed Independent 1,0453.5%26,024
47 Bhaderwah 51.4%Hari Lal INC 11,77254.17%Gian Chand LKD 8,33338.34%3,439
48 Doda 78.05% Attaullah Sohrawardi JKNC 29,23292.46%Chuni Lal LKD 1,3954.41%27,837
49 Ramban 66.9%Bharat Gandhi INC 14,33958.32%Tirth Singh Independent 8,59734.97%5,742
50 Banihal 64.32%Molvi Abdul Rashid JKNC 13,94957.92%Mohammed Akhter Nizam Independent 6,05625.15%7,893
51 Gulabgarh 72.36% Haji Buland Khan JKNC 15,54548.37%Abdul Gani Independent 11,14334.67%4,402
52 Reasi 66.58%Mohammed Ayub Khan INC 15,54546.99%Jagjiwan Lal Independent 5,76217.42%9,783
53 Udhampur 64.93%Balak Ram INC 18,84753.72% Shiv Charan Gupta BJP 13,55238.63%5,295
54 Chenani 62.86%Yash Paul Khajuria INC 15,84256.01%Thakur Dass Chanotra JKNPP 10,46236.99%5,380
55 Ramnagar 51.01%Chandhu Lal INC 14,31158.77%Girdhari Lal JKNPP 6,80727.95%7,504
56 Samba 70.2%Parkash Sharma INC 10,31827.34%Hoshiar Singh Independent 7,40719.63%2,911
57 Bari Brahmana 76.69%Swaran Lata INC 14,53945.51%Gurnbachan Kumari Independent 8,46626.5%6,073
58 Bishnah 66.2%Parma Nand JKNC 16,31953.65%Gian Chand Independent 6,49521.35%9,824
59 Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South 77.47%Ranjit Singh INC 14,04337.51%Thakur Dass Independent 9,52325.44%4,520
60 Jammu Cantonment 68.24%H. S. Bali Independent 10,97026.62%Trilochan Dutta INC 10,11024.54%860
61 Jammu West 61.52% Mangat Ram Sharma INC 16,20448.99%Chander Mohan Sharma BJP 10,13030.63%6,074
62 Jammu East 63.74% Chaman Lal Gupta BJP 13,93049.52%Ved Parkash INC 10,69738.02%3,233
63 Jandrah Gharota 72.59%Shiv Dev Singh INC 13,12134.56%Rattan Chand Gandhi Independent 8,88723.41%4,234
64 Marh 78.5% Mula Ram INC 17,16252.24%Sat Pal JKNPP 11,81835.97%5,344
65 Akhnoor 79.78% Govind Ram Sharma Independent 19,64259.52%Dharam Pal INC 9,20227.88%10,440
66 Chhamb 81.06%Madan Lal INC 15,52752.5%Ram Nath BJP 10,79536.5%4,732
67 Basohli 61.64% Jagdish Raj Sapolia INC 11,32240.69%Lal Chand Independent 10,05436.14%1,268
68 Billawar 60.71%Swram Singh INC 17,73158.99%Loknath Sangra BJP 7,14323.76%10,588
69 Kathua 70.08%Om Parkash INC 16,80549.61%Kulbhushan Kumar BJP 10,17530.04%6,630
70 Hiranagar 71.97%Baldev Singh BJP 17,08845.17%Ram Das Dogra INC 14,58038.54%2,508
71 Nowshera 68.54%Beli Ram INC 24,05360.51%Balwant Singh Independent 5,80814.61%18,245
72 Darhal 75.78% Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain JKNC 28,70764.34%Mohammed Sadiq Malik Independent 13,49630.25%15,211
73 Rajouri 82.74%Mirsa Abdul Rashid INC 33,44372.02%Chowdhary Talib Hussain Independent 10,64822.93%22,795
74 Surankote 80.35% Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad INC 26,39468.81%Mohammed Ayub Shabnam Independent 11,67730.44%14,717
75 Mendhar 80.64%Nisar Ahamed Khan JKNC 19,82052.46%Lal Mohammed Sabir Independent 16,04942.48%3,771
76 Haveli 67.84%Chaudhry Bashir Ahmed Independent 19,10356.22%Ghulam Ahmed Ganai JKNC 14,38442.33%4,719

Electoral malpractice

India Today reported that "starting about two weeks before the election, 600 opposition workers were arrested in areas where the MUF, independents, and PC [People's Conference] candidates were showing strength". [27]

In the Amira Kadal constituency of Srinagar, MUF's Syed Mohammed Yusuf Shah was a candidate. As the vote-counting began, it was becoming clear that Yusuf Shah was winning by a landslide. His opponent, Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah, went home dejected. But he was summoned back by the electoral officials and declared the winner. When the crowds protested, the police arrived and arrested Yusuf Shah and his supporters. They were held in custody till the end of 1987. [28]

Leader of the People's Conference party, Abdul Ghani Lone, complained that vote counting in the constituency of Handwara was tampered with by the deputy inspector-general of police, A.M. Watali. There were several cases like this with other candidates but the petitions to the courts did not lead to any action. There was no response from the central government, courts, or the election commission to the demands that the allegations of rigging be investigated. Kashmir's High Court chose not to probe the allegations and the Election Commission was inactive at the time. [27]

Balraj Puri has noted three constituencies where the MUF lost narrowly: Bijbehara, Wachi, and Shopian. The number of rejected votes in these constituencies was far higher than the margin of victory for the alliance, indicating that the vote-counting could have been easily manipulated. [24]

Whereas it took only three hours to count the votes in Farooq Abdullah's seat, the vote-counting in seats where the MUF had influence took considerably longer. In Anantnag, it was reported that the results were delayed for two and a half days while the polling station was surrounded by hundreds of policemen. In Bijbehara the polling officers refused to count when they found that a MUF candidate had taken an early lead. In Doru, an NC candidate with a lead of 300 votes was declared the winner even though more than a thousand votes remained to be counted. Counting in the Pulwama constituency took no account of the strategic Tahab belt. Counting in Shopian and Sopore went on for three days. [25]

BBC cited a Kashmiri politician Khem Lata Wakhloo, [a] as stating that there was widespread rigging in Kashmir. She stated: "I remember that there was massive rigging in 1987 elections. The losing candidates were declared winners. It shook the ordinary people's faith in the elections and the democratic process." [31] [ undue weight? discuss ]

Governor Jagmohan is reported to have been appalled at what was being done, but he said that he was ordered by the central government in Delhi not to interfere. [25]

Many see this rigged election as a cause of militancy in Kashmir. [32] Abdul Ghani Lone became a separatist leader after the 1987 election and stated that many young people, out of frustration with the democratic process, decided to go for an armed struggle. [27]

Extent of electoral malpractice

The extent of election malpractice has been debated by scholars and analysts. [33] [34]

Scholar Victoria Schofield has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud. [35] On the other hand, an anonymous source in the Intelligence Bureau has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice. [36] Other journalists and commentators have estimated a loss of fifteen to twenty seats. [4] Farooq Abdullah conceded that the opposition parties might have been able to win 20 seats instead of 10 in the absence of rigging. He denied his own involvement in the rigging. [37]

Former Kashmir civil servant Wajahat Habibullah states that clear indications of malpractice were found in ten constituencies. These constituencies were mainly in Srinagar and all of them were counted as wins of the National Conference. [38] He believes that Farooq Abdullah allowed them to be rigged to gain a majority for the National Conference in the Assembly so that it would not be dependent on support from the Indian National Congress. [39] He also notes that the methods of rigging appeared "blatant" and lacked the finesse of the pre-1977 elections. [40]

Aftermath

Farooq Abdullah was elected Chief Minister and formed a coalition government. However, the Government lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the people in the Valley. Rebels branded the election as a "thoroughly made one". [41] The Valley sank into a "morass of frustration and radicalisation", states scholar Sumantra Bose. In June 1988, there were protests against a hike in the electricity tariffs, resulting in police firings. In July, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front launched its first bomb attack in Srinagar. [42] A cycle of violence and protests took hold, steadily rising in tempo. In January 1990, the Union Government appointed Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest, and Governor's Rule was declared.

See also

Notes

  1. Khem Lata Wakhloo was one of the 12 legislators of the National Conference that defected to the G. M. Shah's faction in 1984. [29] Her political affiliation in 1987 is uncertain but Sumantra Bose believes she was still part of the National Conference at that time. [30]

References

  1. 1 2 Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987, Election Commission of India, New Delhi.
  2. Arshad, Sameer (22 November 2014). "History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K". The Times of India.
  3. Prakash, Smita (17 November 2014). "Elections in Kashmir". Mid-Day .
  4. 1 2 Donthi, Praveen (23 March 2016). How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir. The Caravan .
  5. Maqbool, Umer (14 March 2015). "Decline in voter turnout in Kashmir after 'rigged election of 1987'". Greater Kashmir .
  6. 1 2 Vaganan, Mayil (10 April 2002). "A Survey of Elections in Kashmir". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  7. "Assembly Election 1987". www.jammu-kashmir.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2003. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  8. Ahmad, Wajahat (1 October 2010). "The Siege of Kashmir". The Caravan.
  9. Muhammad, ZG (14 March 2015). "Question of Simple Majority". Greater Kashmir.
  10. Gilani, Iftikhar, ed. (25 November 2014). "How representative is Jammu and Kashmir assembly?". Daily News & Analysis (DNA).
  11. Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002, p. 77.
  12. Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 138.
  13. Bose, Transforming India 2013, pp. 274–275.
  14. 1 2 3 Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 137.
  15. 1 2 3 Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 49.
  16. "Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir". Election Commission of India . Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  17. Bose, Transforming India 2013, p. 275.
  18. Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1020.
  19. Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1019.
  20. Rai, Mridu (2018), "Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.184, ISBN   9780190277727
  21. "Sopore Election 2014. Sitting and previous MLAs from Sopore Assembly constituency". www.elections.in.
  22. Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 , p. 1020; Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002 , p. 78: "The unusually poor correlation between votes and seats may possibly have planted unfounded suspicion in the minds of those who were unaware of the peculiarities of the majority election system with single-member constituencies."
  23. Hussain, Masood (23 March 2016). "MUFfed". Kashmir Life. Despite all this, MUF polled huge. It took 470580 votes making 30.96 percent of the popular vote.
  24. 1 2 Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu 1987, p. 835.
  25. 1 2 3 Hussain, Masood (23 March 2016). "MUFfed". Kashmir Life.
  26. "Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  27. 1 2 3 Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1020-1021.
  28. Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 48–49.
  29. Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? (2019), p. 337.
  30. Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace (2003), p. 48.
  31. Hussain, Altaf (14 September 2002). "Kashmir's flawed elections". BBC.
  32. "Is BJP planning poll tie-ups with separatist groups in Jammu & Kashmir?". Daily News & Analysis. 28 July 2014.
  33. Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective (2002) , p. 79: "The exact extent of rigging is still difficult to assess, but qualified estimates have been made."
  34. Habibullah, My Kashmir (2008): "But to suggest that every constituency in Kashmir was corrupt in equal measure would be an overstatement."
  35. Foreign Affairs Committee (2007), South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons, pp. 28–29, ISBN   978-0-215-03378-9
  36. Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1021.
  37. Brass, Paul R. (1994), The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–222, not 107, ISBN   978-0-521-45970-9 : "Farooq Abdullah virtually admitted that these elections were rigged, though he denies that he rigged them or that the Congress-Conference coalition would have lost had they not been rigged. He did concede that the MUF might have won twenty seats instead of ten if the elections had been held more fairly."
  38. Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008 , p. 62: "Clear indications of malpractice in the 1987 election had been found in only ten constituencies, primarily in Srinagar, where the support base of the NC had been tenuous. Moreover, such evidence appeared only in those constituencies that were won by the National Conference."
  39. Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008, p. 63.
  40. Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008, p. 61.
  41. Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India 2002, p. 106.
  42. Bose, Transforming India 2013, p. 276.

Bibliography