Alan Gross

Last updated

Alan Gross
Alan Gross 2014.jpg
Alan Gross talking on the phone with President Barack Obama, 2014
Born
Alan Phillip Gross

(1949-05-02) May 2, 1949 (age 74)
Rockville Centre, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
OccupationUnited States government contractor employed by U.S. Agency for International Development
Criminal statusReleased
SpouseJudith Gross
Criminal penalty5 years in prison for importing banned technology with the intent of establishing clandestine Internet service [1] [2] [3] [4]
Imprisoned at Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital, Havana

Alan Phillip Gross (born May 2, 1949) [5] is a former United States government contractor employed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Contents

In December 2009 he was arrested in Cuba while working on a program funded under the 1996 Helms–Burton Act, [6] which explicitly called for overthrow of Castro's government. [7] He was prosecuted in 2011 after being accused of crimes against the Cuban state for furtively bringing military-grade communication equipment designed to evade detection to members of Cuba's Jewish community. [8] After being accused of working for American intelligence services in January 2010, he was convicted of spying and for "acts against the independence or the territorial integrity of the state" in March 2011. [9] US sources widely rejected the idea that Gross was a spy, though some noted the "covert" nature of Gross's work. [10] [11] [12] Gross noted in his field reports his awareness of the risks he was taking in his mission. He was released from Cuban prison on December 17, 2014, and returned to the US in exchange for the release and return of three Cubans convicted of espionage. [13]

While serving his prison sentence, his wife Judy Gross, sued Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) and USAID for $60 million in federal court. The company settled for an undisclosed sum. The amount is in addition to the $3.2 million that USAID agreed to pay Gross and DAI in the November before his release. [7]

Life and career

Gross was born in Rockville Centre, Long Island, [14] New York state [5] into a Jewish family to Fred Gross (1921–2006) [15] and Evelyn H. Gross (née Kessel; 1922–2014). [16] He was raised at his hometown and in Baltimore. [14] He studied sociology at the University of Maryland and social work at Virginia Commonwealth University, before moving to Potomac, Maryland. [14] [17] He had a long career as an international development worker who had been active in some 50 countries and territories across the Middle East, Africa and Europe, [18] including Iraq and Afghanistan, where he was setting up satellite communications systems to NGOs. [19]

In 2001, he founded JBDC LLC, a small company that earned less than $70,000 in 2009, which supported "Internet connectivity in locations where there [is] little or no access," according to The New York Times. [20] Gross and his wife Judy lived in Potomac, Maryland, a Washington, D.C. suburb. The couple have two daughters, Shira and Nina. [21] [14]

Arrest and trial

Background

Gross was working as a subcontractor to Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI), the prime contractor working with USAID, which had won a $6 million U.S. government contract for the program in which Gross was involved, a controversial "democracy-promotion program" that ballooned under the George W. Bush administration, to provide communications equipment to break the Cuban government's 'information blockade.' [21] Gross received less than $300,000. He spoke little Spanish and had not worked in Cuba before. [22]

USAID's $20 million Cuba program, authorized by a law calling for regime change in Cuba, has been criticized in congressional reports, which called it wasteful and ineffective and accused it of putting people in danger. [22] [23] Funding was held up briefly in 2010 over concerns following Gross's arrest. [22]

According to American officials, Gross visited Cuba four times in five months in 2009 on a tourist visa before his arrest to deliver computer and satellite equipment to three Jewish community groups. In December 2009, according to DAI, he was on a follow-up trip researching how the groups were making use of the equipment he had previously distributed to them. [20] As reported by The Jewish Daily Forward , Cuba's small Jewish community, numbering fewer than 2,000 people who mainly live in Havana, enjoys full religious freedom, the possibility to emigrate to Israel and fairly good relations with the government under Raúl Castro, [6] but has little influence, making observers wonder why the United States provides material to them under a USAID program that usually targets dissidents. According to a Latin America specialist for the Council on Foreign Relations, it is possible that Gross’s mission was useful only inasmuch as it satisfied Congressional demands to take action in Cuba. [24]

In January 2012, it was reported that Cuban authorities claimed that Gross has visited Cuba as early as 2004, delivering a video camera to a leading Freemason who later declared that he had been a Cuban intelligence agent since 2000. [25]

Gross filed reports for DAI of his four visits to Cuba in 2009. The report of the fifth and final trip was written by DAI. A review of the reports was revealed on February 12, 2012, by the Associated Press (AP). According to the reports, Gross was aware of the risks he was taking. [26] AP reports that Gross did not identify himself as a representative of the U.S. government, but claimed to be a member of a Jewish humanitarian group [ citation needed ]. To escape Cuban authorities' detection, he enlisted the help of American Jews to transport electronic equipment, instructing them to pack items a piece at a time in carry-on luggage, and also traveled with American Jewish humanitarian groups undertaking missions on the island so he could intercede with Cuban authorities if questions arose. Gross declared that he was thoroughly inspected by the customs officials at Jose Marti International Airport when entering the country and that he declared all of the items in his possession. [27] The equipment he brought to Cuba on his fourth trip, most but not all of which is legal in Cuba, included 12 iPods, 11 BlackBerry Curve smartphones, three MacBooks, six 500-gigabyte external drives, three satellite modems known as BGANs, three routers, three controllers, 18 wireless access points, 13 memory sticks, three VoIP phones, and networking switches. In his report on this trip, marked as final, he summarized: "Wireless networks established in three communities; about 325 users". However, he went to Cuba for a fifth time in late November 2009 and was arrested 11 days later. [28] When he was arrested, he was carrying a high-tech chip, [26] intended to keep satellite phone transmissions from being located within 250 miles (400 kilometres). The chip is not available on the open market. It is provided most frequently to the CIA and the United States Department of Defense, but can also be obtained by the United States Department of State, which oversees USAID. Asked how Gross obtained the card, a USAID spokesman said that the agency played no role in helping Gross acquire equipment. [28]

Arrest

Gross was arrested on December 3, 2009, at the El Presidente Hotel, where he was staying. He was jailed first at Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital, then Villa Marista prison, a detention center. [29] According to leaked classified U.S. diplomatic cables, the arrest came amid heightened tensions between Cuba and the U.S. Gross spent 25 days in jail before receiving his first visit from a U.S. diplomat, but was visited by a Cuban attorney earlier and was allowed to telephone his wife four days after his arrest on December 6 for the first time and again on December 23. During the one-hour visit by the representative of the United States Interests Section in Havana on December 28, 2009, Gross stated that Cuban officials were "treating him 'with respect," though his interrogation had been "very intense at first," lasting an average of two hours a day. According to the cable, the cell Gross had to share with two other men had a TV and a fan. [30]

The attorney who visited Gross in jail, Armanda Nuria Piñero Sierra, was hired as Gross's lawyer and handled his trial and appeals. She also represented the families of five Cubans held in U.S. prisons after being convicted in 2001 on charges of conspiracy to commit espionage against U.S. military installations, leading to the immediate speculation after Gross's arrest that Cuba wanted to swap him for the five. [30] In October 2011, it was revealed that the U.S. State Department had offered to let one of them who had been released from prison in the U.S. on probation serve the remainder of his probation in Cuba in exchange for Gross's release. [31]

U.S. Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen said Gross's treatment was an attempt by Cuba to get a "concession." [20] Many Jewish groups, including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations and the American Jewish Committee, protested against his detention. [32]

Charges

In January 2010, Ricardo Alarcón, the president of the Cuban National Assembly, claimed that Gross was "contracted to work for American intelligence services," which was denied by both the U.S. government and Gross's attorneys. [21] [33] More than a year later, in February 2011, Gross was charged not with espionage but with "acts against the independence and territorial integrity of the state" ("Actos Contra la Independencia o la Integridad Territorial del Estado"), [34] a crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison. [33] Gross's trial was set for March 4, 2011. [33]

Sentencing

On March 12, 2011, Gross was sentenced to 15 years in prison. [29] [35] According to the Cuban News Agency, he had been part of a "subversive project of the U.S. government that aimed to destroy the Revolution through the use of communication systems out of the control of authorities." [35] Gross's wife attended the trial with her and Gross’ U.S. attorney, who was not allowed to meet Gross until after the trial. Three U.S. officials also attended as observers. [29]

Gross's case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Cuba, which affirmed the sentence in August 2011. [36]

Reactions and advocacy

Alan Gross with his wife Judy, attorney Scott Gilbert, Rep. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md., Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., and Sen. Jeff Flake, R-Ariz. watch television on board a U.S. government plane headed back to the U.S. as the news breaks of his release, Dec. 17, 2014. Alan Gross Flying Home (2014).jpg
Alan Gross with his wife Judy, attorney Scott Gilbert, Rep. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md., Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., and Sen. Jeff Flake, R-Ariz. watch television on board a U.S. government plane headed back to the U.S. as the news breaks of his release, Dec. 17, 2014.

After the sentence was passed, Gross's American attorney, Peter J. Kahn, said in a written statement: "The Gross family is devastated by the verdict and harsh sentence announced today by the Cuban authorities. Having already served a 15-month sentence in a Cuban prison, Alan and his family have paid an enormous personal price in the long-standing political feud between Cuba and the United States." Kahn pledged to "continue to work with Alan's Cuban attorney in exploring any and all options available to him, including the possibility of an appeal." He also called for Gross's immediate release on humanitarian grounds. [29]

U.S. National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor responded to the ruling, saying that it "adds another injustice to Alan Gross's ordeal," and that "he has already spent too many days in detention and should not spend one more," and asked for "the immediate release of Mr. Gross so that he can return home to his wife and family." [29]

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told reporters that Gross had been "unjustly jailed for far too long ... He needs to be able to leave Cuba and return home," adding "this is a matter of great personal pain to his family and concern to the U.S. government." [29]

Several members of Congress visited Cuba to see Gross. [37]

The Jewish community and others called on Pope Benedict XVI to appeal to Raul Castro during his visit to Cuba in March 2012 to release Gross. [24]

Gross's wife, after fighting to persuade the organized Jewish community to rally behind a humanitarian campaign to free her husband, publicly criticized President Barack Obama and U.S. policy toward Cuba. [24] In a March 13, 2012 interview with Politico , after having hired the public relations company Burson-Marsteller on the State Department′s recommendation, [24] she called her husband a "pawn" in a "failed policy" between the Cuban and American governments, adding "the trial wasn’t about him. It was about USAID and U.S. policy towards Cuba." [37] Gross reportedly insisted that his "goals were not the same as the program that sent [him]," and called on the Obama administration to meet Cuba at the negotiating table to solve bilateral issues between the two states, including his case. [38]

Incarceration

In April 2014, he went on a hunger strike for nine days. [39]

In August 2014, his wife reported on their official website, www.bringalanhome.org, that Gross refused to see her or their daughter when they went to see him in Cuba, and also refused to see visitors from the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, such as U.S. diplomats. [39] [40] [41] [42] In August 2014, his wife and daughter wrote on their official website that Gross told them not to visit him again and in December 2014 it was reported that they had not. [39] [41]

Gross was housed in the Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital with two other inmates who spoke Spanish. [43] [44] Gross reportedly spoke some Spanish. [45]

It was reported in December 2014 that Gross refused to be treated by doctors in Cuba and had threatened to go on hunger strikes if he was not unconditionally released. [43]

To fight the boredom, Gross developed a deep passion for digital art. Using the computer he was given as part of a quid-pro-quo deal between the U.S. and Canada, he began experimenting with Microsoft PowerPoint and Paint (both in Spanish). Over the course of his incarceration, he ended up making over 2,000 pieces of art. [46] Some of his favorite pieces include: "Finlay 1," "Villa Marista," and "Hay No Mucho Tiempo," among others. [47]

Health

When arrested, Gross weighed 254 pounds (115 kg). From the start of his incarceration, he lost considerable body weight. [48] [49] Gross refused medical and dental care. [43] According to his wife and attorney, Gross's health had deteriorated during his incarceration and this was a reason to release him immediately. They also claimed he had degenerative arthritis and had difficulty walking. In May 2012, a mass developed on his right shoulder, which was diagnosed by Cuban doctors as a hematoma (collection of blood). [50] [51] Gross's family hired a U.S. radiologist who claimed that the mass was improperly diagnosed, and that Gross could be suffering from cancer so Gross should be released on that basis. [52] Gross's former lawyer, Jared Genser, issued a press release saying he had filed a petition with the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture. [53] [54] At the same time, "extremely concerned about Alan Gross's health," [50] the U.S. State Department called for Gross's immediate release. [55]

Meanwhile, the president of the Hebrew Community of Cuba (Spanish: "Casa de la Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba"), Adela Dworin, who visited Gross in jail several times, claimed that Gross "looked very agile" and was not particularly worried about the mass on his shoulder. [56] In November 2012, the Miami Herald reported that New York Rabbi Elie Abadie, who is also a physician, told the Associated Press that "Alan Gross does not have any cancerous growth at this time, at least based on the studies I was shown and based on the examination, and I think he understands that also," after personally examining Gross and receiving a briefing from a team of Cuban physicians who attended him.

The Cuban Foreign Affairs Ministry, in a statement detailing a meeting between diplomats of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, a doctor and nurse from the U.S. mission, and members of the Cuban medical team that presented the results of the biopsy performed on the lesion behind Gross's right shoulder, confirmed that the hematoma was not cancerous. [57] The Cuban Government also maintained that Gross's health was normal for a man his age and that he was being properly treated after having stated a few months earlier that Gross, who was held at a military hospital, "could be held at any prison facility," meaning that he was in good and stable health. [50]

In December 2014, Gross released a statement complaining that his teeth had fallen out and that he had lost weight while at the same time stating that he was refusing all medical and dental care because he wanted to be immediately released from prison. [43]

Lawsuits

In November 2012, Gross and his wife Judith sued DAI and USAID for failing to adequately prepare, train and supervise him given the dangerous nature of the program's activities. Reportedly, they were seeking $60 million compensatory damages. In November 2013, it was announced that DAI and Gross and his wife had reached a confidential settlement. [58] [59]

Gross and his wife filed another lawsuit, reportedly seeking $10 million from Gross's insurer, the Federal Insurance Company, for benefits they say the company had denied. [60] [59]

Release

In November 2014, The New York Times called for the United States to engage in a prisoner swap with Cuba. [61] On December 17, 2014, the Cuban government released Gross on humanitarian grounds and allowed him to return to the United States on a U.S. government plane. Some members of the Cuban Five were also released on December 17, 2014, although the governments characterized the two releases as being unconnected. [13] This exchange was part of the larger Cuban thaw, which occurred for a brief period towards the end of the Obama administration, and which saw improvements in diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonathan Pollard</span> US intelligence analyst and convicted spy

Jonathan Jay Pollard is a former intelligence analyst for the US government. In 1984, Pollard sold numerous closely guarded state secrets, including the National Security Agency's ten-volume manual on how the U.S. gathers its signal intelligence, and disclosed the names of thousands of people who had cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies. He was apprehended in 1985, and in subsequent proceedings agreed to a plea deal, pleaded guilty to spying for and providing top-secret classified information to Israel. Pollard admitted shopping his services—successfully, in some cases—to other countries. In 1987, he was sentenced to life in prison for violations of the Espionage Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban Five</span> Group of Cuban intelligence officers who were arrested and imprisoned in Miami by U.S. authorities

The Cuban Five, also known as the Miami Five, are five Cuban intelligence officers who were arrested in September 1998 and later convicted in Miami of conspiracy to commit espionage, conspiracy to commit murder, acting as an agent of a foreign government, and other illegal activities in the United States. The Five were in the United States to observe and infiltrate the Cuban-American groups Alpha 66, the F4 Commandos, the Cuban American National Foundation, and Brothers to the Rescue. They were part of La Red Avispa composed of at least 27 Cuban spies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan Berg</span> American talk radio show host

Alan Harrison Berg was an American talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado. Born to a Jewish family, he had outspoken atheistic and liberal views and a confrontational interview style. Berg was killed by members of the white supremacist group The Order, which believed in killing all Jews and sending all black people to Africa. Those involved in the killing were part of a group planning to kill prominent Jews such as Berg. Two of Berg's killers, David Lane and Bruce Pierce, were convicted on charges of federal civil rights violations for killing him. They were sentenced to 190 years and 252 years in prison, respectively.

The Varela Project is a project that was started in 1998 by Oswaldo Payá of the Christian Liberation Movement (MCL) and named after Felix Varela, a Cuban religious leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Óscar Elías Biscet</span> Cuban activist

Óscar Elías Biscet González is a Cuban physician and an advocate for human rights and democratic freedoms in Cuba. He is also the founder of the Lawton Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayman Nour</span> Egyptian politician

Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour is an Egyptian politician, a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, founder and chairman of the El Ghad party. Nour was the first man to ever compete against President Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 presidential election. However shortly after announcing his candidacy, Nour was stripped of his parliamentary immunity and arrested on 29 January 2005, a move that was widely criticized by governments around the world as a step backwards for Egyptian democracy. Due to international pressure, Nour was released to participate in the election and was unsuccessful. The election was widely considered to be a corrupt and rigged election. He was arrested again shortly after and released nearly five years later. Nour left Egypt following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état and spent time in Lebanon for treatment of a wound he sustained while in prison. Nour now resides in Istanbul, Turkey and expresses his hope for returning to Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DAI Global</span>

DAI Global, LLC is a private development company with corporate offices in more than a dozen countries, including in Bethesda, Maryland, in the United States; London and Apsley, Hertfordshire, in the United Kingdom; Abuja and Lagos, in Nigeria; and Brussels, Vienna, and other European capitals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Death of Abdul Wali</span> Afghan man killed in United States custody in 2003

Abdul Wali was an Afghan farmer who died in United States custody on June 21, 2003, at the age of 28. At the time of his death, he had been held for three days at the US base 10 miles (16 km) south of Asadabad, in Kunar Province, Afghanistan, on suspicion of involvement in a rocket attack on the same base, after voluntarily handing himself in. The local governor, Said Akbar, had told Wali to turn himself in so he could clear his name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ladies in White</span>

Ladies in White is an opposition movement in Cuba founded in 2003 by wives and other female relatives of jailed dissidents and those who have been made to disappear by the government. The women protest the imprisonments by attending Mass each Sunday wearing white dresses and then silently walking through the streets dressed in white clothing. The color white is chosen to symbolize peace.

Censorship in Cuba is the topic of accusations put forward by several foreign groups-organizations and political leaders, as well as Cuban dissidents. The accusations led the European Union to impose sanctions from 2003 to 2008 as well as statements of protest from groups, governments, and noted individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto</span> Israeli-Moroccan Orthodox rabbi (born 1973)

Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto is an Israeli-Moroccan Orthodox rabbi who leads a global organization called Mosdot Shuva Israel. Based in Ashdod and New York City, he is a Kabbalist. Globes business journal named him in 2012 as one of the ten wealthiest rabbis in Israel.

Angel Moya Acosta is a Cuban construction worker and the founder of the Alternative Option Movement.

Muhammad Rabee al-Zawahiri is an Egyptian Islamist who was a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and one of 14 people subjected to extraordinary rendition by the CIA prior to the 2001 War on Terror. He is the younger brother of Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri.

Solomon Dwek is an Israeli-American real estate investor who was convicted of felony fraud. He became an FBI informant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rafael Cancel Miranda</span> Puerto Rican activist and militant

Rafael Cancel Miranda was a poet, political activist, member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and an advocate of Puerto Rican independence. On March 1, 1954, Cancel Miranda and three other Nationalists attacked the House of Representatives while it was in session at the United States Capitol building, firing 30 shots and injuring five Congressmen. The four were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to long prison terms. In 1979, Cancel Miranda's sentence was commuted by United States President Jimmy Carter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saeed Abedini</span> Iranian American Christian pastor

Saeed Abedini is an Iranian American Christian pastor who was imprisoned in Iran in 2012 based on allegations that he compromised national security. During his imprisonment, Abedini became internationally known as a victim of religious persecution. Following international pressure, along with other American prisoners, Abedini was released from prison on 16 January 2016.

Rolando Sarraff Trujillo is a Cuban intelligence officer who was convicted for espionage for the United States Central Intelligence Agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban thaw</span> 2015–2017 normalization of Cuba–U.S. relations

The Cuban thaw was the normalization of Cuba–United States relations that began in December 2014 ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the nations. In March 2016, Barack Obama became the first U.S. president to visit Cuba since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.

Operation Mississippi Hustle was a federal investigation initiated in 2014 by the United States Attorney and prosecuted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi. It examined the relationship between officials of the Mississippi Department of Corrections and various for-profit prison contractors and subcontractors, who have provided services to the five private prisons in the state. One, Walnut Grove, closed in September 2016 but has since reopened.

Tim Rieser is a senior foreign policy aid to Senator Patrick Leahy. He is one "of the most powerful staffers in Congress presiding over U.S. foreign policy and U.S. foreign assistance."

References

  1. ↑ "American Alan Gross Completes 5th Year in Cuban Prison". VOA. December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Wife Says Alan Gross' Health, Spirits Failing; Worried He'll Do 'Something Drastic'". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  3. ↑ "White House renews call for Cuba to release Alan Gross". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  4. ↑ "American Alan Gross completes fifth year in Cuban prison". Reuters. December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Immediate and Unconditional Release of United States Citizen Alan Phillip Gross". Congressional Record. United States Government Printing Office. 158 (155). December 5, 2012.
  6. 1 2 Guttman, Nathan (November 21, 2011). "New Jewish Push To Free Alan Gross". The Jewish Daily Forward . Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  7. 1 2 Stoehr, John (January 27, 2015). "The real story behind Alan Gross's work in Cuba". TheHill.
  8. ↑ Ukman, Jason (August 5, 2011). "Cuba rejects appeal of U.S. contractor Alan Gross". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Sentence" (PDF). People's Provincial Tribunal of Havanna.[ permanent dead link ]
  10. ↑ Archibold, Randal (March 12, 2011). "Cuba Gives 15-Year Prison Term to American". The New York Times . Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  11. ↑ Farley, Robert (December 23, 2014). "What Was Alan Gross Doing in Cuba?". FactCheck.org . Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  12. ↑ "Exclusive: One Year Of Freedom: One-On-One With Alan Gross, Pt. 1". CBS . Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  13. 1 2 Elise Labott, "Cuba releases American Alan Gross in prisoner swap", CNN (December 17, 2014).
  14. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (December 17, 2014). "Alan P. Gross Gains the Freedom From Cuba He Thought Would Never Come". The New York Times.
  15. ↑ "Fred Gross". Geni.com. December 15, 1921.
  16. ↑ "Evelyn H Gross". Geni.com. April 15, 1922.
  17. ↑ "Jewish-American contractor Alan Gross sentenced to 15 years in Cuba jail". Haaretz . Associated Press. March 13, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Alan Gross Begins Fourth Year of Unjust Imprisonment". US Department of State. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  19. ↑ Landau, Saul (August 31, 2010). "The Alan Gross Case". Institute for Policy Studies . Cuba Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  20. 1 2 3 Thompson, Ginger; Lacey, Marc (January 12, 2010). "Contractor Jailed in Cuba Was Aiding Religious Groups, U.S. Says". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  21. 1 2 3 Sheridan, Mary Beth; Booth, William (January 13, 2010). "Detainee was helping Cuban Jewish groups involved in U.S. democracy project". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 Haven, Paul (March 12, 2011). "American contractor found guilty in Cuba". The Miami Herald . Associated Press. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  23. ↑ Padgett, Tim (August 9, 2011). "The Alan Gross Affair: The U.S. and Cuba Begin Their Dysfunctional Diplomatic Dance". Time . Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Berger, Paul (March 23, 2012). "New Tactic in Alan Gross Fight". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  25. ↑ Tamayo, Juan O. (January 26, 2012). "Details of Cuba's case against U.S. subcontractor Alan Gross leak out". Miami Herald . Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  26. 1 2 Berger, Paul (February 15, 2012). "What Did Alan Gross Do in Cuba? Reports Show Accused Spy Knew the Risks He Was Taking". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Declaration by Alan P. Gross, 243444, Ref: Preparatory File Number 59 of 2009, Case Number 1/11, Mar. 4, 2011".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. 1 2 Butler, Desmond (February 13, 2012). "AP Impact: USAID contractor work in Cuba detailed". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "U.S. contractor sentenced to 15 years in Cuban prison". CNN. March 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  30. 1 2 Tamayo, Juan O. (September 1, 2011). "WikiLeaks: Cables detail concerns of U.S. contractor held in Cuba". The Miami Herald. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  31. ↑ Thale, Geoff (October 24, 2011). "The Possibility of an Alan Gross-Rene Gonzalez Prisoner Swap U.S.-Cuba Negotiations or Political Theater?". Washington Office on Latin America . Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  32. ↑ Shefler, Gil (March 13, 2011). "Cuba sentence for Jewish aid worker draws US ire". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 Darlington, Shasta (February 24, 2011). "Trial for American jailed in Cuba set for March 4". CNN. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Cuban Authorities Set Date For Trial Of U.S. Contractor Alan Gross". Latin America News Dispatch. February 25, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  35. 1 2 "Alan Gross Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison". ACN. Cuban News Agency. March 12, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Cuba upholds US contractor Alan Gross sentence". BBC. August 5, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  37. 1 2 Mak, Tim (March 13, 2012). "Wife's plea for American held in Cuba". Politico. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  38. ↑ Kornbluh, Peter (January 18, 2013). "Alan Gross Case Spotlights U.S. Democracy Programs in Cuba". National Security Archive.
  39. 1 2 3 Alan Gomez, USA TODAY (December 3, 2014). "American contractor marks 5th year in Cuban prison". USA Today . Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  40. ↑ "BBC News - US contractor Alan Gross 'may not survive' Cuba jail term". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  41. 1 2 "News/Press - Bring Alan Home". Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  42. ↑ "U.S. contractor Alan Gross marks 5 years jailed in Cuba, says he will die if not freed by May". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  43. 1 2 3 4 ABC News. "US and Cuba Working On Solution to Free American Alan Gross From Cuban Jail". ABC News. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  44. ↑ "American Alan Gross completes fifth year in Cuban prison" . Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  45. ↑ "U.S. Senators Visit Alan Gross In Cuba". November 11, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  46. ↑ Epstein, Nadine (March 16, 2015). "Alan Gross: A Profile in Art and Courage". Moment .
  47. ↑ Epstein, Nadine (March 16, 2015). "Alan Gross: A Profile in Art and Courage". Moment.
  48. ↑ "American Alan Gross completes fifth year in Cuban prison". Yahoo News. December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Alan Gross, American Man Jailed In Cuba, Does Not Have Cancer, Authorities Say". The Huffington Post. November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  50. 1 2 3 Haven, Paul (June 15, 2012). "Alan Gross, American Jailed In Cuba, In Good Condition, Cuban Authorities Say". Huffington Post.
  51. ↑ Franks, Jeff (September 12, 2012). "Cuba says jailed American's health OK, renews offer of talks". Reuters.
  52. ↑ "American Alan Gross, jailed in Cuba, may have cancer". Reuters. October 2, 2012.
  53. ↑ "UN Informs Cuba that Detention of Alan Gross Violates International Law". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  54. ↑ Genser, Jared (November 11, 2012). "RE: Mistreatment of Alan Phillip Gross in Cuba" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  55. ↑ Toner, Mark C. (December 3, 2012). "Alan Gross Begins Fourth Year of Unjust Imprisonment. Press Statement". U.S. State Department, Office of the Spokesperson.[ permanent dead link ]
  56. ↑ Franks, Jeff (September 29, 2012). "Cuban Jewish leader says Alan Gross fit, in good spirits". Reuters.
  57. ↑ "U.S. rabbi and Cubans say Alan Gross in good health". The Miami Herald. November 28, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  58. ↑ DAI. "Gross Family and DAI Settle Case Relating to Cuba Imprisonment" . Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  59. 1 2 "Alan Gross Settles Suit on 'Risky' Work in Cuba". The Jewish Daily Forward. May 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  60. ↑ JTA (November 18, 2012). "Judith Gross sues U.S. government, contractor on husband Alan's behalf". Haaretz.
  61. ↑ Londona, Ernesto (November 2, 2014). "Alan Gross and the Cuban Five: A Timeline". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2014.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.