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A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
A lubricant is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.
A corrective lens is a transmissive optical device that is worn on the eye to improve visual perception. The most common use is to treat refractive errors: myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Glasses or "spectacles" are worn on the face a short distance in front of the eye. Contact lenses are worn directly on the surface of the eye. Intraocular lenses are surgically implanted most commonly after cataract removal but can be used for purely refractive purposes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is used as an engineering plastic, and it is a transparent thermoplastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Hesalite, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex, among several others. This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It can also be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.
A thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic, is any plastic polymer material that becomes pliable or moldable at a certain elevated temperature and solidifies upon cooling.
Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical or chemical. The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology.
Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code (RIC) and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer bisphenol A (BPA).
Bulletproof glass, ballistic glass, transparent armor, or bullet-resistant glass is a strong and optically transparent material that is particularly resistant to penetration by projectiles. Like any other material, it is not completely impenetrable. It is usually made from a combination of two or more types of glass, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so that it can flex instead of shatter. The index of refraction for all of the glasses used in the bulletproof layers must be almost the same to keep the glass transparent and allow a clear, undistorted view through the glass. Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from 3⁄4 to 3+1⁄2 inches.
A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic and metal materials.
Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by slipping and tearing of crystal structure beneath the surface. This will generally leave some material stuck or even friction welded to the adjacent surface, whereas the galled material may appear gouged with balled-up or torn lumps of material stuck to its surface.
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a class of amorphous carbon material that displays some of the typical properties of diamond. DLC is usually applied as coatings to other materials that could benefit from such properties.
A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. Powder coatings.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. PVD is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from a condensed phase to a vapor phase and then back to a thin film condensed phase. The most common PVD processes are sputtering and evaporation. PVD is used in the manufacturing of items which require thin films for optical, mechanical, electrical, acoustic or chemical functions. Examples include semiconductor devices such as thin-film solar cells, microelectromechanical devices such as thin film bulk acoustic resonator, aluminized PET film for food packaging and balloons, and titanium nitride coated cutting tools for metalworking. Besides PVD tools for fabrication, special smaller tools used mainly for scientific purposes have been developed.
Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellant, sunscreen is more radiation resistant, synthetic bones are stronger, cell phone screens are lighter weight, glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life, and balls for various sports are made more durable. Using nanotech, in the mid-term modern textiles will become "smart", through embedded "wearable electronics", such novel products have also a promising potential especially in the field of cosmetics, and has numerous potential applications in heavy industry. Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this century and holds the promise of higher performance materials, intelligent systems and new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are advanced materials systems usually applied to metallic surfaces on parts operating at elevated temperatures, such as gas turbine combustors and turbines, and in automotive exhaust heat management. These 100 μm to 2 mm thick coatings of thermally insulating materials serve to insulate components from large and prolonged heat loads and can sustain an appreciable temperature difference between the load-bearing alloys and the coating surface. In doing so, these coatings can allow for higher operating temperatures while limiting the thermal exposure of structural components, extending part life by reducing oxidation and thermal fatigue. In conjunction with active film cooling, TBCs permit working fluid temperatures higher than the melting point of the metal airfoil in some turbine applications. Due to increasing demand for more efficient engines running at higher temperatures with better durability/lifetime and thinner coatings to reduce parasitic mass for rotating/moving components, there is significant motivation to develop new and advanced TBCs. The material requirements of TBCs are similar to those of heat shields, although in the latter application emissivity tends to be of greater importance.
Filler materials are particles added to resin or binders that can improve specific properties, make the product cheaper, or a mixture of both. The two largest segments for filler material use is elastomers and plastics. Worldwide, more than 53 million tons of fillers are used every year in application areas such as paper, plastics, rubber, paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants. As such, fillers, produced by more than 700 companies, rank among the world's major raw materials and are contained in a variety of goods for daily consumer needs. The top filler materials used are ground calcium carbonate (GCC), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), kaolin, talc, and carbon black. Filler materials can affect the tensile strength, toughness, heat resistance, color, clarity, etc. A good example of this is the addition of talc to polypropylene. Most of the filler materials used in plastics are mineral or glass based filler materials. Particulates and fibers are the main subgroups of filler materials. Particulates are small particles of filler that are mixed in the matrix where size and aspect ratio are important. Fibers are small circular strands that can be very long and have very high aspect ratios.
Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium.
In materials science ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material, including carbon and carbon fibers.
Surface integrity is the surface condition of a workpiece after being modified by a manufacturing process. The term was coined by Michael Field and John F. Kahles in 1964.
A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and the other provides low surface energy.
References
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- ↑ Markarian, Jennifer (2009). "Additives improve scratch resistance in automotive applications". Plastics, Additives and Compounding. 11 (2): 10–15. doi:10.1016/S1464-391X(09)70047-9.
- ↑ Akafuah, Nelson; Poozesh, Sadegh; Salaimeh, Ahmad; Patrick, Gabriela; Lawler, Kevin; Saito, Kozo (2016). "Evolution of the Automotive Body Coating Process—A Review". Coatings. 6 (2): 24. doi: 10.3390/coatings6020024 .
- ↑ Lin, Zeng; Wang, Feng; Gao, Ding; Ba, Dechun; Liu, Chunming (2013). "Frictional and Optical Properties of Diamond-Like-Carbon Coatings on Polycarbonate". Plasma Science and Technology. 15 (7): 690–695. Bibcode:2013PlST...15..690L. doi:10.1088/1009-0630/15/7/16. S2CID 250841172.
- ↑ Charitidis, C.; Laskarakis, A.; Kassavetis, S.; Gravalidis, C.; Logothetidis, S. (2004-07-01). "Optical and nanomechanical study of anti-scratch layers on polycarbonate lenses". Superlattices and Microstructures. 36 (1): 171–179. Bibcode:2004SuMi...36..171C. doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2004.08.015. ISSN 0749-6036.
- ↑ Wu, Yi; Yan, Kai; Xu, Guilin; Yang, Chenguang; Wang, Dong (2021-10-01). "Facile preparation of super-oleophobic TiO2/SiO2 composite coatings by spraying method". Progress in Organic Coatings. 159: 106411. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106411. ISSN 0300-9440.
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- ↑ Ceramic Coating Guide
- ↑ "Polysilazanes—Binders That Make a Difference to Surfaces".
- 1 2 "Abrasion & Wear Resistance in Paint & Coatings: Basics & Test Methods".
- ↑ Hoornaert, T.; Hua, Z. K.; Zhang, J. H. (2010). "Hard Wear-Resistant Coatings: A Review". In Luo, Jianbin; Meng, Yonggang; Shao, Tianmin; Zhao, Qian (eds.). Advanced Tribology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 774–779. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_257. ISBN 978-3-642-03653-8.
- ↑ Mansha, M.; Gauthier, C.; Gerard, P.; Schirrer, R. (2011-06-22). "The effect of plasticization by fatty acid amides on the scratch resistance of PMMA". Wear. 271 (5): 671–679. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.089. ISSN 0043-1648.
- ↑ Moezzi, Amir; McDonagh, Andrew M.; Cortie, Michael B. (2012-03-15). "Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications". Chemical Engineering Journal. 185–186: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.076. ISSN 1385-8947.
- ↑ Iqbal, T.; Briscoe, B. J.; Luckham, P. F. (2011-07-18). "Scratch deformations of poly(etheretherketone)". Wear. 271 (7): 1181–1193. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2011.05.033. ISSN 0043-1648.
- 1 2 "What's So Special about the Nanoscale? | National Nanotechnology Initiative". www.nano.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ↑ Li, Yongqiang; Zhang, Ling; Li, Chunzhong (2020-02-01). "Highly transparent and scratch resistant polysiloxane coatings containing silica nanoparticles". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 559: 273–281. Bibcode:2020JCIS..559..273L. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.031. ISSN 0021-9797. PMID 31634671. S2CID 203127529.
- 1 2 3 Browning, Robert; Sue, Hung-Jue; Minkwitz, Rolf; Charoensirisomboon, Piyada (2011-05-17). "Effects of acrylonitrile content and molecular weight on the scratch behavior of styrene-acrylonitrile random copolymers". Polymer Engineering & Science. 51 (11): 2282–2294. doi:10.1002/pen.22003. ISSN 0032-3888.
- ↑ Archard, J. F. (1953-08-01). "Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces". Journal of Applied Physics. 24 (8): 981–988. Bibcode:1953JAP....24..981A. doi:10.1063/1.1721448. ISSN 0021-8979.
- ↑ "What is a Surface Topography? - Definition from Corrosionpedia". Corrosionpedia. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ↑ "ASTM D7027 - 20 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Scratch Resistance of Polymeric Coatings and Plastics Using an Instrumented Scratch Machine". www.astm.org. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ↑ Sander, T.; Tremmel, S.; Wartzack, S. (2011-12-25). "A modified scratch test for the mechanical characterization of scratch resistance and adhesion of thin hard coatings on soft substrates". Surface and Coatings Technology. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF). 206 (7): 1873–1878. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.08.035. ISSN 0257-8972.