2017 Sierra Leone mudslides

Last updated

2017 Sierra Leone mudslides
Landslide SierraLeone August2017.jpg
Mass wasting of mud in Freetown on August 14, 2017
Sierra Leone - Western Area.svg
Location of the Western Area in Sierra Leone where the mudslides occurred (in red)
DateAugust 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)
Time6:30 a.m. (06:30 UTC) (GMT)
Location Western Area, Sierra Leone
Coordinates 8°26′2″N13°13′22″W / 8.43389°N 13.22278°W / 8.43389; -13.22278
Type Mudslide affecting 116,766 m2 (1,256,860 sq ft)
Cause
Deaths1,141
Displaced3,000
[1] : 17  [1] : 19 

On the morning of August 14, 2017, significant mudflow events occurred in and around the capital city of Freetown in Sierra Leone. Following three days of torrential rainfall, mass wasting of mud and debris damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings in the city, killing 1,141 people and leaving more than 3,000 homeless.

Contents

Causal factors for the mudslides include the region's particular topography and climate – with Freetown's elevation close to sea level and its greater position within a tropical monsoon climate. Those factors were assisted by the generally poor state of the region's infrastructure and loss of protective natural drainage systems from periods of deforestation.

Background

The potential for deadly flooding in Sierra Leone was exacerbated by a combination of factors. Freetown, which sits at the tip of a peninsula, was in 2015 occupied by approximately 1 million people. [2] Freetown's topography alternates between thickly wooded and partially deforested mountains. [3] These mountains run along the peninsula parallel to the Atlantic for 40 kilometres (25 mi). Freetown's elevation varies from coastal areas which are at or just below sea level to approximately 400 meters (1,300 ft)above sea level. [4]

Freetown suffers from long-term issues involving poor urban development programs. According to Jamie Hitchen of the Africa Research Institute "the government is failing to provide housing for the poorest in society", and when attention is paid to issues such as unregulated construction, it is received only after a crisis. [5] Because a moratorium on housing construction was not enforced, unorganized settlements and municipal works encroached on flood plains, resulting in narrower water passageways. [6] During floods, Freetown's drainage systems are often blocked by discarded waste, especially in the city's poorer communities, contributing to higher levels of surface runoff. [7]

The construction of large homes in hillside areas and unrestricted deforestation for residential purposes weakened the stability of nearby slopes and caused soil erosion. [7] Within a decade leading up to the disaster, Sierra Leone cleared approximately 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) of forest cover – the country's civil war, fought between 1991 and 2002, was also a cause of deforestation. The nation's Environmental Protective Agency launched a reforesting mission in the region two weeks prior to the floods and mudslides, which was ultimately unsuccessful. [8]

Mudslides

According to the National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center, Sierra Leone experienced a particularly wet rainy season, with the capital city of Freetown, in the Western Area of the country, experiencing 41 inches (1,000 mm) of rainfall from July 1, 2017, leading up to the mudslides – nearly tripling the area's seasonal average. [9] Sierra Leone's meteorological department did not warn residents to leave areas prone to flooding in time; from August 11 to 14, Freetown faced three consecutive days of rain, which led to severe flooding in the city and its surrounding suburbs. [10] Flooding is an annual threat for the area: in 2015 floods killed 10 people and left thousands homeless. [11] [12]

Affected regions

Overlooking Freetown, Sugar Loaf mountain partially collapsed, triggering mudslides in the early morning of August 14, which damaged or completely submerged several houses and structures, killing residents – many still asleep – who were trapped inside. The collapse of the mountainside took place in two stages – with the lower slope sliding into the Babadorie River Valley and, 10 minutes later, the upper portion collapsing, resulting in a "tidal wave" of landmass and debris. [1] : 14  Highly mobile, the saturated debris flow from the collapse of the upper mountainside, carrying mud, large boulders, tree trunks, and other material, advanced toward the main river channel, Lumley Creek, with a wall of flood water leading in front. [1] : 29 

Another mudslide struck the Regent suburban district. A mountainous settlement 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of Freetown, Regent was covered by mud and debris when nearby hillsides collapsed around 6:00 GMT. [5] [1] : 4  The suburban districts of Goderich and Tacuguma were also hit by mudslides, but the under-developed areas did not sustain significant damage to infrastructure or loss of life. [1] : 29 

Aftermath

The disaster caused damage to property in an area of 116,766 square metres (1,256,860 sq ft). [1] : 19 

Accessibility between communities was lost: eight pedestrian roads and bridges connecting Kamayama and Kaningo took moderate or severe damage, and two road bridges on the Regent river channel were impacted; in total, the damages to pathways amounted to US$1 million in costs. [13] [1] : 19  Power outages occurred in several communities, partly due to the Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority's (EDSA) temporarily taking certain areas off the grid to avoid electrical incidents. The damage to EDSA's infrastructure totaled $174,000. [1] : 20 

More than 3,000 people were left homeless by the disaster. [14] An initial estimate of the death toll placed the number at 205, but rescue and aid workers cautioned that the survival rates for many of the 600 people still missing were slim. [15] [7] By August 27, local government and ministry officials reported 1,000 fatalities during religious services honoring the victims. [16] The final official death toll declared 1,141 dead or missing. [1] : 17 

Response

Local organizations, military personnel, and the Red Cross of Sierra Leone contributed to immediate excavation and recovery efforts, working amid rainfall. The continued downpours and damaged passageways disrupted relief efforts, as did the topography of affected areas. [17] The Red Cross and the federal government contributed fifteen vehicles, including three ambulances, to assist in traveling to isolated areas, while the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) sent a joint team of forensic officers and specialized rescue units with trained dogs. [13] [18] [19] The Connaught Hospital mortuary in Freetown was overwhelmed by nearly 300 bodies in the first day alone, forcing workers to lay victims on floors and outside the building to be identified. [7] Due to the lack of manpower and threat of disease, bodies were buried in mass graves on August 15 at two sites in Waterloo. [20]

Sierra Leone's Office for National Security (ONS) advised survivors to evacuate flood-prone areas. [17] Additional evacuations took place when aerial images of a hillside adjacent to Sugar Loaf revealed the threat of another mudslide which could impact a much wider area. [21] Response teams were deployed to two voluntary relocation centers, the Old Skool compound in Hill Station and Juba barracks in Lumley, where workers distributed sanitation and medical supplies. [22] By August 16, workers in Regent and Kaningo began constructing emergency latrines and four 10,000-liter water harvesting systems. [23] Unsanitary waters raised fears of cholera; however, workers provided storage tanks, purification tablets, and instructional courses on hygiene to help prevent an outbreak of waterborne diseases. [24] [25] The government of Sierra Leone also launched its first ever cholera vaccination campaign on September 15, targeting over 500,000 citizens in the Western Area. [26] After the disaster, affected areas faced water shortages; as a result, UNICEF distributed 26,000 liters of drinking water each day. [27]

President Ernest Bai Koroma addressed Sierra Leone in a national broadcast August 15, declaring a state of emergency and announcing the establishment of a relief center in Regent. [10] He urged the nation, still recovering from the aftermath of the Ebola outbreak, to remain unified: "Our nation has once again been gripped by grief. Many of our compatriots have lost their lives, many more have been gravely injured and billions of Leones' worth of property destroyed in the flooding and landslides that swept across some parts of our city". [10] He also addressed the coordination of registries in Freetown that provided aid for residents left without shelter. [10] [28] On August 15, the president declared seven days of national mourning, which would begin immediately. [29]

Foreign assistance

Koroma made an appeal to the international community for relief. Already in the country, numerous international organisations acted immediately, providing basic supplies and services – from food and shelter to personal counselling and mobile phones. Among others, Action Against Hunger, CARE International, GOAL, Handicap International, Muslim Aid, Plan International, Red Cross, Save the Children, Streetchild, Trocaire, UK Aid, World Vision and various UN agencies were involved. [30]

Several European countries responded with donations: the United Kingdom provided £5 million for clean drinking water and medicine, Ireland donated €400,000, Spain donated €50,000 and assembled a technical forensic team, and Switzerland spent CHF400,000 to provide sanitation and first-aid kits . [31] [19] [32] West African country donations included $500,000 from Togo, medical supplies distributed by Liberia, and pledges for support by Guinea and Nigeria. [19] [33] [34] Other governments such as China donated $1 million through their embassy in Freetown, and Israel sent an envoy supplying food and medical supplies. [19] [35] In response to the disaster, the United Nations (UN) arranged contingency plans to mitigate potential outbreaks of waterborne diseases. [36] [37] The UN's migration agency allocated $150,000 in initial-response aid and mobilized personnel in Sierra Leone to assist in rescue operations and distribute supplies to survivors. [36] The World Food Programme (WFP) provided rations for 7,500 people. [38] The European Union (EU) authorized €300,000 for humanitarian aid on August 16. [39] On August 17, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) approved CHF4.6 million worth of aid to be distributed through the Sierra Leone Red Cross agency for use over a 10-month period. [40]

Three months removed from the disaster, the Sierra Leone government announced the closure of emergency camps, which housed many families awaiting financial assistance. About 98 families from the UK-Aid and World Food Programme-sponsored camps received assistance, yet nearly 500 families housed in informal refuges had not prior to the November 15 deadline. [41]

In 2018, a United Nations Office of Project Services (UNOPS) project was undertaken to stabilise the slopes of Sugar Loaf mountain, coordinated by local engineer Trudy Morgan. [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Iris</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Iris was a small, but powerful Category 4 hurricane that caused widespread destruction in Belize. Iris was the second-strongest storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, behind Hurricane Michelle. It was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the year, forming from a tropical wave on October 4 just southeast of Barbados. It moved westward through the Caribbean, intensifying into a tropical storm on October 5 south of Puerto Rico, and into a hurricane on the following day. While passing south of the Dominican Republic, Iris dropped heavy rainfall that caused landslides, killing eight people. Later, the hurricane passed south of Jamaica, where it destroyed two houses. On reaching the western Caribbean Sea, Iris rapidly intensified into a Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. A small hurricane with an eye of only 7 mi (11 km) in diameter, Iris reached peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) before making landfall in southern Belize near Monkey River Town on October 9. The hurricane quickly dissipated over Central America, although its remnants contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Manuel in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The hurricane caused severe damage—destroying homes, flooding streets, and leveling trees—in coastal towns south of Belize City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Mozambique flood</span> Natural disaster in Mozambique in 2000

The 2000 Mozambique flood was a natural disaster that occurred in February and March 2000. The catastrophic flooding was caused by heavy rainfall caused by Cyclone Leon-Eline that lasted for four weeks and made many homeless. Approximately 800 people died, 1400 km2 of arable land was affected and 20,000 head of cattle and food were lost. It was the worst flood in Mozambique in 50 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Emily (2005)</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Emily was a powerful early season tropical cyclone that caused significant damage across the Lesser Antilles, the Caribbean, and Mexico. The fifth named storm of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Emily is one of only two Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record in the month of July, along with Hurricane Beryl in 2024. It formed on July 11 from a tropical wave, which progressed westward across the Atlantic. Three days later, the hurricane struck Grenada before entering the eastern Caribbean Sea. After fluctuating in intensity, Emily strengthened to attain maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) on July 16 while passing southwest of Jamaica. Slight weakening occurred before Emily made landfall along Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on July 18. Quickly crossing the peninsula, Emily emerged into the Gulf of Mexico and reorganized, making a second landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas on July 20. It rapidly weakened and dissipated over land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Southern Leyte mudslide</span> Major landslide in the Philippines

On February 17, 2006, a massive rock slide-debris avalanche occurred in the Philippine province of Southern Leyte, causing widespread damage and loss of life. The deadly landslide followed a 10-day period of heavy rain and a minor earthquake. The official death toll was 1,126.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Durian</span> Pacific typhoon in 2006

Typhoon Durian, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Reming, was a deadly tropical cyclone that wreaked havoc in the Philippines and later crossed the Malay Peninsula in late November 2006, causing massive loss of life when mudflows from the Mayon Volcano buried many villages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">October 1999 Mexico floods</span> 1999 flood in Mexico

In October 1999, severe flooding affected portions of eastern Mexico and Central America. Rainfall in September preceded the primary event in Mexico, which moistened soils. On October 4, Tropical Depression Eleven developed in the Gulf of Mexico, which drew humidity from the gulf and the Pacific Ocean to produce torrential rainfall in mountainous regions of eastern Mexico, reaching 43.23 in (1,098 mm) in Jalacingo, Veracruz. This was the third-highest tropical cyclone-related rainfall total in Mexico from 1980–2006, and the event caused the highest rainfall related to tropical cyclones in Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Puebla. In some locations, the daily rainfall represented over 10% of the annual precipitation total. The heaviest rainfall occurred in mountainous regions that were the mouths of several rivers. A broad trough absorbed the depression on October 6, and rainfall continued for the next few days. Additional rainfall occurred in Tabasco state on October 18. The floods were estimated as a 1 in 67 year event in one location, although such floods are expected to affect eastern Mexico twice per century, the last time being 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">October 2008 Central America floods</span> Atlantic tropical depression in 2008

The October 2008 Central America floods were caused by a series of low-pressure areas including Tropical Depression Sixteen, a short-lived tropical cyclone in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season that made landfall in Honduras. Heavy rainfall began in early October 2008 while a tropical wave passed through the region. On October 14, Tropical Depression Sixteen formed just off the northeast coast of Honduras, and at the same time a low-pressure system was on the Pacific coast. Both systems increased rainfall across the region, although the depression dropped heavy rainfall close to its center when it moved ashore on October 15. Although Tropical Depression Sixteen quickly dissipated over land, its remnants persisted for several days. Another low-pressure area interacted with a cold front on October 21, adding to the rainfall in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Agatha</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2010

Tropical Storm Agatha was a weak but deadly tropical cyclone that brought widespread floods to much of Central America, and was the deadliest storm in the eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin since Hurricane Pauline in 1997. The first named storm of the 2010 Pacific hurricane season, Agatha originated from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a region of thunderstorms across the tropics. It developed into a tropical depression on May 29 and tropical storm later, it was dissipated on May 30, reaching top winds of 45 mph and a lowest pressure of 1000 mbar. It made landfall near the Guatemala–Mexico border on the evening of May 29. Agatha produced torrential rain all across Central America, which resulted in the death of one person in Nicaragua. In Guatemala, 152 people were killed and 100 left missing by landslides. Thirteen deaths also occurred in El Salvador. Agatha soon dissipated over Guatemala. As of June 15, officials in Guatemala have stated that 165 people were killed and 113 others are missing.

The 2010 Albanian Floods refer to several periods of major flooding in the northern regions of Albania around Shkodra, Lezhë and Durrës between December 2009 and January 2010.

As of 24 September 2012, a cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone had caused the deaths of 392 people. It was the country's largest outbreak of cholera since first reported in 1970 and the deadliest since the 1994–1995 cholera outbreak. The outbreak has also affected Guinea, which shares a reservoir near the coast. This was the largest cholera outbreak in Africa in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regent, Sierra Leone</span> Place in Western Area, Sierra Leone

Regent is a mountainous town in the Western Area Rural District of Sierra Leone. Regent lies approximately six miles east of Freetown, and close to the village of Gloucester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Sri Lanka cyclone</span> Tropical cyclone

In May 2003, a tropical cyclone officially called Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 produced the worst flooding in Sri Lanka in 56 years. The first storm of the 2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, it developed over the Bay of Bengal on May 10. Favorable environmental conditions allowed the system to intensify steadily while moving northwestward. The storm reached peak maximum sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) on May 13, making it a very severe cyclonic storm according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the basin. The cyclone drifted north over the central Bay of Bengal, gradually weakening due to heightened wind shear. Turning eastward, the storm deteriorated to a deep depression on May 16 before it curved northeastward and re-intensified into a cyclonic storm. It came ashore in western Myanmar and dissipated over land the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early 2000 Madagascar floods</span> Multiple floods in 2000 in Madagascar

In early 2000, severe flooding occurred in the African nation of Madagascar after Cyclone Leon–Eline and Severe Tropical Storm Gloria struck the nation within a two-week period. The first storm, Eline, formed on February 1, and took an extended track across the Indian Ocean, eventually making landfall near Mahanoro on February 17. On March 1, Gloria struck northeastern Madagascar, and like Eline, moved southwestward across the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Erika</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2015

Tropical Storm Erika was one of the deadliest and most destructive natural disasters in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. The fifth named storm of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season, Erika developed from a westward-moving tropical wave while well east of the Lesser Antilles. Hostile conditions, including dry air and wind shear, inhibited significant development, and Erika failed to acquire sustained winds beyond 50 mph (80 km/h). Contrary to predictions of a northwesterly recurvature, the cyclone persisted on a westerly course and passed through the Leeward Islands and emerged over the Caribbean Sea on August 27. Erika succumbed to adverse conditions the following day, dissipating as a tropical cyclone near the Dominican Republic. The remnant system persisted for several more days, moving into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, before dissipating over Georgia on September 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti</span>

Hurricane Matthew struck southwestern Haiti near Les Anglais on October 4, 2016, leaving widespread damage in the impoverished nation. Matthew was a late-season Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale, having formed in the southeastern Caribbean on September 28. The hurricane weakened to Category 4 before making landfall near Les Anglais on October 4, at which time the National Hurricane Center estimated maximum sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). This made it the strongest storm to hit the nation since Hurricane Cleo in 1964, and the third strongest Haitian landfall on record. Hurricane-force winds – 119 km/h (74 mph) or greater – affected about 1.125 million people in the country. The Haitian government assessed the death toll at 674, although other sources reported more than three times that figure.

On 16 August 2017, severe flooding caused a mountainside to collapse, triggering a landslide which affected a fishing village in the Democratic Republic of Congo's Ituri province. The disaster killed at least 200 people. Much of the damage is attributed to poorly regulated housing in vulnerable mountainous regions and heavy deforestation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Sagar</span> Tropical cyclone which made landfall in Somalia and Somaliland

Cyclonic Storm Sagar was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Somalia and Somaliland in recorded history until Gati in 2020, and the first named cyclone of the 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. Forming on May 16 east of the Guardafui Channel, Sagar intensified into a cyclonic storm on the next day, as it gradually organized. The storm turned to the west-southwest and traversed the entirety of the Gulf of Aden, making landfall over Somaliland on May 19, farther west than any other storm on record in the North Indian Ocean. Sagar weakened into a remnant low on May 20.

A series of flash floods occurred in Afghanistan beginning in June 2020, with the largest and most impactful flood occurring on 26 August 2020. They were caused by torrential rain in Charikar, Parwan Province. The August floods killed at least 179 people and injured 212 others, and destroyed hundreds of houses. The Ministry of Disaster Management has also reported some casualties and destruction of infrastructure in the provinces of Kapisa, Maidan Wardak, Nangarhar, Panjshir, and Paktia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricanes in Honduras</span>

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. To the west of Honduras is Guatemala, to the south is Nicaragua, to the southwest is El Salvador, and to the north is the Caribbean Sea.

The 2019–2020 Congo River floods resulted from torrential rains from October 2019 to January 2020 that caused the overflow of the Congo and Ubangi rivers, floods and landslides throughout the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Republic of Congo (RoC) and led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The World Bank (2017). Sierra Leone (PDF). Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslides and Floods in the Western Area (Report). Publication of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association.
  2. ↑ "Provisional Results" (PDF). Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census. Statistics Sierra Leone. March 2016.
  3. ↑ Sierra Leone - The Natural Landscape: Relief Features (1986). DSHWN/SMS (ed.). The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 16. p. 734. ISBN   0852293879. OCLC   866212756.
  4. ↑ "Sierra Leone Flooding and Mudslide Relief August 19 to August 29". Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation . September 1, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  5. 1 2 Ratcliffe, Rebecca (August 14, 2017). "Hundreds killed after Sierra Leone mudslide". The Guardian. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  6. ↑ Drury, Flora (August 16, 2017). "Freetown: A disaster waiting to happen?". BBC News. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Roy-Macaulay, Clarence (August 15, 2017). "More than 300 dead, 600 missing in Sierra Leone mudslides". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  8. ↑ Gibbens, Sarah (August 16, 2017). "Explaining the Deadly Sierra Leone Mudslide". National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  9. ↑ Clarke, Hillary (August 14, 2017). "Hundreds killed in Sierra Leone mudslides". CNN . Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Mudslides, floods sweep through Sierra Leone capital Freetown, 312 dead". Hindustan Times. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  11. ↑ Cooper, Lara (August 14, 2017). "Sierra Leone Reeling in Wake of Rising Flood Waters". Direct Relief . Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Sierra Leone floods kill hundreds as mudslides bury houses". BBC . August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  13. 1 2 "Sierra Leone: Mudslides – Area and Infrastructure Affected – August 2017" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Landslide and Floods Situation Update no.8, 31 August 2017" (PDF). United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  15. ↑ Kennedy, Merrit (August 14, 2017). "Hundreds Feared Dead After Mudslide In Sierra Leone". NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Local Leaders Say 1,000 Dead from Sierra Leone Mudslides". VOA. Associated Press. August 27, 2017. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  17. 1 2 "Briefing Notes: Sierra Leone mudslides and floods" (PDF). ACAPS. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Flash Update" (PDF). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Sierra Leone: Flash Update no.3 OCHA West & Central Africa, 17 August 2017" (PDF). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  20. ↑ Barry, Jaime (August 16, 2017). "Sierra Leone Buries Over 300 Mudslide Victims in Mass Graves". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  21. ↑ Busari, Stephanie (August 17, 2017). "Sierra Leone: New mudslide threat looms ahead of mass burial". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  22. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Flood and landslide Situation Report No. 7, 31 August 2017" (PDF). UNICEF. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  23. ↑ "Status report" (PDF). UNICEF. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  24. ↑ Lazareva, Inna (September 7, 2017). "After deadly mudslide, Sierra Leone vaccinates against cholera". Reuters. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  25. ↑ James, John (August 16, 2017). "In Sierra Leone mudslides rip a community apart". UN Children's Fund. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Emergency cholera vaccination campaign kicks off in Sierra Leone". World Health Organization; UN Children's Fund. September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Flood and landslide Situation Report No. 5, 22 August 2017" (PDF). UNICEF. August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Sierra Leone mudslides: Urgent plea for help as death toll rises". BBC News. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Sierra Leone declares 7-day mourning for mudslide victims". Business Standard. IANS. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  30. ↑ Williams-Gerdes, Carolyn. "The need for holistic action". D+C, Development and Cooperation.
  31. ↑ Busari, Stephanie; Clarke, Hilary. "Death toll in Sierra Leone mudslides rises to 467". CNN . Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Switzerland to send CHF400,000 in aid to Sierra Leone". Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Flash Update no.4 OCHA West & Central Africa, 19 August 2017" (PDF). OCHA. August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  34. ↑ Seagbeh, Evelyn (August 18, 2017). "Liberian team to aid Sierra Leone's mudslide victims". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  35. ↑ "Chinese Government Provides One Million USD Emergency Disaster Relief Fund to Sierra Leone". Chinese Embassy of Freetown. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  36. 1 2 "UN evaluates Sierra Leone needs after deadly floods". New Straits Times. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  37. ↑ Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Inveen, Cooper (August 15, 2017). "Sierra Leone mudslide: president calls for urgent help as search continues". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Flash Update no.2 OCHA West & Central Africa, 16 August 2017". OCHA. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  39. ↑ "EU sends emergency relief for Sierra Leone". Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  40. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Mudslides – Emergency Appeal". International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Failed promises: survivors of deadly mudslide left homeless by Sierra Leone government". The Guardian. November 21, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  42. ↑ Goba, Kadia (October 3, 2018). "Sierra Leone: Women of the Mountain". Pacific Standard. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.