Anaea | |
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Anaea aidea | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Nymphalidae |
Tribe: | Anaeini |
Genus: | Anaea Hübner, [1819] |
Type species | |
Papilio troglodyta Fabricius, 1775 | |
Species | |
See list |
Anaea are a genus of charaxine butterflies in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. [1] [2] The butterflies are commonly known as leafwings. Members of the genus are found throughout the United States, Central America, and the Caribbean.
The genus was described by Jacob Hübner in 1819 and formerly contained 225 different species of butterflies. Subsequent revisions to the genus have narrowed the genus to contain three species: its type species, Anaea troglodyta; Anaea aidea; and Anaea andria.
Anaea was formerly considered as one of the largest butterfly genera. [3] At its peak, it contained over 225 different species of butterflies. [4] The genus had formerly contained almost all members of the subfamily Charaxinae found in the Neotropical realm. [5] Eventually, several species were placed into the related genera Memphis and Fountainea . [6] Members of the genus Memphis have been considered a separate genus from Anaea (Pelham 2008) or as a subspecies within Anaea (Caldas 1994) by different authorities. [7] [6] The butterfly genus was described as being "a fauna that far outstrips anything comparable elsewhere", having "commanded the admiration of even the most gold-mad conquistadores". [3] The type species for the genus is Anaea troglodyta, described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775 as Papilio troglodyta in Systema entomologiae. [8]
The genus Anaea is sometimes recognized as a monotypic genus consisting solely of Anaea troglodyta . [9] This monotypic interpretation is in line with Gerardo Lamas' 2004 description in Checklist of Neotropical Butterflies : Part 4A Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. [10] The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, citing Johnathan P. Pelham's 2008 A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature instead lists three species: A. aidea, A. andria, and A. troglodyta. [11] Pelham's three-species classification is accepted by BugGuide [6] and Butterflies of America. [12]
The genus Anaea is associated with its host plant being members of the genus Croton . [5] A. aidea feeds on Croton humilis , [13] A. andria feeds on Croton monanthogynus and Croton texensis , [14] and A. troglodyta feeds on Croton cascarilla . [15] [16]
The butterflies show variable seasonal forms depending on emergence, with both wet (winter) and dry (summer) season forms. [4]
The butterflies are found throughout the Central and Southern portions of North America. Anaea aidea is found from Costa Rica and north into Mexico. It can stray north into the United States, as far north as the state of Kansas. [17] Anaea andria is found throughout the Eastern and Southern United States, in the states of Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. [14] [18] It can stray into Mexico and Southern Canada (Ontario). [19] [20] It is listed as "Critically Imperiled" in Virginia, and "Vulnerable" in Indiana according to NatureServe's conservation status. [18] Anaea troglodyta is found on the southern portion of peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys, as well as most of the Caribbean, including: the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. [21] NatureServe and the National Park Service lists subspecies floridalis as being restricted to Long Pine Key in Everglades National Park. [22] [23]
Photograph | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
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![]() | Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) | Tropical leafwing | Southern United States and Central America |
![]() | Anaea andria Scudder, 1875 | Goatweed leafwing Goatweed butterfly | Central and Southern United States and Mexico |
| Anaea troglodyta (Fabricius, 1775) | Florida leafwing Cuban red leaf butterfly | Southern Florida and Caribbean |
The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies. They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The colouration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
The Charaxinae, the leafwings, are a nymphalid subfamily of butterflies that includes about 400 species, inhabiting mainly the tropics, although some species extend into temperate regions in North America, Europe, China, and southern Australia. Significant variations exist between the species. For example, some are medium sized and bright orange above, but mottled gray or brown below. This underwing coloration helps them resemble a dead leaf when they are at rest, as they keep their wings closed. With relatively few exceptions, the hindwings of the members of this subfamily have jagged edges.
Biblidinae is a subfamily of nymphalid butterflies that includes the tropical brushfoots. This subfamily was sometimes merged within the Limenitidinae, but they are now recognized as quite distinct lineages. In older literature, this subfamily is sometimes called Eurytelinae.
Adelpha californica, the California sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. They are common in California, but can also be found in western Nevada and Oregon, as well as in northern Baja California. The upper surfaces of their wings are dark brown to black with wide cream white bands dissecting both wings and two orange patches near the tips of the forewings. The underside is variously colored with browns, blue, orange, and white. A. californica is unpalatable to predators and is part of a large mimicry complex.
Goatweed may refer to:
Ithomiini is a butterfly tribe in the nymphalid subfamily Danainae. It is sometimes referred to as the tribe of clearwing butterflies or glasswing butterflies. Some authors consider the group to be a subfamily (Ithomiinae). These butterflies are exclusively Neotropical, found in humid forests from sea level to 3000 m, from Mexico to Argentina. There are around 370 species in some 40–45 genera.
Anaea aidea, the tropical leafwing, is a species of brush-footed butterfly in the subfamily Charaxinae. Its native range extends from Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica, with strays sometimes seen in southern Texas, Arizona, and California in the United States. Some authors consider Anaea aidea to be a subspecies of Anaea troglodyta.
Memphis, described by Jacob Hübner in 1819, is a Neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus in the subfamily Charaxinae.
Corycia is a synonym of several genera of Lepidoptera.
Historis is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico to South America.
Anaea troglodyta, the Florida leafwing, Portia or Florida goatweed butterfly, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in southern Florida and on many islands of the Caribbean. In Jamaica, it is known as the Jamaican tropical leafwing and in the Cayman Islands and Cuba it is known as the Cuban red leaf.
Kallima paralekta, the Indian leafwing or Malayan leafwing, is a species of brush-footed butterfly of the genus Kallima. Despite its common names, it is not found in India or Malaysia, but is endemic to Java and Sumatra of Indonesia. Like other members of its genus, it is remarkable for its strong resemblance to a dead leaf when its wings are folded. It was one of the species encountered by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in his travels in maritime Southeast Asia. It is mentioned in his famous 19th-century work The Malay Archipelago as one of the best examples of protective camouflage achieved through natural selection.
Consul fabius, the tiger leafwing, is the most common and well known species of the genus Consul of subfamily Charaxinae in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). It is found all over the Neotropics.
Hypna is a butterfly genus of the family Nymphalidae. It is monotypic, containing only Hypna clytemnestra, the jazzy leafwing, marbled leafwing or silver-studded leafwing.
Anaea andria, known generally as the goatweed leafwing or goatweed butterfly, is a species of leafwing in the butterfly family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America.
Temenis is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, it consists of three species. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Members of the genus Temenis are found throughout Central and South America.
(Range: in the Caribbean, in Jamaica, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and some of the Lesser Antilles)