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Accident | |
---|---|
Date | 10 March 1989 |
Summary | Crashed on take-off in icing conditions |
Site | Dryden Regional Airport, Dryden, Ontario, Canada 49°50′20″N92°46′01″W / 49.83889°N 92.76694°W |
Aircraft | |
Aircraft type | Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship |
Operator | Air Ontario |
IATA flight No. | AE1363 |
ICAO flight No. | MDA1363 |
Call sign | ONTARIO 1363 |
Registration | C-FONF |
Flight origin | Thunder Bay Int'l Airport |
Stopover | Dryden Regional Airport |
Destination | Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson Int'l Airport |
Occupants | 69 |
Passengers | 65 |
Crew | 4 |
Fatalities | 24 (21 passengers; 3 crew members) |
Injuries | 42 |
Survivors | 45 |
Air Ontario Flight 1363 was a scheduled Air Ontario passenger flight which crashed near Dryden, Ontario, Canada, on 10 March 1989 shortly after takeoff from Dryden Regional Airport. [1] The aircraft was a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship twin jet. [2] It crashed after only 49 seconds because it was not able to attain sufficient altitude to clear the trees beyond the end of the runway, due to a buildup of ice and snow on the wings. [3] [ page needed ]
The aircraft, a Fokker F28-1000, had been manufactured in 1972 and had been in service for Turkish Airlines from 1973 to 1987. The aircraft had been used by Air Ontario since November 1987. It was one of two F28-1000s operated by the airline. [4] : 8
The flight was under the command of veteran pilot Captain George Morwood (52). He was an experienced airman who had been flying for approximately 34 years with Air Ontario. He had roughly 24,100 flying hours. His first officer was Keith Mills (35), also a highly experienced pilot with Air Ontario for 10 years, having accrued more than 10,000 hours of flying time. [5] However, both pilots were new to the F28-1000, having flown fewer than 150 hours between them on the aircraft type. [4]
The flight had departed from Thunder Bay bound for Winnipeg with an intermediate stop in Dryden, where the aircraft struck trees shortly after takeoff and then disintegrated on impact. The accident caused the deaths of 21 of the 65 passengers and three of the four crew members on board, including both pilots. [6]
The fierce post-crash fire resulted in severe damage to both the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder; neither of these units could be read as a result. Because of this, the investigative effort relied almost entirely on witness statements regarding the crash and the events leading up to it.
The investigation revealed that an unserviceable auxiliary power unit (APU), and no available external power unit at Dryden Regional Airport, led to questionable decision-making, which was a critical factor leading to the crash of Flight 1363. If the engines had been turned off, they could not have been restarted again due to the unserviceability of the APU and lack of external power. Therefore, the port engine was left running during the stopover in Dryden.
Snow was falling gently that afternoon and a layer of 0.6 to 1.3 cm (0.24 to 0.51 in) of snow had accumulated on the wings. The wings needed to be deiced before takeoff, but the Fokker F28 aircraft is never supposed to be deiced while the engines are running because of a risk of toxic fumes entering the cabin of the aircraft. The pilot, therefore, did not request to have the wings deiced; at the time, airline instructions were unclear on this point, but the subsequent report was very critical of this decision.
Fuel needed to be loaded and was done with the engine running while passengers were on board (known as a hot refuel). Off-loading and reloading passengers would have taken considerable time, and the longer the aircraft stayed on the ground, the greater was the need for the wings to be sprayed with deicing fluid. To prevent further delay and a greater possibility of a buildup on the wings, Captain Morwood decided to have the aircraft fueled while the engine was running and with passengers on board. This procedure was not then, and is not now, prohibited by Transport Canada. Airline instructions were also inconsistent.[ citation needed ]
The accident investigation was subsumed into a judicial inquiry under a judge, Virgil P. Moshansky. His report showed that competitive pressures caused by commercial deregulation cut into safety standards and that many of the industry's sloppy practices and questionable procedures placed the pilot in a very difficult situation. The report also stated that the aircraft should not have been scheduled to refuel at an airport that did not have proper equipment, and that neither training nor manuals had sufficiently warned the pilot of the dangers of ice on the wings. [7] Moshansky blamed Transport Canada for letting Air Ontario expand into the operation of bigger, more complicated aircraft without detecting the deficiencies of their existing aircraft.
After the crash of Air Ontario Flight 1363, many significant changes were made to the Canadian Aviation Regulations. These included new procedures regarding refueling and deicing, as well as many new regulations intended to improve the general safety of all future flights in Canada. [8] Specifically, these referred to the effectiveness of certain deicing fluids over time and the increased use of Type II fluid. This mixture includes polymerising agents, which make the deicing effect last longer.
Another cause of the crash of Flight 1363 was delays in changes to deicing procedures from the Canadian Aviation Safety Board's (CASB) dissenting report on the 1985 crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285R, which may have also involved accumulation of ice on the wings, but a separate minority report stated that an explosion occurred. [9] [10] Both crashes undermined confidence in the CASB's investigations and led to the Canadian government shutting down the CASB one year after the Flight 1363 accident. The CASB was replaced by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), a more independent and multimodal investigative agency.
A memorial is located on MacArthur Road. [11]
The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday featured the incident in a season-9 episode titled "Cold Case". [12] TLC also aired a segment on the crash in the 1990's special called Terror in the Sky. It featured interviews with passengers and footage from the investigation hearing. [13]
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1989.
The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a twin-engined, short-range jet airliner designed and built by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.
The Fokker 100 is a regional jet that was produced by Fokker in the Netherlands. The Fokker 100 was based on the Fokker F28 with a fuselage stretched by 5.7 m (18.8 ft) to seat up to 109 passengers, up from 85. It is powered by two newer Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans, and it has an updated glass cockpit and a wider wing and tail for increased maximum weights. The Fokker 70 is a shortened variant that can hold up to 85 passengers and was developed for shorter routes, which first flew in April of 1993.
Arrow Air Flight 1285R was an international charter flight carrying U.S. Army personnel from Cairo, Egypt, to their home base in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, via Cologne, West Germany, and Gander, Newfoundland. On the morning of Thursday, 12 December 1985, shortly after takeoff from Canada's Gander International Airport en route to Fort Campbell, the McDonnell Douglas DC-8 serving the flight stalled, crashed, and burned about half a mile from the runway, killing all 248 passengers and 8 crew members on board. As of 2025, it is the deadliest aviation accident to occur on Canadian soil. At the time of the crash, it was the deadliest aviation accident involving a DC-8; its death toll was surpassed by the crash of Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 nearly six years later.
Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. On January 13, 1982, the Boeing 737-200 registered as N62AF crashed into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River just after take off from Washington National Airport.
PT Merpati Nusantara Airlines, operated as Merpati Nusantara Airlines, was an airline in Indonesia based in Central Jakarta, Jakarta. It operated scheduled domestic services to more than 25 destinations in Indonesia, as well as scheduled international services to East Timor and Malaysia. The word merpati is Indonesian for "dove", and Nusantara is a Javanese word found in the Pararaton meaning "the outer islands", referring to the Indonesian archipelago. The airline was based at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta. It also maintained both a maintenance and simulator facility at Juanda International Airport, Surabaya. The Merpati Training Centre at Surabaya housed Fokker F-27, AVIC MA60 and CN-235 full motion simulators.
Air Ontario Inc. was a Canadian regional airline with its predecessor initially headquartered in Sarnia and later in London, Ontario. In 2002, Air Ontario became Air Canada Jazz.
USAir Flight 405 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight between LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York City, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio. On March 22, 1992, a USAir Fokker F28, registration N485US, flying the route, crashed in poor weather in a partially inverted position in Flushing Bay, shortly after liftoff from LaGuardia. The undercarriage lifted off from the runway, but the airplane failed to gain lift, flying only several meters above the ground. The aircraft then veered off the runway and hit several obstructions before coming to rest in Flushing Bay, just beyond the end of the runway. Of the 51 people on board, 27 were killed, including the captain and a member of the cabin crew.
Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was a commercial airline flight that crashed while taking off in a snowstorm from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, on November 15, 1987. The Douglas DC-9 airliner, operated by Continental Airlines, was making a scheduled flight to Boise, Idaho. Twenty-five passengers and three crew members died in the crash.
Banat Air Flight 166 was an Antonov Antonov An-24 chartered on 13 December 1995 from Romavia by Banat Air.
Dryden Regional Airport is located 4.3 nautical miles northeast of Dryden, Ontario, Canada.
Transair was an airline based in Canada. It was purchased by Pacific Western Airlines in 1979. Transair's operational headquarters was located at the Winnipeg International Airport in Manitoba.
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 was a domestic passenger flight from Multan to Islamabad with a stopover in Lahore, operated by Pakistan's flag carrier Pakistan International Airlines. On 10 July 2006, the aircraft operating the route, a Fokker F27, crashed into a mango garden after one of its two engines failed shortly after takeoff from Multan International Airport. All 41 passengers and four crewmembers on board were killed.
Turkish Airlines Flight 301 was a passenger flight operated by a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship of Turkish Airlines registered as TC-JAO that crashed during takeoff at İzmir Cumaovası Airport on 26 January 1974 while en route to Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport, killing 67 of its 73 passengers and crew.
Virgil P. Moshansky, CM, KC, LL.B. is a Canadian judge. Born in Lamont, Alberta, he is a former Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta and a former mayor of Vegreville, Alberta.
Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Skopje to Zurich, operated by Palair Macedonian, the then-flag carrier of Macedonia, now called North Macedonia. On 5 March 1993, the aircraft operating the flight, a Fokker 100, crashed shortly after taking off from Skopje Airport in snowy conditions. Out of the 97 passengers and crew members on board, only 14 survived. At the time, it was the deadliest air disaster in North Macedonia.
West Wind Aviation Flight 282 was a domestic passenger flight from Fond-du-Lac Airport to Stony Rapids Airport, Canada. The aircraft was an ATR 42-320 registered C-GWEA. On 13 December 2017, shortly after taking off from Fond-du-Lac, the ATR-42 lost altitude and hit the ground. All 25 passengers and crew initially survived the crash, but one passenger later died of his injuries in hospital. Investigation on the cause of the crash determined that it was caused by ice contamination on the aircraft.
Régional Flight 7775 was a flight from Pau Pyrénées Airport to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport which crashed shortly after takeoff during wintry conditions. The flight was operated by Air France's regional subsidiary Régional using a Fokker 100. All passengers survived the incident but one person on the ground was killed. An investigation by the BEA determined that the cause of the accident was ice on the wings of the aircraft along with excessive rotation in the weather conditions during takeoff.