| 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Track events | ||
| 60 m | men | women |
| 200 m | men | women |
| 400 m | men | women |
| 800 m | men | women |
| 1500 m | men | women |
| 3000 m | men | women |
| 60 m hurdles | men | women |
| 4 × 400 m relay | men | women |
| Field events | ||
| High jump | men | women |
| Pole vault | men | women |
| Long jump | men | women |
| Triple jump | men | women |
| Shot put | men | women |
| Combined events | ||
| Pentathlon | women | |
| Heptathlon | men | |
The Men's 4x400 metres relay event at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 7.
* Runners who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Qualification: First 2 teams of each heat (Q) plus the next 2 fastest (q) advance to the final.
| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |  United States | James Carter, LaBronze Garrett, Jabari Pride, Godfrey Herring | 3:07.58 | Q, SB |
| 2 | 1 |  Russia | Andrey Rudnitskiy, Boris Gorban, Aleksandr Usov, Dmitriy Forshev | 3:07.60 | Q, SB |
| 3 | 2 |  Jamaica | Richard James, Sanjay Ayre, Leroy Colquhoun, Michael McDonald | 3:08.70 | Q, SB |
| 4 | 1 |  Bahamas | Dennis Darling, Troy McIntosh, Timothy Munnings, Chris Brown | 3:08.76 | q, SB |
| 5 | 1 |  Ireland | Robert Daly, Gary Ryan, David Gillick, David McCarthy | 3:08.83 | q, NR |
| 6 | 2 |  Switzerland | Alain Rohr, Cédric El-Idrissi, Martin Leiser, Andreas Oggenfuss | 3:09.04 | Q, SB |
| 7 | 2 |  Germany | Bastian Swillims, Ruwen Faller, Henning Kuschewitz, Sebastian Gatzka | 3:09.26 | SB |
| 8 | 2 |  France | Rémi Wallard, Martial Yapo, Florent Lacasse, Olivier Galy | 3:10.00 | SB |
| 9 | 2 |  Poland | Piotr Długosielski, Daniel Dąbrowski, Piotr Klimczak, Artur Gąsiewski | 3:10.33 | SB |
| 10 | 1 |  Spain | Salvador Rodríguez, David Canal, Alberto Martínez, Luis Flores | 3:10.95 | SB |
| 11 | 2 |  Hungary | Dávid Csesznegi, László Szabó, Ákos Dezsö, Zsolt Szeglet | 3:12.20 | SB |
| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Jamaica | Gregory Haughton, Leroy Colquhoun, Michael McDonald, Davian Clarke | 3:05.21 | WL |
 | Russia | Dmitriy Forshev, Boris Gorban, Andrey Rudnitskiy, Aleksandr Usov | 3:06.23 | SB |
 | Ireland | Robert Daly, Gary Ryan, David Gillick, David McCarthy | 3:10.44 | |
| 4 | Switzerland | Alain Rohr, Cédric El-Idrissi, Martin Leiser, Andreas Oggenfuss | 3:12.62 | |
| 5 | Bahamas | Chris Brown, Timothy Munnings, Andretti Bain, Dennis Darling | 3:17.57 | |
| United States | James Carter, Milton Campbell, Joe Mendel, Godfrey Herring | DQ |
In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry.
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the microscopic description of nature in statistical physics, and to the principles of information theory. It has found far-ranging applications in chemistry and physics, in biological systems and their relation to life, in cosmology, economics, sociology, weather science, climate change, and information systems including the transmission of information in telecommunication.
In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at least the late 19th century. The heat engine does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the higher temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a lower temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to work. Also, some energy is unusable because of friction and drag.
In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity or as the specific heat. Informally, it is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. The SI unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J⋅kg−1⋅K−1. For example, the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K is 4184 joules, so the specific heat capacity of water is 4184 J⋅kg−1⋅K−1.
Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics.
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A Carnot cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s. By Carnot's theorem, it provides an upper limit on the efficiency of any classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference through the application of work to the system.
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