AP Physics

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Advanced Placement (AP) Physics is a set of four courses offered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program:

Contents

Each AP course has an exam for which high-performing students may receive credit toward their college coursework. [8]

Curriculum

AP Physics 1 and C: Mechanics

AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics 1 are both introductory college-level courses in mechanics, with the former recognized by more universities. [8] The AP Physics C: Mechanics exam includes a combination of conceptual questions, algebra-based questions, and calculus-based questions, while the AP Physics 1 exam includes only conceptual and algebra-based questions. Both exams have the same number of multiple-choice questions and have identical free-response formats. [9] AP Physics 1 has the lowest average exam scores of any AP exam, while AP Physics C: Mechanics has among the highest. [10]

Both exams cover a similar mixture of topics, focusing primarily on Newtonian mechanics, kinematics, rotation, and oscillation. In addition, AP Physics 1 covers selected topics from fluid mechanics such as density, pressure, buoyancy, and flow, [11] while AP Physics C: Mechanics instead covers calculations involving air resistance, spring systems, the shell theorem, and physical pendulums. [12]

The course topics are grouped into distinct units, and the weightings of each unit on the exams are as follows:

Exam Weighting
Topic Physics C: Mech Physics 1
Kinematics 10–15%10–15%
Force and Translational Dynamics 20–25%18–23%
Work, Energy, and Power 15–25%18–23%
Linear Momentum 10–20%10–15%
Torque and Rotational Dynamics 10–15%10–15%
Energy and Momentum of Rotating Systems 10–15%5–8%
Oscillations 10–15%5–8%
Fluids  –10–15%

AP Physics 2 and C: Electricity and Magnetism

AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism and AP Physics 2 introduce topics from the second course in a standard college-level physics sequence. High school students who have already completed a first course in mechanics, such as AP Physics C: Mechanics or AP Physics 1, often proceed to either AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism or AP Physics 2, with the former recognized by more universities. [8] [13]

The AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism exam (known as "E&M" for short) includes a combination of conceptual questions, algebra-based questions, and calculus-based questions, while the AP Physics 2 exam includes only conceptual and algebra-based questions. Both exams have the same number of multiple-choice questions and have identical free-response formats. [9] [14]

Both exams cover core concepts in electromagnetism, such as electrostatics, capacitors, simple electric circuits, magnetism, and induction. However, AP Physics 2 additionally covers thermodynamics, waves, sound, optics, and modern physics, [15] while AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism instead covers calculations involving electric flux, inductance, RL circuits, LC circuits, and the equations of Maxwell and Biot-Savart. [16] These topics are weighted on each exam as follows:

Exam Weighting
Topic Physics C: E&M Physics 2
Thermodynamics  –15–18%
Electrostatics 35–60% [a] 15–18% [b]
Electric Circuits 15–25%15–18%
Magnetism and Electromagnetism 20–40% [c] 12–15%
Geometric Optics  –12–15%
Waves, Sound, and Physical Optics  –12–15%
Modern Physics  –12–15%

History

Evolution of AP Physics C and B

AP courses were first administered by the College Board in the 1955–1956 school year, with AP Physics being one of the ten courses. [17] To reflect that college and university physics courses use different levels of mathematics, in 1969, the single AP Physics course was split into AP Physics C and AP Physics B. AP Physics C served as a calculus-based course for physical science and engineering students, whereas AP Physics B served as an algebra-based course for life science and pre-medical students. AP Physics A, which would have served as a concept-based course with little to no mathematics, was also planned, but it was never materialized, as colleges would not offer credit for the course. [18] [19]

AP Physics C and AP Physics B both covered five major content areas: (1) mechanics, (2) fluids and thermal physics, (3) electricity and magnetism, (4) waves and optics, and (5) atomic and nuclear physics. In 1973, AP Physics C was further split into AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, leaving out the other content areas entirely. Before 2006, students who took the AP Physics C exam paid only once and were given the choice of taking either one or two parts of the exam, but in 2006, the College Board began to charge a separate fee to take each exam. A 2007 study found that passing either exam was associated with greater success in college science courses. [20]

Evolution of AP Physics 1 and 2

In 2014, AP Physics B was discontinued and replaced with two new courses, AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2, after a study by the National Research Council concluded that AP Physics B was too broad and emphasized computation over conceptual understanding. [21] The new AP Physics 1 and 2 sequence was designed to be taken over the span of two years instead of just one in order to give students enough time to understand the concepts at an appropriate depth. Also in 2014, calculators were permitted for use on all parts of all AP Physics exams, whereas previously they had been permitted on only the free-response questions.

After the implementation of AP Physics 1 and 2, the number of students taking the AP Physics exam doubled from 2014-2015, the largest annual growth for any AP course in history. [22] Until 2020, AP Physics 1 covered not only mechanics (including rotational mechanics, not previously covered in AP Physics B), but also sound, mechanical waves, and topics in electricity (including Coulomb's Law and resistive DC circuits). Meanwhile, AP Physics 2 covered the other content areas. In 2020, the sound, waves, and electricity topics were removed from AP Physics 1 and moved to AP Physics 2. In 2024, the unit covering fluids was moved from AP Physics 2 to AP Physics 1, making space in the AP Physics 2 curriculum for more detail on waves and modern physics. [9] [14]

Standardizing the exams' format

In 2024, the College Board adopted a consistent exam format for all four AP Physics exams: 80 minutes for 40 multiple-choice questions, followed by 100 minutes for 4 free-response questions (mathematical routines, translation between representations, experimental design and analysis, and qualitative/quantitative translation), totaling 180 minutes. [9] [14] Previously, the AP Physics C exams were the shortest AP exams at just 90 minutes each and could be taken back-to-back on the same day, but with the revisions now doubling the duration of those exams, taking them in the same window of time is no longer possible.

Notes

  1. ↑ In AP Physics C: E&M, this is covered as three units: Electric Charges, Fields, and Gauss's Law (15-25%), Electric Potential (10-20%), and Conductors and Capacitors (10–15%).
  2. ↑ In AP Physics 2, this unit is known as Electric Force, Field, and Potential.
  3. ↑ In AP Physics C: E&M, this is covered as two units: Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetism (10-20%), and Electromagnetic Induction (10-20%).

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References

  1. ↑ "Advanced Placement A&P to Launch in Fall 2024". Human Anatomy and Physiology Society. 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Director, AP Anatomy & Physiology". Illinois Job Link. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  3. ↑ "AP for all sophomores? This school is doing it". School News Network. 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  4. ↑ "Introducing AP Business Principles/Personal Finance". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  5. ↑ "AP Business Principles/Personal Finance" (PDF). College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Career Kickstart Cybersecurity Pilots". College Board. 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  7. ↑ "AP World History: Ancient" (PDF). College Board. 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 "Getting Credit and Placement". AP Students. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "AP Physics Revisions for 2024-2025". AP Central. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Ranking the Easiest and Hardest AP Classes Based on Exam Scores". Crimson Education. 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  11. ↑ "AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Course". AP Central. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  12. ↑ "AP Physics C: Mechanics". AP Central. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  13. ↑ "High School Physics Enrollments by Type of Course". AIP.org. The American Institute of Physics. 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  14. 1 2 3 Lincoln, James (2024-02-01). "Changes in AP Physics courses effective 2024-2025". The Physics Teacher. 62 (2): 154–155. doi:10.1119/5.0190721. ISSN   1943-4928 . Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  15. ↑ "AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Course". AP Central. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  16. ↑ "AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Course". AP Central. The College Board. 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  17. ↑ The History of the AP Program Archived May 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  18. ↑ Physics Course Description (PDF), The College Board, May 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-01
  19. ↑ Perlmutter, Carolyn (October 9, 2014). "AP Physics curriculum changes provide more time for conceptual understanding". J.J. Pearce High School Pony Express. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  20. ↑ Sadler, Philip (2007). "Advanced Placement Exam Scores as a Predictor of Performance in Introductory College Biology, Chemistry and Physics Courses" (PDF). Science Educator. 16 (2): 1–19. ISSN   1094-3277 . Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  21. ↑ Fullerton, Dan. "What is the Difference Between AP Physics B and AP Physics 1 and 2?". Educator. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  22. ↑ Loewus, Liana. "More Students Taking AP Physics, Computer Science Exams". Education Week. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
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