Agathidinae

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Agathidinae
Agathidinae sp.jpg
Female of an unidentified genus with elongate gena.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Braconidae
Subfamily: Agathidinae
Tribes

Agathidinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used in biological control programs. [1]

Contents

Description

Agathidines are among the larger braconids, and diurnal members of this subfamily are often brightly patterned. They belong to the noncyclostome group.[ citation needed ] Several genera, such as Agathis, Cremnops and Disophrys , are characterized by elongate genae. [1]

Agithidines can be recognized by the following combinations of features: forewing veins M + CU not tubular in basal third or more, forewing vein RS complete to the wing margin (except Mesocoelus and Plesiocoelus), occipital carina absent, and second submarginal cell of forewing usually present (90% of species.) [1]

Distribution

They are found worldwide, but are more diverse in the tropics. However, some genera such as Agathis and Earinus are more speciose in temperate regions. [1] [2]

Biology

Most Agathidines are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of concealed Lepidoptera larvae. However, the tribe Disophrini attacks free living Lepidoptera larvae. The tribes Agathidini and Earinini attack the first and second instar larvae of their hosts, contrasting with the Disophrini, which attack later instars, as well as the Cremnoptini, which parasitize every larval stage. Most species are diurnal, but many Disophrini are nocturnal, with pale coloration and enlarged ocelli. [1]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The first attempt at a tribal arrangement for Agathidinae consisted of 2 tribes, Agathidini and Microdini. Sharkey revised the tribes in 1992 and considered 5 tribes, adding Cremnoptini, Disophrini, and Earini. The Microdini, then treated as Eumicrodini, was synonymized under Agathidini by Simbolotti and van Achterberg in 1999 to render 4 tribes. Phylogenetic analysis by Sharkey and Chapman in 2017 revealed that 4 tribes were insufficient and instead divided the subfamily into 7 tribes. They further found that the genera Asperagathis, Bassus, and Zosteragathis were not monophyletic. One problematic species, the Nearctic Bassus annulipes , was found to represent a complex of species. Further, Bassus annulipes was rendered under the tribe Lytopylini while the Old World species fell under Agathidini. [3]

Relationship with humans

Agathidines have been used for biological pest control. Notable examples include Agathis pumila for the western larch case-bearer, Alabagrus stigma for the sugarcane borer, and Bassus unicoloratus for the potato tuberworm. [1]

Genera

The 63 genera placed here include: [4] [3]

Tribe Agathidini Haliday, 1833

Tribe Agathirsini Sharkey, 2017

Tribe Cremnoptini Sharkey, 1992

Tribe Disophrini Sharkey, 1992

Tribe Earinini Sharkey, 1992

Tribe Lytopylini Sharkey, 2017

Tribe Mesocoelini Achterberg, 1990

Related Research Articles

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The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aphidiinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Aphidiinae are a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps that use aphids as their hosts. Several species have been used in biological control programs of various aphids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doryctinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Doryctinae or doryctine wasps are a large subfamily of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euphorinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Euphorinae are a large subfamily of Braconidae parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used for biological pest control. They are sister group to the Meteorinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alysiinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Alysiinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps with over 1000 described species. Several species have been used in biocontrol programs. They are closely related to the Opiinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rogadinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Rogadinae are a large subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Several Rogadinae species parasitize pest caterpillars and are important for naturally occurring biological control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cenocoeliinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Cenocoeliinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps.

Apozyx is a genus of braconid parasitic wasps with only one species, Apozyx penyai. It is the only genus in the subfamily Apozyginae. This subfamily was originally proposed as a separate family by Mason in 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiochilinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

The Cardiochilinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. This subfamily has been treated as a tribe of Microgastrinae in the past. Some species including Toxoneuron nigriceps have been used in biocontrol programs.

Aerophilus is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Braconidae. As members of the subfamily Agathidinae, they are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. The host is attacked as an early instar, but not consumed and killed until the host is about to pupate. Nearly all species of Aerophilus have a narrow host range, attacking only one caterpillar species. However, the host range of the genus as a whole is quite broad, including many families of Lepidoptera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacini</span> Tribe of wasps

Blacini is a tribe of braconid Parasitoid wasps.

<i>Lytopylus</i> Genus of wasps

Lytopylus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. As members of the subfamily Agathidinae, they are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. This genus is primarily found in the neotropics, but ranges from the northeastern United States to Argentina. There are 39 species of Lytopylus, and many more undescribed.

<i>Alabagrus</i> Genus of wasps

Alabagrus is a genus of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae. There are at least 100 described species in Alabagrus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brachistinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

Brachistinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helconinae</span> Subfamily of wasps

Helconinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae.

The Acampsohelconinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Extant members of this subfamily were previously included in the Helconinae, Blacinae, or Sigalphinae. The four genera included are †Acampsohelcon, Afrocampsis, Canalicephalus, and Urosigalphus.

<i>Earinus</i> Genus of wasps


Earinus is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Braconidae.

Rogadini is a tribe of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae. It is represented in the entire world. It is the largest tribe within the subfamily Rogadinae with 40 extant genera. It is also considered to be the most basal tribe in the subfamily.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wharton, Robert; Marsh, Paul; Sharkey, Michael (1997). Manual Of The New World Genera Of The Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington DC: The International Society of Hymenopterists.
  2. ↑ Sharkey, Michael J. (1997). "Agathidinae". In Wharton, Robert A.; Marsh, Paul M.; Sharkey, Michael J. (eds.). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera) (PDF). Washington DC: The International Society of Hymenopterists. p. 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  3. 1 2 3 Sharkey, Michael J.; Chapman, Eric G. (2017). "Phylogeny of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with a Revised Tribal Classification and the Description of a New Genus". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 119 (sp1): 823–842. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.119.SpecialIssue.823.
  4. ↑ Sharkey, Michael (2006). "Two new genera of Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with a key to the genera of the New World" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1185: 37–51. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1185.1.3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
  5. ↑ Sharkey, Michael J.; Baker, Austin; Manjunath, Ramya; Hebert, Paul D.N. (2022). "Description of Chilearinus Sharkey gen. nov. and status of Nearctic Earinus Wesmael, 1837 (Braconidae, Agathidinae) with the description of new species". ZooKeys (1099): 57–86. Bibcode:2022ZooK.1099...57S. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1099.81473 . PMC   9848775 . PMID   36761440.
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