3C 357

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3C 357
Image of 3C 357.png
The radio galaxy 3C 357.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Hercules
Right ascension 17h 28m 20.09s [1]
Declination +31° 46′ 02.74″ [1]
Redshift 0.166460 [1]
Heliocentric radial velocity 49,903 km/s [1]
Distance 2.135 Gly
Apparent magnitude  (B)15.5
Characteristics
Type E [1]
Size~377,000  ly (115.7  kpc) (estimated) [1]
Other designations
4C +31.47, B2 1726+31, 2MASX J17282013+3146030, PGC 60351, DA 435, NRAO 0528, TXS 1726+318

3C 357 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation of Hercules. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.166 [1] and it was first discovered in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources survey in 1962 by A.S. Bennett. [2] It is also documented in the Fourth Cambridge survey, designated as 4C 31.47. [3]

Contents

Description

3C 357 is classified as a Type II Fanaroff-Riley Class radio galaxy. [4] It is hosted by a large featureless elliptical galaxy with a bright central core. [5]

There is a dust lane located on the southwest side of the galaxy based on imaging made by Hubble Space Telescope, being visible downwards to the inner region. [6] [7] [8] This dust lane is split into two separate parts; one near the nucleus and the other extending outwards from the nucleus towards the northwest direction with a dust emission path at its end. [9] There is clearly a disky isophotal structure present in the galaxy with faint thin tendrils. [10]

The radio source of 3C 357 is found to be a double, orientating by nearly east to west direction. [11] [12] When imaged with a radio map taken by Very Large Array (VLA) at 4.86 GHz, the source displays a visible radio core and multiple hotspots. A jet is seen located within the northwest radio lobe, pointing towards the direction of a compact hotspot. At 1.4 GHz, the map shows evidence of a large-scale structure. [13] Snapshots with Chandra X-ray Observatory found there is radio emission from the core with no traces of any radiation around it or being associated with its hotspots. [14]

Although the nucleus of the galaxy is depolarized, a study showed there are four vectors in the emission region, found perpendicular towards the radius indicating the polarized light has a scattering origin. [15] In 2021, extended X-ray emission was found detected around the galaxy, mainly along the radio axis. [16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "NED Search results for 3C 357". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-08-31.
  2. ↑ Bennett, A. S. (1962). "The revised 3C catalogue of radio sources". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 163. Bibcode:1962MmRAS..68..163B.
  3. ↑ Long, R. J.; Smith, M. A.; Stewart, P.; Williams, P. J. S. (1966-12-01). "The Radio Spectra of Sources in the Fourth Cambridge Catalogue" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 134 (4): 371–388. Bibcode:1966MNRAS.134..371L. doi: 10.1093/mnras/134.4.371 .
  4. ↑ Kharb, P.; Shastri, P. (2004-09-28). "Optical nuclei of radio-loud AGN and the Fanaroff-Riley divide". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 425 (3): 825–836. arXiv: astro-ph/0401042 . Bibcode:2004A&A...425..825K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400023.
  5. ↑ Floyd, David J. E.; Axon, David; Baum, Stefi; Capetti, Alessandro; Chiaberge, Marco; Macchetto, Duccio; Madrid, Juan; Miley, George; O'Dea, Christopher P.; Perlman, Eric; Quillen, Alice; Sparks, William; Tremblay, Grant (July 2008). "Hubble Space Telescope Near-infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. II. An Atlas and Inventory of the Host Galaxies, Mergers, and Companions". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 177 (1): 148–173. arXiv: 0712.0595 . Bibcode:2008ApJS..177..148F. doi:10.1086/587622.
  6. ↑ de Koff, Sigrid; Baum, Stefi A.; Sparks, William B.; Biretta, John; Golombek, Daniel; Macchetto, Ferdinando; McCarthy, Patrick; Miley, George K. (December 1996). "HST Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. I. Intermediate Redshifts". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 107 (2): 621–660. Bibcode:1996ApJS..107..621D. doi:10.1086/192376.
  7. ↑ A., Capetti; de Ruiter, H. R.; R., Fanti; R., Morganti; P., Parma; -H., Ulrich, M. (October 2000). "The HST snapshot survey of the B2 sample of low luminosity radio-galaxies: a picture gallery". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 362: 871. arXiv: astro-ph/0009056 . Bibcode:2000A&A...362..871C.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Marchesini, D.; Capetti, A.; Celotti, A. (2005-04-01). "Probing the nuclear obscuration in radio-galaxies with near infrared imaging" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (3): 841–854. arXiv: astro-ph/0412388 . Bibcode:2005A&A...433..841M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042072.
  9. ↑ de Koff, Sigrid; Best, Philip; Baum, Stefi A.; Sparks, William; Rottgering, Huub; Miley, George; Golombek, Daniel; Macchetto, Ferdinando; Martel, Andre (July 2000). "The Dust-Radio Connection in 3CR Radio Galaxies" . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 129 (1): 33–59. Bibcode:2000ApJS..129...33D. doi:10.1086/313402.
  10. ↑ Tremblay, G. R.; Chiaberge, M.; Donzelli, C. J.; Quillen, A. C.; Capetti, A.; Sparks, W. B.; Macchetto, F. D. (September 2007). "Isophotal Structure and Dust Distribution in Radio-loud Elliptical Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 666 (1): 109–121. arXiv: 0705.3642 . Bibcode:2007ApJ...666..109T. doi:10.1086/520333.
  11. ↑ Riley, J. M.; Pooley, G. G. (1976). "Observations of 31 extragalactic radio sources with the Cambridge 50-km telescope at 5 GHz". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 81: 106–137.
  12. ↑ McCarthy, Patrick J.; Spinrad, Hyron; van Breugel, Wil (July 1995). "Emission-Line Imaging of 3CR Radio Galaxies. I. Imaging Data". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 99: 27. Bibcode:1995ApJS...99...27M. doi:10.1086/192178. Archived from the original on 2024-02-16.
  13. ↑ Harvanek, Michael; Hardcastle, Martin J. (November 1998). "A VLA Study of 15 3CR Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 119 (1): 25–39. arXiv: astro-ph/9805363 . Bibcode:1998ApJS..119...25H. doi:10.1086/313154.
  14. ↑ Massaro, F.; Tremblay, G. R.; Harris, D. E.; Kharb, P.; Axon, D.; Balmaverde, B.; Baum, S. A.; Capetti, A.; Chiaberge, M.; Gilli, R.; Giovannini, G.; Grandi, P.; Macchetto, F. D.; O'Dea, C. P.; Risaliti, G. (2012-11-28). "CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH z< 0.3. II. COMPLETING THE SNAPSHOT SURVEY". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 203 (2): 31. arXiv: 1210.6027 . Bibcode:2012ApJS..203...31M. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/31.
  15. ↑ Cohen, Marshall H.; Ogle, Patrick M.; Tran, Hien D.; Goodrich, Robert W.; Miller, Joseph S. (November 1999). "Polarimetry and Unification of Low-Redshift Radio Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 1963–1987. arXiv: astro-ph/9909215 . Bibcode:1999AJ....118.1963C. doi:10.1086/301074.
  16. ↑ Jimenez-Gallardo, A.; Massaro, F.; Paggi, A.; D’Abrusco, R.; Prieto, M. A.; Peña-Herazo, H. A.; Berta, V.; Ricci, F.; Stuardi, C.; Wilkes, B. J.; O’Dea, C. P.; Baum, S. A.; Kraft, R. P.; Forman, W. R.; Jones, C. (2021-02-01). "Extended X-Ray Emission around FR II Radio Galaxies: Hot Spots, Lobes, and Galaxy Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 252 (2): 31. arXiv: 2011.04668 . Bibcode:2021ApJS..252...31J. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/abcecd .
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