The Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission[2][3] (AGLC) is an agency of the government of the Canadian province of Alberta, and regulates alcoholic beverages, recreational cannabis, and gaming-related activities. References to cannabis were added to AGLC's name and governing legislation (without adding an extra "C" to the organization's long-standing initials) as cannabis in Canada moved towards legalization in 2018.[citation needed] AGLC was created in 1996 as the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission by combining the responsibilities and operations of the Alberta Liquor Control Board (ALCB), Alberta Lotteries, the Alberta Gaming Commission, Alberta Lotteries and Gaming and the Gaming Control Branch.[citation needed] The current Chief Executive Officeras of 2020[update] is Kandice Machado.[1][4]
In 2023, the AGLC made $618.9 million in revenue from cannabis sales, $1.9 billion in sales from gaming (slots, VLTs, online gambling, bingo, lottery tickets, raffles, and pull tickets), and $850.4 million in revenue from alcohol and liquor.[5] Combined with the AGLC's other income streams, in 2023 their net income was $2.42 billion, up from $2.09 billion in 2022.[5] The vast majority of this income went into the Alberta government's General Revenue Fund.
Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis also enforces certain aspects of the Tobacco Tax Act[7] under a memorandum of understanding with Alberta Finance which administers the act, and licenses all racing entertainment centres located at racetracks under the authority of the Horse Racing Alberta Act.[8]
Alberta is currently the only Canadian province to have completely privatized its liquor retailing.[citation needed] All other provinces maintain government ownership and control over much of the liquor industry, especially with respect to distilled spirits.[citation needed] Alberta's privatization was carried out in late 1993 and early 1994 under the auspices of one of AGLC's predecessors, the ALCB.[9]:ii-1
Effective October 2018, Alberta has a privatized cannabis retail model, while the Government of Alberta controls all online sales in the province.[citation needed]
The sale and distribution of beverage alcohol in Alberta had been conducted privately, under licence until 1916 when, during the height of Canada's Prohibition during the First World War, the Liberal government called a referendum in which Albertans voted in favour of the Liquor Act, which closed private liquor stores and the sale of alcohol beverage other than weak beer in privately owned bars.[citation needed] (Alcohol was still available from willing pharmacists.)[citation needed]
Prohibition achieved the result that family savings doubled within a short time, and the use of mental asylums and prisons dropped.[citation needed] The policy of prohibition was affirmed in a 1920 referendum.[citation needed] Meanwhile, the Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) passed over enforcement to the newly created Alberta Provincial Police (APP).[citation needed] However, there grew a hard-core of bootleggers who used guns against police enforcing the law–resulting in the death of two policemen in Alberta (Osgoode and Lawson).[citation needed] The United Farmers government that replaced the Liberals in 1921 called a referendum to allow voters to show their determination to continue with prohibition, bring back the pre-war wild times or establish government-owned stores and allow increased sales through tightly regulated taverns.[citation needed] The referendum was conducted in November 1923 and Albertans chose a government-controlled system.[9]:1 The Liquor Act was replaced by the Liquor Control Act and the Alberta Liquor Control Board (ALCB) was created.[citation needed] The first hotels to be relicensed were the Palliser Hotel in Calgary and the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton.[citation needed]
The ALCB maintained tight control over the Alberta liquor industry for the next seven decades.[citation needed] Hotels that met the strict requirements for a liquor licence had to adhere to strict rules regarding the décor, cleanliness and aura of the establishment.[citation needed] According to historian David Leonard, the idea was to make drinking establishments as sparse as possible.[citation needed] Patrons were not allowed to stand up with their drinks in hand, and entertainment in a licensed beverage room was prohibited.[citation needed] Although women were allowed to drink alongside their male counterparts at first, "mixed" drinking was later blamed for riotous behaviour, and in 1928 the Liquor Control Act was amended so that special rooms had to be created for "ladies and escorts".[citation needed] In the 1930s, the ALCB hired armed officers to enforce the Liquor Control Act.[citation needed] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) assumed enforcement duties (where no municipal police had jurisdiction) after taking over provincial policing duties from the APP in 1932.[citation needed]
Beer off-sales were permitted from hotels starting in 1934, however the sale of wine and hard liquor remained more tightly controlled.[citation needed] As was the case in most Canadian provinces, the only legal way to purchase spirits in Alberta was to travel to a deliberately uninviting ALCB store, where the customer had to apply on a paper form indicating what they wanted to purchase.[citation needed] The requested product was then fetched by a staff member after the customer's age was carefully checked.[citation needed] The ALCB did not permit individualized packaging for wine or spirits.[citation needed] It purchased wine and spirits from wineries and distillers in bulk barrels, then bottled them into stone jars and bottles with the ALCB brand for resale in stores.[citation needed] ALCB stores were few and far between (especially in rural areas), and spirits were frequently watered down prior to bottling[citation needed].
A Social Credit government assumed office in 1935, going on to dominate Albertan politics for the next three decades.[citation needed] The socially conservative governments of PremiersWilliam Aberhart and Ernest Manning were slower to relax liquor laws compared to most of their contemporaries in other provinces.[citation needed] In one notable policy, the Social Credit government refused to license commercial airlines during their tenure and took vigorous steps to ensure that commercial flights were not serving alcohol whilst travelling through Alberta airspace.[citation needed]
The Alberta government and ALCB began loosening some restrictions in the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]Clubs and canteens could be licensed from 1950 onwards.[citation needed] In the 1957 Alberta Liquor Plebiscite, voters in and near Edmonton and Calgary voted overwhelmingly to de-segregate beverage rooms; however, men and women were not allowed to drink together province-wide until 1967.[citation needed] Having repealed the requirement for customer signatures on counter slips to purchase alcohol in 1965, in 1969 the ALCB opened its first self-serve liquor store in Edmonton.[citation needed] By 1970 the ALCB was no longer bottling products and commercial product packaging became normal.[citation needed]
The 1980s saw restrictions relaxed further, with the first wine stores licensed in 1985[9]:1 and the first hotel-based cold beer stores approved in 1988.[citation needed] In 1990 hotel off-sales expanded from beer only to beer, wine and spirits.[citation needed]
Privatization
The complete privatization of Alberta liquor retailing following former Calgary mayorRalph Klein's accession of the premiership in 1992 is the most notable event in the ALCB's history, and for many Canadians it is also the most controversial event in the recent history of alcoholic beverage distribution in Canada.[citation needed] Klein promised Albertan voters the liquor industry would be privatized if he was elected in the 1993 election.[citation needed] After he won the election, the Klein government carried out the privatization almost immediately.[citation needed]
Under Municipal Affairs Minister Steve West, privatization was carried out, and the 202 ALCB liquor stores were systematically sold off.[citation needed] Where private interests believed an existing ALCB store could be profitably operated as a privately owned liquor store, the store continued to operate under new ownership.[citation needed] Liquor stores that were not economically viable in the private sector were closed down with the properties sold to the highest bidder.[citation needed] Between September 4, 1993, and March 5, 1994, every ALCB store was either sold or shut down.[citation needed] With respect to the ALCB stores that were converted to private liquor stores, the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE) was denied successor rights to the private stores. Whereas all non-management ALCB employees in 1993 belonged to the AUPE, as of 2006[update] no privately owned liquor store was known to have become unionized except for those owned and operated by Loblaws under the Real Canadian Liquorstore and those owned and operated by Safeway in their grocery stores.
The ALCB initially retained warehousing and distribution responsibilities for wine, coolers, imported beer and spirits. The warehousing operation was contracted out to a private operator, Connect Logistics in June 1994. Connect Logistics leased the ALCB's existing warehouse in St. Albert and continues to warehouse all wine, coolers, imported beer and spirits legally sold in Alberta. Domestic beer is warehoused and distributed by Brewer's Distributor Limited. The AUPE was again denied successor rights to the Connect Logistics–operated warehouse and the warehouse thus became a non-union operation.
Privatization was controversial, attracting criticism from people who worried about the social costs of liquor privatization.
ALCB workers had taken strike action earlier in 1993 causing an interruption in service at liquor stores. Compared to other Canadian provinces, Albertans are generally seen as less friendly to unions, and many Albertans were disappointed by what they interpreted as the union's lack of concern for Albertans' social lives (the strike over the Victoria Day weekend).[citation needed] Some Alberta labour leaders continue to view the privatization as a retaliation against a legal strike. It is still debated whether this strike directly influenced the Tories' election promise and subsequent decision to privatize liquor store, or influenced some Albertans to vote for Klein as a result.
Distribution delays by Connect Logistics became a problem in 2006 with complaints from liquor retailers that they were not receiving stock on time and had empty shelves as a result. Some retailers also initiated legal action against AGLC.
In response, AGLC hired a 3rd-party consultant, Price Waterhouse Coopers, to review the province's liquor distribution system.[11] The report was publicly released in March 2007.[11]
The report did not make any drastic recommendations on how liquor products are distributed in Alberta. It recommended that Connect Logistics remain in its role and continue to warehouse and distribute wine, spirits, and imported beer to maintain "stability" in the system.[11]:4 The biggest difference in this arrangement would now require a formalized contract between Connect Logistics and AGLC including "performance indicators" for things like consumer service and on-time delivery.[11]:4
One of the more controversial recommendations was for a new warehouse pricing system.[citation needed] In July 2007, AGLC approved the new prices for storage, warehousing and distribution.[citation needed] Connect Logistics claims the new prices better reflected the actual handling costs of each product.[citation needed] Some managers of smaller liquor stores believed that the system worked to the advantage of larger operators.[citation needed]
Over the 2007 Christmas season, the stories of empty liquor store shelves and product shortages disappeared from the media as shelves remained stocked.[citation needed]
Although Alberta has deregulated its retail liquor industry to a greater extent compared to any other province, its Connect Logistics–administered monopoly on the wholesaling of wine and distilled spirits is comparable to the systems which in the U.S. would be considered an alcoholic beverage control state. This means that by U.S. standards, Alberta would be defined as a "control" jurisdiction.
When the U.S. abolished prohibition in 1933 the bordering U.S. state of Montana modelled its own liquor control board on the one in place in Alberta.[13] Montana has made similar changes to Alberta over the years and its present liquor distribution system is still very similar to the present Albertan system. It is considered to be one of the 18 "control" states in the U.S.
In 2007–2008 disorderly conduct at and near licensed establishments was identified as a growing problem, particularly in the major cities. The province's economic boom and the resulting affluence of its youth were identified as the root cause of the increase in binge drinking. Some blamed inadequate restrictions on alcohol sales in establishments (compared to other provinces) as contributing to the problem. In July 2008, the Alberta government responded to complaints by police and other groups[14] by introducing new regulations to restrict the sale of alcohol in restaurants and bars. Among other things, as of August 1, 2008:
Happy hours are still allowed, but they can no longer run past 8p.m.[14] Drinks sold after this time must be sold for the establishment's regular menu price, thus all-night drink specials which entail selling certain categories of drink for a discount are no longer legal.[14]
Minimum prices are in effect. Alcoholic beverages may not be sold for below these minimums.[14] They vary by beverage:
$0.35 per ounce for wine (i.e. $1.75 for a 5-imperial-fluid-ounce (140mL) glass).[14]
$0.16 per ounce for draught beer (i.e. $3.20 for a 20-imperial-fluid-ounce (570mL) pint).[14]
$2.75 per 12-imperial-fluid-ounce (340mL) bottle or can of beer, cider or coolers.[14]
The number and size of drinks that can be sold to a patron after 1a.m. is limited to two standard servings per order–one standard serving being defined as 1 imperial fluid ounce (28mL) of distilled spirit or one bottle or can of beer.[14]
Possession of more than two drinks after 1a.m. in a licensed establishment is prohibited.[14]
AGLC is responsible for enforcing these new rules.
In response to the above industry concerns, AGLC instituted a certification course called ProServe.[15] Proserve covers symptoms of intoxication, liquor law, identifying minors, dealing with intoxicated people, and other issues that a licensed establishment may face. As of January 1, 2010, all people selling and serving liquor must be certified.
On November 26, 2010, AGLC temporarily halted registration of beers with an alcohol content higher than 11.9% (while allowing current retail stocks to still be sold).[16] The restriction was lifted three weeks later on December 16, once a new policy had been developed to deal with a potential influx of ultra-high alcohol beers.[17] The new policy equalized markup rates so that high-alcohol beers were treated the same as other liquor products with similar alcohol levels.[18]
On February 6, 2018, Premier Rachel Notley ordered AGLC to cease importing wine from British Columbia, as an economic sanction against the province's decision to perform further environmental reviews over a proposed expansion of the Trans Mountain Pipeline.[19]
AGLC consists of a board and a corporation. The corporation acts as the operational arm of the organization, while the board is responsible for reflecting the government's direction through policy and regulatory matters.[20]
As of January 2024, the AGLC's board members were:
VP of University of Calgary Graduate Students' Association, VP Internal of JCI (Junior Chamber International) Calgary, Consultant at KMPG, Board Member of Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Alberta), Manager at PwC, Cyber Security Architect at ENFOCOM International Corporation, Senator at University of Calgary, Board Member at Alberta Association of Police Governance, Vice-Chair of College of Alberta Dental Assistants, Commissioner on Calgary Police Commission, Operational Technology Security Architecture at CN Railway.
MLA for Grande Prairie-Wapiti, SVP at Aquatera; Directorships at Alberta Milk Producers, Alberta Beef Producers, Grande Prairie Regional Emergency Medical Service.
Senior Auditor at Kingston Ross Pasnak LLP, Controller at Habitat for Humanity Edmonton, EVP Finance/Technology at University Hospital Foundation, Senior Executive Officer at Rupertsland Institute, Board Member for Edmonton Unlimited, Board Member of Alberta Indigenous Opportunities Corporation.
$40,766.23
Elan Harper
Board Member
Strategic Planning Analyst for Canadian Airlines, Associate Director of Bell Canada, Manager Oil and Gas Tax at KPMG, Manager International Tax at PwC, Principal Canadian and International Tax at Moodys Tax, VP at StrategyCorp Inc.
Although liquor is retailed in Alberta by private interests on a competitive basis, like its predecessor AGLC has maintained a monopoly over the wholesaling of wine, coolers, imported beer and spirits. AGLC is the wholesale-level purchaser of these products and thus Alberta liquor taxes (which are still high compared to taxes in the U.S.) are termed as the liquor markup. The wholesaling operation itself is mostly handled by Connect Logistics, a contract distributor based in St. Albert. Maintaining a monopoly over the wholesale business allows AGLC to maintain tighter controls over liquor distribution than an entirely privatized system would allow. In particular it allows the government to ensure that it does not miss out on any "markup" (the bulk of the liquor tax in any Canadian province, including Alberta, is the provincial liquor markup).
Between 1999 and 2006 AGLC operated as part of the Ministry of Gaming. When Ed Stelmach became premier, he restructured government so there were fewer ministries and ministers. The Ministry of Gaming was abolished following December 2006's reorganization, and AGLC was assigned to report through the Solicitor General and Minister of Public Security, at the time Frank Oberle Jr. AGLC later reported via Ministers Ron Liepert and Doug Horner, until AGLC was directed to report through Treasury Board and Finance to Robin Campbell.[26]
The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is a Crown corporation that retails and distributes alcoholic beverages throughout the Canadian province of Ontario. It is accountable to the Legislative Assembly through the minister of finance. It was established in 1927 by the government of Premier George Howard Ferguson to sell liquor, wine, and beer. Such sales were banned outright in 1916 as part of prohibition in Canada. The creation of the LCBO marked an easing of the province's temperance regime. By September 2017, the LCBO was operating 651 liquor stores.
Alko Inc is the national alcoholic beverage retailing monopoly in Finland. It is the only store in the country which retails beer over 5.5% ABV, wine and spirits. Alcoholic beverages are also sold in licensed restaurants and bars but only for consumption on the premises.
The Société des alcools du Québec is a provincial Crown corporation and monopoly in Quebec responsible for the trade of alcoholic beverages within the province.
A liquor store is a retail business that predominantly sells prepackaged alcoholic beverages, including liquors, wine or beer, usually intended to be consumed off the store's premises. Depending on region and local idiom, they may also be called an off-licence, off-sale, bottle shop, bottle store or, colloquially, bottle-o, liquor store or other similar terms. A very limited number of jurisdictions have an alcohol monopoly. In US states that are alcoholic beverage control (ABC) states, the term ABC store may be used.
The Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission (OLCC), formerly known as the Oregon Liquor Control Commission, is a government agency of the U.S. state of Oregon. The OLCC was created by an act of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1933, days after the repeal of prohibition, as a means of providing control over the distribution, sales and consumption of alcoholic beverages. To this end, the agency was given the authority to regulate and license those who manufacture, sell or serve alcohol. Oregon is one of 18 alcoholic beverage control states that directly control the sales of alcoholic beverages in the United States. In 2014, the passage of Oregon Ballot Measure 91 (2014) legalized the recreational use of marijuana in Oregon and gave regulatory authority to the OLCC.
Alcoholic beverage control states, generally called control states, less often ABC states, are 17 states in the United States that have state monopoly over the wholesaling or retailing of some or all categories of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits.
The Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch is the agency of the government of British Columbia, within the Ministry of the Public Safety and Solicitor General, responsible for issuing liquor licenses in the province and for enforcing the provisions of the Liquor Control and Licensing Act.
Alcohol Beverage Services, previously known as the Department of Liquor Control is a government agency within the County of Montgomery, Maryland and is the wholesaler of beer, wine and spirits alcoholic beverage throughout the county's 507-square-mile (1,310 km2) area. Montgomery County Department of Liquor Control also exercises control over retail sales for off-premises consumption, either through government-operated package stores or designated agents.
The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board, formerly the Washington State Liquor Control Board, is an administrative agency of the State of Washington. The Liquor and Cannabis Board is part of the executive branch and reports to the Governor. The board's primary function is the licensing of on and off premises establishments which sell any type of alcohol, and the enforcement and education of the state's alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis laws.
This article covers various topics involving alcoholic drinks in Canada. The Government of Canada defines an alcoholic drink as "a beverage containing 1.1% or more alcohol by volume."
Brewers' Distributor Ltd. (BDL) is a Canadian company that distributes beer throughout the four western provinces and three northern territories. It is a private joint venture company owned by AB InBev and Molson-Coors. BDL operates nine distribution centres and four cross dock facilities in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Its head office is located in Calgary, Alberta.
A liquor license is a governmentally issued permit for businesses to sell, manufacture, store, or otherwise use alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition in Canada was a ban on alcoholic beverages that arose in various stages, from local municipal bans in the late 19th century, to provincial bans in the early 20th century, and national prohibition from 1918 to 1920. The relatively large and powerful beer and alcohol manufacturing sector, and the huge working class that purchased their products, failed to convince any of the governments to reverse their stance on prohibition. Most provinces repealed their bans in the 1920s, though alcohol was illegal in Prince Edward Island from 1901 to 1948. By comparison, Ontario's temperance act was in effect from 1916 to 1927.
The Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation (NSLC) is the Crown corporation which controls sales of alcoholic beverages and recreational cannabis in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is the sole distributor for these products and runs all retail outlets selling alcohol and cannabis products. The exceptions are for four private retailers in urban HRM offering beer, wine, and spirits, and, in rural areas where there is not an NSLC location, 65 "agency" liquor stores operated by private retailers on NSLC's behalf.
An alcohol monopoly is a government monopoly on manufacturing and/or retailing of some or all alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine and spirits. It can be used as an alternative for total prohibition of alcohol. They exist in all Nordic countries except Denmark proper, and in all provinces and territories in Canada except Alberta. In the United States, there are some alcoholic beverage control states, where alcohol wholesale is controlled by a state government operation and retail sales are offered by either state or private retailers.
The alcohol laws of Kansas are among the strictest in the United States, in sharp contrast to its neighboring state of Missouri, and similar to its other neighboring state of Oklahoma. Legislation is enforced by the Kansas Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control.
The alcohol laws of Pennsylvania contain many peculiarities not found in other states, and are considered some of the strictest regulations in the United States.
The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m for consumption at the premise it was sold at, or between 6 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. if it is bought and taken off premise. In 2020, Oregon began allowing the sale of alcohol via home delivery services. As of 2007, consumption of spirits was on the rise while beer consumption held steady. That same year, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States.
Alcohol laws are laws relating to manufacture, use, being under the influence of and sale of alcohol or alcoholic beverages. Common alcoholic beverages include beer, wine, (hard) cider, and distilled spirits. Definition of alcoholic beverage varies internationally, e.g., the United States defines an alcoholic beverage as "any beverage in liquid form which contains not less than one-half of one percent of alcohol by volume". Alcohol laws can restrict those who can produce alcohol, those who can buy it, when one can buy it, labelling and advertising, the types of alcoholic beverage that can be sold, where one can consume it, what activities are prohibited while intoxicated, and where one can buy it. In some cases, laws have even prohibited the use and sale of alcohol entirely.
Cannabis in Alberta became legalized on October 17, 2018 following the coming into force of federal Bill C-45. Production, distribution and consumption of cannabis had been prohibited in Canada since 1923. While some other provinces distribute cannabis through publicly owned retail monopolies, Alberta allows private companies to sell cannabis at licensed retail storefronts and online. Private retailers must purchase cannabis from the provincial wholesaler, the AGLC. Originally, the Alberta government was the sole entity permitted to retail cannabis online within the province but as of March 8, 2022, private retailers are permitted to do so and the province has since exited the retail business.
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