| Anzia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Anzia colpodes | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Anzia Stizenb. (1861) |
| Type species | |
| Anzia colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb. (1862) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Anzia is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae. [2]
The genus was circumscribed by Ernst Stizenberger in 1862, with Anzia colpodes assigned as the type species. [3] This lichen was originally described as Lichen colpodes by Erik Acharius in 1799. [4] The genus name honours Martino Anzi (1812–1883), an Italian botanist and professor of theology. [5]
In 1932, Yasuhiko Asahina divided the genus into three sections (Simplices, Duplices, and Nervosae) based on the structure of the medulla. [6] When Isao Yoshimura later observed that Anzia japonica had two medulla types in a single species (i.e. both a single-layered and a double-layered medulla), he combined sections Simplices and Duplices into section Anziae. [7]
Members of Anzia have a foliose growth form, with a thallus that can measure anywhere from 2–30 cm (0.8–11.8 in) wide. The narrow lobes that comprise the thallus are pale greyish white to greyish green in colour. It is one of the only groups in the family not to have eight spores in each ascus, but instead has numerous spores in each ascus (varying slightly from ascus to ascus). These ascospores are crescent shaped. A characteristic of the genus is the presence of a brown-black or pale brown spongy cushion called a spongiostratum, which covers the lower surface. [8]
Pannoparmelia also has a spongiostratum, but in this genus the asci contain eight ascospores, and the upper cortex is yellow-green. [8]
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Japan. [9] Species of Anzia are typically found at eletvations between 1,000 and 4,000 m (3,300 and 13,100 ft) in subtropical or temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. They show a strong preference for growing on tree bark, particularly on Pinus (pine), Quercus (oak), and Rhododendron species. In montane and subalpine regions, they can also be found on Abies (fir), Picea (spruce), and occasionally on other woody substrates. While most species are epiphytic (growing on bark), some can rarely be found growing on rock surfaces in temperate mountain environments. [8]
A fossilized Anzia, Anzia electra , was found in 35–40 Myr-old Baltic amber. Its features suggest that the main distinguishing characteristics in the thallus morphology of section Anzia have been retained for tens of millions of years. [10]
Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.
Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.
Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of distribution in Asia and North America.
Melanohalea is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 30 mostly Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterised by the presence of pseudocyphellae, usually on warts or on the tips of isidia, a non-pored epicortex and a medulla containing depsidones or lacking secondary metabolites. Melanohalea was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the morphologically similar genus Melanelia, which was created in 1978 for certain brown Parmelia species. The methods used to estimate the evolutionary history of Melanohalea suggest that its diversification primarily occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.
Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of their lobes. The name of the genus, circumscribed in 1968 by the husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson, alludes to the former placement of these species in the genera Cetraria and Parmelia.
Canoparmelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The widespread genus contains about 35 species. Canoparmelia, a segregate of the parmelioid lichen genus Pseudoparmelia, was circumscribed by John Elix and Mason Hale in 1986.
Bulbothrix is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus is synonymous with Bulbothricella V.Marcano, S.Mohali & A.Morales. Bulbothrix was circumscribed by lichenologist Mason E. Hale in 1974 with Bulbothrix semilunata as the type species.
Relicina is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains 59 species.
Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, South America, southern Africa, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
Peltula is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark grey squamulose lichens. These lichens typically grow on rocks in arid and semi-arid environments worldwide. They consist of a fungus living in symbiosis with a photosynthetic partner, specifically a cyanobacterium of the genus Chroococcidiopsis. Peltula is the only genus in the family Peltulaceae, which belongs to the Lichinomycetes, a class of fungi that form lichens. The genus includes about 50 recognised species, which exhibit a variety of growth forms ranging from flat and crust-like to more complex, leaf-like structures. Peltula lichens play important ecological roles in harsh environments, contributing to soil stability and nutrient cycling.
Alectoria is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.
Anzia mahaeliyensis is a species of lichenised ascomycete of the genus Anzia in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The species is characterized by white, single-layered medulla and pale-tipped isidia.
Anzia flavotenuis is a species of lichenised ascomycete of the genus Anzia in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The species is characterized by two-layered medulla with a yellow upper layer and white lower layer. The isidia have brown-black tips.
Herpothallon is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It has about 50 species.
Pyxine profallax is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Thailand.
Xanthoparmelia nomosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Tasmania, Australia.
Xanthoparmelia somervilleae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Tasmania, Australia.