Acraea penelope

Acraea penelope
A. p. translucida male figure 4, A. p. derubescens figure 5, A. p. translucida female figure 6, A. p. vitrea figure 7
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Acraea
Species:	A. penelope
Binomial name
Acraea penelope Staudinger, 1896 [1]
Synonyms
Acraea (Actinote) penelope Acraea penelope f. argenteaEltringham, 1912 Acraea penelope f. exalbescensEltringham, 1912 Acraea penelope f. penellaEltringham, 1912 Acraea penelope ab. sulphurescensAurivillius, 1913 Acraea penelope f. laeticolorLe Doux, 1928 Acraea penelope penelope f. josettaJackson, 1951

Acraea penelope, the Penelope acraea or Penelope's acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. ^[2] The habitat consists of sub-montane forests.

Description

For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

A. penelope differs from the very similar species in the abbreviated streaks on the underside of the hindwing, which do not reach the distal margin; the cell of the forewing is sometimes unicolorous dark without spots, sometimes more or less diaphanous; the forewing in 1-6 with light or transparent spots, which are often united into a transverse band; the hindwing above at the base broadly darkened (occasionally in the females very slightly) and then with a red or red-yellow (occasionally light yellow) median band and broad black marginal band. The under surface of the hindwing is light coloured, usually yellowish, and has in the basal part the usual dots, 2 in cellule 7 and 1-3 in the cell. The species is very variable and the forms intergrade without any sharp dividing-line. - penelope Stgr. (57 b). Wings thickly scaled, ground-colour black; the spots in cellules 1-3 of the forewing small, free, rounded, red or reddish, the one in 3 often absent; those in cellules 4-6 are also small and form a sharply defined, whitish transparent subapical band; hindwing with narrow red median band, beneath light yellow with thick black streaks proximally often united on the veins. Specimens in which spots 1 b and 2 are larger, lighter and more or less transparent constitute transitions to the following forms. Congo and Uganda. - female -ab. argentea Eltr. Spots transparent and continuous, forming a transverse band, which, however, does not entirely cover the base of cellules 3-6; those in cellules 1 b and 2 proximally tinged with reddish; median band of the hindwing red-yellow, about 5 mm. in breadth; dark marginal band of the upper surface with distinct black longitudinal streaks; under surface except in the middle with silver-grey ground-colour. Uganda.- female -ab. exalbescens Eltr. resembles the type-form in pattern, but all the red markings are replaced by yellowish white and the marginal band on the upper surface is as broad as in argentea, 3–4 mm. Ground-colour of the under surface yellowish white. Uganda. -female ab. sulphurescens ab. nov. closely approaches the preceding form; spots 1 b and 2 of the forewing elongate-rounded, thinly scaled with yellowish, 3-6 diaphanous; median band of the hindwing above about 5 mm. in breadth, of exactly the same colour as in servona ; under surface coloured quite as in servona. Very like a small A. servona  ; but the cell of the fore wing without light spot and the marginal streaks on the under surface abbreviated and distally pointed as in penelope. Uganda: Sesse Islands. female -ab. penella Eltr. Forewing above at the base reddish almost to the apex of the cell, then with a hyaline median band about 5 mm. in breadth, which, however, does not cover the base of cellules 4-6, so that there is a blackish spot at the end of the cell: marginal band black-brown, about 2 mm. in breadth. Hindwing above only narrowly darkened at the base and with narrow marginal band, only 2 mm. in breadth, the red-yellow median band consequently much widened, in the middle about 10mm. in breadth; hindwing beneath strongly suffused with reddish in the basal half and with much lighter median band. Uganda. - vitrea Eltr. Fore wing above black with sharply defined diaphanous transverse band about 4 mm. in breadth, which does not fully reach the base of cellules 2-6 and is tinged with reddish in 1 a and at the proximal side of the spots in 1 b and 2; the hindwing with red-yellow median band about 7 mm. in breadth and black marginal band about 2 mm.; under surface as in the type-form with the ground-colour light yellow. British East Africa. - derubescens Eltr. (57 b; as peneleos). Forewing above almost as in vitrea, the diaphanous spots, however, often reaching the base of cellules 2-6; hindwing with bright red median band, only 4.5 mm. in breadth, and black marginal band 5 mm. in breadth, hindwing beneath light greenish at the base and the distal margin, light yellow in the middle. Togoland. translucida. - translucida Eltr. (60 a) differs from the other forms in having the forewing diaphanous and only at the margins and the base narrowly blackish (male) or dark grey (female); hindwing in the almost as in the type-form, but with red-yellow median band 7 mm. in breadth, in the female very little darkened at the base and with grey marginal band, not sharply defined, hence almost the entire upper surface light reddish yellow. Lagos. ^[3]

Subspecies

• A. p. penelope (eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Tanzania)
• A. p. vitreaEltringham, 1912 (Kenya: highlands west of the Rift Valley)

Taxonomy

It is a member of the Acraea circeis species group.

Etymology

Named in the Classical tradition Penelope is a character in Homer's Odyssey.

References

1. "Acraea Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
2. "Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
3. Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Grosschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Grosschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

External links

• Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 57 b
• Images representing Acraea penelope at Bold
• A. p. penelope Archived 2020-01-27 at the Wayback Machine at Pteron