Adrianichthys kruyti

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Adrianichthys kruyti
Andrianichthys kruyti 2.jpg
Status iucn3.1 CR.svg
Critically endangered, possibly extinct  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Beloniformes
Family: Adrianichthyidae
Genus: Adrianichthys
Species:
A. kruyti
Binomial name
Adrianichthys kruyti

Adrianichthys kruyti (the duck-billed buntingi or duckbilled buntingi) is a critically endangered species of ricefish that is endemic to Lake Poso, Sulawesi, Indonesia. [1] [2] It was discovered by Max Wilhelm Carl Weber on his Siboga Expedition to Indonesia. [3]

Contents

Description

The duck-billed buntingi is on average about 11 cm long [4] but can grow as long as 16 cm in length. [5] Despite their size they were sometimes caught by local fishermen and eaten. [4] The duck-billed buntingi has 14–16 dorsal soft rays and 24–25 anal soft rays. [5] Its defining characteristic, which separates Adrianichthys from all other members of the family, Adrianichthyidae, is its peculiar "duck-bill," or overhanging upper jaw. [5] It has eyes that protrude above the dorsal profile of its head and are visible from below. It also has 14–16 rays in dorsal fin and about 75 scales in lateral rows. [5]

Conservation

Some local fisherman living near Lake Poso attribute the duck-billed buntingi's dramatic decrease in population to the massive eruption of Colo Volcano on Una-Una Island in Tomini Bay in 1983. [4] This is unlikely to be the case. Instead most scientists believe the human introduction of the predatory fishes including snakehead, Channa striata , and tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus , most likely led to their present conservation status.

Conservation status

The duck-billed buntingi's status on the IUCN Red List changed from critically endangered to possibly extinct in 2019. [1] Historically the species was not closely monitored so it is unclear when the species population began to decrease. It was listed as endangered until 1996 when Harrison and Stiassny published an article claiming that the duck-billed buntingi could be extinct, which led to the World Conservation Union changing the status of that species from endangered to critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List. [1] The matter has been referred to the relevant Specialist Group for a decision. [1] Harrison and Stiassny believe that one of the possible causes for the extinction or decline in the A. kruyti population was an introduced disease or parasite. [2]

Conservation history

Ecology

The duck-billed buntingi only live in Lake Poso which is a freshwater body with a pH range: 7.5 – 8.5. [5] Although little is known about their reproductive tendencies, their predators, or who they prey on, one of their closest relatives, the Xenopoecilus poptae , may serve to give us some indication of the duck-billed buntingi's biology. [4] X. poptae was said to have congregated in great shoals of 12–15 m deep from November to January. [4] X. poptae reproductive systems are atypical they are believed to have voided eggs that hatched on contact with the lake water. [4]

Etymology

The specific name honours the Dutch medical missionary Albert Christian Kruyt (1889-1949) who obtained the type for Weber, and who was a colleague of Nicolaus Adriani after whom the genus Adrianichthys is named. [6] A. kuyti is the type species of its genus. [7]

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<i>Xenopoecilus</i> Genus of fishes

Xenopoecilus is a genus of small fish in the family Adrianichthyidae. All members of the genus are threatened and endemic to lakes in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pollution and the introduction of other fish into the lakes are the main reasons for the fall in Xenopoecilus numbers.

Popta's buntingi is a endangered species of fish in the family Adrianichthyidae. It is endemic to Lake Poso in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species was described by Max Carl Wilhelm Weber and Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort in 1922 and they gave it the species name poptae in honour of their fellow Dutch ichthyologist Canna Maria Louise Popta (1860-1929).

<i>Oryzias sarasinorum</i> Species of fish

Oryzias sarasinorum, the Sarasins minnow or Sarasins buntingi, is a species of ricefish in the Adrianichthyidae. It is endemic to Lake Lindu in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species was described as Haplochilus sarasinorum by C.M.L. Popta in 1905 and she named it in honour of the Swiss naturalists and second cousins Paul Sarasin (1856-1929) and Fritz Sarasin (1859-1942), the latter being the collector of the type. Although the IUCN state that the population of this fish is stabled it is threatened by introduced non native fish, common carp, Mozambique tilapia and walking catfish; and a decline in water quality caused by increased agriculture in the lake's catchment which is causing a decline in water quality, it is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

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Sarotherodon knauerae is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Ejagham in western Cameroon. This species can reach a length of 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) SL and feeds on detritus. It has not yet been rated by the IUCN, but it likely faces the same risks as the critically endangered Coptodon deckerti, which is threatened by pollution and sedimentation from human activities, a catfish from the genus Parauchenoglanis that has been introduced to the lake, and potentially also by large emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the lake's bottom (compare Lake Nyos), although Ejagham is not deep enough to contain very high amounts of this gas.

<i>Adrianichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Adrianichthys is a genus of ricefishes. The genus is endemic to Lake Poso in Sulawesi, Indonesia. All four species are considered seriously threatened and two of these, A. kruyti and A. roseni, have not been recorded for decades, leading to fears that they already are extinct. Adrianichthys are larger than the Oryzias ricefish, reaching lengths of 8.5–17.1 cm (3.3–6.7 in) depending on the exact species involved. The name of this genus is a compound ending in the Greek ichthys for "fish" with the first part honouring the linguist and missionary Nicolaus Adriani (1865-1926), who collected specimens around Lake Poso.

Torpedo mackayana, commonly known as the ringed torpedo, Western African torpedo, West African torpedo ray, McKay electric ray, or McKay's torpedo ray, is an electric ray species in the family Torpedinidae, which lives in shallow waters on the western coast of Africa. Characterized by rounded spiracles and white and brown spots, females grow to 35–50 centimetres (14–20 in) and males to 31.5–38.2 centimetres (12.4–15.0 in).

Adrianichthys roseni is a species of ricefish, a member of the family Adrianichthyidae which is endemic to Lake Poso on Sulawesi. Since the holotype was collected in 1978 there have been no reports of this species and if it still exists then it has a very low population. The IUCN categorise it as Critically Endangered. The specific name honours Donn Eric Rosen (1929-1986) of the American Museum of Natural History.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Mokodongan, D.F. (2019). "Adrianichthys kruyti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T523A90980485. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T523A90980485.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Harrison, Ian J. and Melanie L. J. Stiassny (1999). "The Quiet Crisis," Plenlum Publishers: New York
  3. ↑ Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. "Max Wilhelm Carl Weber, 1852-1937." 'Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society.' The Royal Society: 1938.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whitten et al.: "One or More Extinctions from Sulawesi, Indonesia?". Conservation Biology, 1987
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Cruz, Tess. "Adrianichthys kruyti: Duckbilled Buntingi". www.fishbase.org. Accessed April 23, 2007.
  6. ↑ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (15 June 2019). "Order BELONIFORMES (Needlefishes)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  7. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Adrianichthys". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 24 July 2019.
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