| Antonae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Antonae guttipes | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Membracidae |
| Tribe: | Ceresini |
| Genus: | Antonae Stål, 1867 |
| Type species | |
| Antonae tigrina Fairmaire, 1846 | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Antonae is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. [1] [2] [3]
Members of Antonae are about 6.9 to 10.2 millimetres in size, usually yellowish in color, often with black spots or black with yellow spots. [4] The Pronotum is divided by a constriction. The frontal part is rounded and often has lateral spines. The rear part is rounded and relatively thick. Similarly humpbacked Membracidae belong to e.g. Ilithucia , Parantonae and Lallemandia . [5] The genus Illithucia has at times been regarded as a synonym of Antonae (e.g. in the catalog of Membracidae [6] ), but more recently is again considered a separate genus, [7] and several species have been exchanged between them.
The genus is found in the Neotropics, in northern South America, Central America and Mexico. A relatively large number of species are known from Colombia. [8] Only recently, a species from Brazil was described for the first time. [9] Some species occur at relatively high altitudes (3000 to 4000 m) where they are associated with plants of the genus Espeletia. [5] However, others also occur in lowland rainforests of the lowlands (e.g. Antonae guttipes). [10]
The adults are mostly solitary, sometimes nymphs with adults have been found in groups under leaves or on the tops of plants. The larvae are very well camouflaged with the hairy coat of the plants. They live almost exclusively on plants of the families Asteraceae and Solanaceae, where they feed on phloem. [8]
These 14 species belong to the genus Antonae: [1]
Other selected affiliated species:
Telingana is a genus of membracid tree hoppers found in Asia. They lay solitary eggs and the young do not aggregate as in some membracids. The genus was described by William Lucas Distant in 1908. Several species have been described in the genus including:
Leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees. Their hind legs are modified for jumping, and are covered with hairs that facilitate the spreading of a secretion over their bodies that acts as a water repellent and carrier of pheromones. They undergo a partial metamorphosis, and have various host associations, varying from very generalized to very specific. Some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, or occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions. Some are pests or vectors of plant viruses and phytoplasmas. The family is distributed all over the world, and constitutes the second-largest hemipteran family, with at least 20,000 described species.
The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known "Homoptera", and they are in the suborder Sternorrhyncha.
The superfamily Membracoidea of sap-sucking true-bugs includes two of the largest families within what used to be called the "Homoptera": the leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) and the treehoppers (Membracidae). The other families in this group are quite small, and have, at various points, generally been included as members within other families, though they are all presently considered to be valid, monophyletic groups. The relict family Myerslopiidae is restricted to New Zealand and South America while the Melizoderidae consist of two genera restricted to South America. The great diversity of Neotropical taxa suggests that the group originated in that region.
The buffalo treehopper is a species of treehopper belonging to the subfamily Membracinae. It is sometimes classified as Ceresa bisonia.
Centrotus cornutus (thorn-hopper) is a species of "treehoppers" belonging to the family Membracidae.
Calyptoproctus is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae and the type genus of subtribe Calyptoproctina; records are from central and south America.
Aetalionidae are a family of treehoppers in the superfamily Membracoidea. Aetalionidae are somewhat like Membracidae in that they have one to three rows of short spines on the hind tibia but differ in having the front femur fused to the trochanter and the scutellum is completely exposed. The females have finger-like protrusions on the genital capsule. The family is mostly Neotropical. The subfamily Biturritiinae is Neotropical while the subfamily Aetalioninae has a Neotropical genus Aetalion and the sole Old World representative genus Darthula with a single species Darthula hardwickii.
Micrutalis is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are at least 30 described species in Micrutalis.
Smiliinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. These are bugs and include about 100 genera in 10 tribes.
Ophiderma is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are about 17 described species in Ophiderma.
Antianthe is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are about seven described species in Antianthe.
Membracinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 40 genera in Membracinae.
Bocydium is a genus of insects in the treehopper family, Membracidae. A 1999 classification identified 14 species in the genus, distributed around the Neotropics.
Platycotis is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are about 13 described species in Platycotis.
Membracis is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 50 described species in Membracis.
Enchenopa is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 50 described species in Enchenopa.
Trachytalis distinguenda is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae.
Cladonota is a genus of treehopper in the family Membracidae, widespread through North and South America. It has been previously described as Spogonophorus.
Anchon is a genus of treehoppers. The name is derived from Greek: ἀγκών referring to the characteristic bend in the backward facing horn that arises vertically from the pronotum and turns at a near-right-angle over the abdomen. Two anterior horns rise outwards to the sides in many species. Species in the genus are found in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Indomalayan regions. They are placed in the subfamily Centrotinae.
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